CHEMISTRY

JAPANESE TECHNICAL GROUP

RECEPIENTS: 1) ROBERT SANDERSON MULLIKEN
2)LINUS PAULING
PREPARED BY:
MAS NUR IZZATY BINTI SOPIAN
2014462872
HIKARI
11
TH
A!"#$ 2014
ROBERT SANDERSON MULLIKEN
This great man was born at 46 High Streets in Newburyport, Massachusetts, on June 7, 1896,
aso the son o! Samue "arsons Mui#en, "ro!essor o! $rganic %hemistry in Massachusetts
&nstitute o! Technoogy'M&T(, which )e*eope) an) pubishe) a series o! *oume containing the
!irst +uaitati*e organic anaysis scheme, an) ,atherine -. Mui#en. He marrie) Mary Heen
*on No/, 0ecember 14, 1919 an) ha) two chi)ren, 2ucia Maria Mui#en Hear) an) 3aerie
No/ Mui#en. His recreationa interests incu)es )ri*ing a car, orienta rugs, an) art.
Mui#en too# a 4.Sc. 0egree in 1917 at the Massachusetts &nstitute o! Technoogy,
%ambri)ge, Mass., an) a "h.0. )egree at the 5ni*ersity o! %hicago, &., in 1911.
He ha) been )eepy intereste) in *aence theory an) moecuar structure. $n his
gra)uation )ay in Newburyport High Schoo in 1916, 17 year7o) Mui#en )ei*ere) a speech
entite), 89ectrons: -hat ;re They an) -hat They 0o<= >orty7se*en years ater, in accepting
?N 2ewis ;war) !rom the %ai!ornia Section o! the ;%S, Mui#en, then "ro!essor o! "hysics at
The 5ni*ersity o! %hicago, )ei*ere) a paper entite), 8-hat ;re The 9ectrons @eay 0oing &n
Moecues<=. ; !ew years ater, in 1966, he recei*e) the Nobe "riAe in %hemistry !or his i!eong
wor# stri*ing !or the answer. His priAe moti*ation: B!or his !un)amenta wor# concerning
chemica bon)s an) the eectronic structure o! moecues by the moecuar orbita metho)B.
More speci!icay, the priAe was awar)e) !or the )e*eopment an) appication o! the Moecuar
$rbita'M$( Theory. Moecuar $rbitas are so intimatey entwine) with Mui#enCs scienti!ic
career that they are o!ten re!erre) to as DMui#enCs $rbitaC.
His earier wor# on isotopes an) on )iatomic ban) spectra was !oowe) by theoretica
systematiAation o! the eectronic states o! moecues, mainy in terms o! the i)ea o! moecuar
orbitas. This incu)e) wor# on eectronegati*ities, )ipoe moments, an) *aence7state energies.
; subse+uent series o! papers on the theoretica interpretation o! absoute intensities o!
eectronic spectra e) him to computations on conEugate) organic moecues, an) to the
+uantum7mechanica statement o! the concept o! hyperconEugation. There !oowe) wor# on
+uantum7mechanica +uestions un)erying moecuar7orbita theory an) on the use o!
interatomic o*erap integras as measures o! bon) energies. His more recent wor# has )eat
eFtensi*ey with the structure an) spectra o! moecuar compeFes, on the one han), an) on the
other han) 'eFten)ing an) )e*eoping earier wor#( with the structure an) spectra o! hy)rogen,
heium, nitrogen an) other sma moecues.
&t was Mui#en, in 1911, who !irst suggeste) a metho) o! isotope separation by
e*aporati*e centri!uging. Most o! his research career was concerne) with the interpretation o!
moecuar spectra an) with the appication o! +uantum theory to the eectronic states o!
moecues.
Mui#en, with >rie)rich Hun), )e*eope) the moecuar7orbita theory o! chemica
bon)ing, which is base) on the i)ea that eectrons in a moecue mo*e in the !ie) pro)uce) by
a the nucei. The atomic orbitas o! isoate) atoms become moecuar orbitas, eFten)ing o*er
two or more atoms in the moecue. He showe) how the reati*e energies o! these orbitas cou)
be obtaine) !rom the spectra o! the moecue.
Mui#enGs approach to !in)ing moecuar orbitas was to combine atomic orbitas '2%;$,
or inear combination o! atomic orbitas(. He showe) that energies o! bon)s cou) be obtaine)
by the amount o! o*erap o! atomic orbitas.
