TJP TOP TIPS

FOR
OCR
ADDITIONAL
MATHS
Dr T J Price,
2012
Add Maths: Algebra
Surds simplify, rationalise the denominator, combine
Simplify (find the biggest
square number)
Rationalise the denominator
(type i)
Rationalise the denominator
(type ii)
Combine by multiplying or
dividing
Combine by adding or
subtracting
75 25 3 25 3 5 3
5 5 5 5 5
3 5
5 5 5 5
3 2 3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2
( 2)
2
7
3 27 ! "# 3 27

" 3
27 75
$
3 3 5 3 2 3 $ 3
3
Indices
positive, zero,
negative,
fractional;
relation to
roots and
reciprocals
%egative po&er ' reciprocal (( over)* or flip a fraction)
+ractional po&er ' root
,ero po&er ' (al&ays)
-ultiply by adding indices
.ivide by subtracting indices
.o po&ers of po&ers by multiplying indices
Quadratics number of solutions, discriminant
/he discriminant of the quadratic equation
0t is inside the
(rooty bit) in the
quadratic
formula* and it
determines the
number of
solutions as
follo&s1
.iscriminant 2 3
.iscriminant ' 3
.iscriminant 4 3
Quadratics
complete the
suare,
factorise
(Compl
eted
square
form)
loo5s
li5e a(x
p)
2

q * or
perhaps
a(x p)
2
q 6
/he
safe
&ay to
do
these
questio
ns is to
multipl
y this
out and
then
equate
the
coeffici
ents*
e6g6
7rite 3x
2
!x 23 in the form a(x p)
2
q 1
3