;nother o! Mui#enGs contributions is the appication o! eectronegati*ity H the abiity o! a
particuar atom in a moecue to )raw eectrons to itse!. He showe) that this property was gi*en
by the !ormua I'& J 9(, where & is the ioniAation potentia o! the atom an) 9 is its eectron
a!!inity.
He aso ma)e maEor contributions to the theory an) interpretation o! moecuar spectra.
&n 1966 he was awar)e) the Nobe "riAe !or chemistry !or 8his !un)amenta wor# concerning
chemica bon)s an) the eectronic structure o! moecues by the moecuar7orbita metho).=
Mui#en was Nationa @esearch %ounci >eow, 5ni*ersity o! %hicago, an) Har*ar)
5ni*ersity, 19117191KL ?uggenheim >eow, ?ermany an) 9urope, 196M an) 196171966L
>ubright Schoar, $F!or) 5ni*ersity, 19K1719K4L 3isiting >eow, St. JohnGs %oege, $F!or),
19K1719K6L Junior %hemica 9ngineer, 4ureau o! Mines, 5.S. 0epartment o! &nterior,
-ashington, 0.%. 191771918L ;ssistant in @ubber @esearch, New Jersey Ninc %ompany,
"ennsy*ania, 1919.
His aca)emic career incu)es the !oowing positions: ;ssistant "ro!essor o! "hysics,
-ashington S+uare %oege, New Oor# 5ni*ersity, 191671918L ;ssociate "ro!essor o! "hysics,
5ni*ersity o! %hicago, 191871961L "ro!essor o! "hysics, 5ni*ersity o! %hicago, 196171961, an)
%hemistry, 1961L 9rnest )e -itt 4urton 0istinguishe) Ser*ice "ro!essor, 5ni*ersity o! %hicago,
19K671961L 0istinguishe) Ser*ice "ro!essor o! "hysics an) %hemistry, 5ni*ersity o! %hicago,
since 1961L 0istinguishe) @esearch "ro!essor o! %hemica "hysics, >ori)a State 5ni*ersity
'Jan.7March(, since 1964. $ther pro!essiona positions he): 0irector, 9)itoria -or# an)
&n!ormation, "utonium "roEect, 5ni*ersity o! %hicago, 19417194KL Scienti!ic ;ttachP, 5.S.
9mbassy, 2on)on, 19KKL 4a#er 2ecturer, %orne 5ni*ersity, 196ML Siiman 2ecturer, Oae
5ni*ersity,Spring,196K.
Mui#en recei*e) honorary )egrees at %oumbia 5ni*ersity, 1969 'Sc.0.(L the 5ni*ersity
o! Stoc#hom, 196M '"h.0.(L Mar+uette 5ni*ersity, 1967 'Sc.0.(L %ambri)ge 5ni*ersity, 1967
'Sc.0.( L an) he ho)s se*era pro!essiona awar)s an) honours o! which a !ew are iste) here:
4ronAe Me)a ;war), 5ni*ersity o! 2iege, 1948L "eter 0ebye ;war), %ai!ornia Section o! the
;merican %hemica Society, 1966L -iar) ?ibbs Me)a, %hicago Section o! the ;merican
%hemica Society, 196KL ?o) Me)a ;war) !or Scienti!ic ;chie*ement, %ity %oege %hemistry
;umni ;ssociation, an) 1Kth 4icentennia 2ecturer, %ity %oege o! New Oor#, 196K.
He was a Member o! the ;merican ;ca)emy o! ;rts an) Sciences, ;merican %hemica
Society, ;merican "hiosophica Society, Nationa ;ca)emy o! Sciences, %osmos %ub
'-ashington, 0.%.(, Qua)range %ub '%hicago, &.(L a >eow o! the ;merican "hysica Society
an) the ;merican ;ca)emy !or the ;)*ancement o! ScienceL an Honorary >eow o! the
%hemica Society o! ?reat 4ritain '2on)on( an) the &n)ian Nationa ;ca)emy o! ScienceL a
>oreign Member o! the @oya Society o! ?reat 4ritainL an Honorary Member o! the SociPtP )e
%himie "hysi+ueL an) a %orrespon)ing Member o! the SociPtP @oyae )es Sciences )e 2iPge.
LINUS CARL PAULING
$ne person, 2inus "auing, has won two un)i*i)e) Nobe "riAes. &n 19K4 he won the "riAe !or
%hemistry 8!or his research into the nature o! the chemica bon) an) its appication to the
euci)ation o! the structure o! compeF substances.=. 9ight years ater he was awar)e) the
"eace "riAe !or his crusa)e to stop the atmospheric testing o! nucear weapons, on $ctober 1M,
1966, the )ate that the Nucear Test 4an Treaty.
"auing was born at >ebruary 18, 19M1 in "ortan), $regon, the son o! a pharmacist,
Henry H.-. "auing, an) 2ucy '0aring( "auing. He atten)e) -ashington High Schoo in
"ortan) but because o! a technicaity )i) not recei*e his )ipoma unti 1961, ong a!ter he ha)
recei*e) his bacheorGs )egree !rom $regon State %oege in 1911, his )octorate !rom the
%ai!ornia &nstitute o! Technoogy in 191K, an) honorary )egrees !rom uni*ersities in se*en
countries.
-hie teaching a cass cae) B%hemistry !or Home 9conomic MaEorsB at coege, "auing
met his !uture wi!e, ;*a Heen Mier an) they marrie) June 17, 1916. The marriage aste) unti
;*a "auingGs )eath in 1981 an) pro)uce) three sons '2inus Jr., "eter an) 9)war) %rein( an)
a )aughter '2in)a(. "auingGs sons went on to become scientists an) researchers '2inus, a
psychiatristL "eter, who )ie) in 1MM6, a crystaographerL an) 9)war) %rein, who )ie) in 1997,
a bioogistL )aughter 2in)a marrie) the note) %atech geoogist an) gacioogist 4arcay ,amb(.
"auing was raise) as a member o! the 2utheran %hurch, but ater Eoine) the 5nitarian
5ni*ersaist %hurch an) pubicy )ecare) his atheism two years be!ore his )eath.
-ith the hep o! a Nationa @esearch %ounci !eowship in 191K71916 an) a
?uggenheim >oun)ation !eowship in 191671917, he stu)ie) with three physicists: ;rno)
Sommer!e) in Munich, 9rwin Schro)inger in Nurich, an) Nies 4ohr in %openhagen. >rom 1917
unti 1964, he was a member o! the pro!essoria sta!! o! %ai!ornia &nstitute o! Technoogy,
earning a reputation as a gi!te) teacher 7 articuate, enthusiastic, with a taent !or simpi!ication
an) a wiingness to engage in contro*ersy. >or twenty7two o! those thirty7se*en years, he was
chairman o! the 0i*ision o! %hemistry an) %hemica 9ngineering, as we as )irector o! the
?ates an) %rein 2aboratories o! %hemistry.
>rom 1966 to 1967, "auing was attache) to the %enter !or the Stu)y o! 0emocratic
&nstitutions at Santa 4arbara, %ai!ornia, as a research pro!essorL !rom 1967 to 1969, he was a
pro!essor o! chemistry at the 5ni*ersity o! %ai!ornia at San 0iegoL since 1969 he has been on
the pro!essoria sta!! o! Stan!or) 5ni*ersity.. He )ie) at ;ugust 19, 1994 in 4ig Sur, %ai!ornia
%ai!ornia &nstitute o! Technoogy, $regon ;gricutura %oege, &nstitute !or Theoretica "hysics
4y the 19KMs 2inus "auing was certainy the premier structura chemist an) probaby
the premier chemist o! his time. His wor# was cappe) by the Nobe "riAe, awar)e) in 19K4 B!or
his research into the nature o! the chemica bon) an) its appication to the eu)ication o! the
structure o! compeF substances.B
The chemistry priAe was base) on !orty yearsG wor#, )uring which he )e*eope) a
)istincti*e stye as we as stear resuts. 0uring the ate 191Ms an) eary 196Ms, "auing
)e*ise) new ways o! )isco*ering the moecuar structures o! compeF substances. Three centra
concepts gui)e) this wor#: Quantum mechanics cou) be use) to )escribe an) pre)ict atomic
bin)ingL the structures o! simpe moecues cou) be use) in bui)ing7boc# !ashion to pre)ict the
structures o! more compeF onesL an), perhaps most important, chemica structure cou) be
use) to )etermine chemica beha*ior. This bo)y o! wor# resute) in the 1969 pubication o! The
Nature o! the %hemica 4on), a boo# that taught a generation o! chemists to thin# about
chemica structure. &t is one o! the most7cite) teFts in the history o! science.
4eginning in the ate 196Ms an) continuing into the 19KMs, "auingGs aboratory began
)etermining the moecuar structures o! amino aci)s, the bui)ing boc#s o! proteins. 4y the eary
19KMs, "auing use) his mo)e7bui)ing approach to so*e the arge7scae structures o! many
proteins, an enormous a)*ance in moecuar bioogy, athough his attempt to )etermine the
structure o! 0N; !aie). Nonetheess, in a briiant series o! artices, "auing estabishe) the
basis !or un)erstan)ing protein structure. &n 19K4 he was awar)e) the Nobe "riAe !or
chemistry.The atom bombs )roppe) on Hiroshima an) Nagasa#i were a turning point in
"auingGs i!e. &n 19K9, 2inus "auing )ra!te) the !amous BHiroshima ;ppeaB, the concu)ing
)ocument issue) a!ter the >i!th -or) %on!erence against ;tomic an) Hy)rogen 4ombs. He
was one o! the prime mo*ers who urge) the nucear powers the 5S;, the So*iet 5nion an)
?reat 4ritain to concu)e a nucear test ban treaty, which entere) into !orce on 1M $ctober 1966.
$n the same )ay, the Norwegian Nobe %ommittee announce) that 2inus "auing ha) won the
"eace "riAe that ha) been he) o*er !rom 1961. Then, struc# by the grim reaities o! the nucear
era an) the paci!ist eanings o! his wi!e ;*a, "auing became a !er*ent peace acti*ist an) ater
Eoine) ;bert 9instein an) a number o! ea)ing scientists to ca !or the en) o! nucear testing.
His campaign was so *oci!erous that the 5.S. State 0epartment temporariy with)rew his
passport an) rumors o! his aege) communist eanings began to swir. ;s such, when he won
the 1961 "eace "riAe !or his antinucear campaign, his critics )escribe) him as a Bnai*e
spo#esman !or the %ommunist "arty.B ;))ing !ue to the !ire a !ew years ater, "auing went on
to recei*e the &nternationa 2enin "eace "riAe !rom the 5.S.S.@. in 197M. Together with other
scientists he spo#e an) wrote against the nucear arms race, an) he was a )ri*ing !orce in the
"ugwash mo*ement. &t sought to re)uce the roe o! nucear arms in internationa poitics an)
was awar)e) the "eace "riAe in 199K.
REFERENCES
1. @obert S. Mui#en. '1M14(. Nnb).com website. @etrie*e) 9.M6 6M Juy, 1M14,
!romhttp:RRwww.nn)b.comRpeopeR111RMMMM99911R
1. Nobe Me)ia ;4. '1M14(. NobepriAe.org website. @etrie*e) 9.MK, Juy 6M, 1M14,
!romhttp:RRwww.nobepriAe.orgRnobeSpriAesRchemistryRaureatesR1966Rmui#en7!acts.htm
6. @obert San)erson Mui#en. '1M14(. ;nswers.com website. @etrie*e) 9.11 6M Juy, 1M14
!romhttp:RRwww.answers.comRtopicRrobert7san)erson7mui#enTiFAA69ghn%yy
4. ;)ams, 0a*i). '1MMM(. %hem.ums.e)u website. @etrie*e) 11.M1, Juy 61, 1M14,
!romhttp:RRwww.chem.umass.e)uRUa)amsRpubsRmui#enweb.p)!
K. Nobe Me)ia ;4. '1M14(. B2inus "auing 7 4iographicaB. NobepriAe.org website. @etrie*e)
11.1K, Juy 61, 1M14, !rom
http:RRwww.nobepriAe.orgRnobeSpriAesRchemistryRaureatesR19K4Rpauing7!acts.htm
6. Marinacci, 4arbara. '1994(. $regon State 5ni*ersity website. @etrie*e) 11.17, Juy 61,
1M14, !rom http:RRpi.oregonstate.e)uRpbioRpbio1.htm
7. "hiiips, Ja#. '1M11(. Time.com website. @etrie*e) 11.1M, Juy 61, 1M14, !rom
http:RRcontent.time.comRtimeRspeciasRpac#agesRarticeRM,188M4,1M96689S1M96688S1M96687
,MM.htm
8. 2inus %ar "auing. '1M14(. The 4iography.com website. @etrie*e) 11:16, Juy 61, 1M14,
!romhttp:RRwww.biography.comRpeopeRinus7pauing7946K19K.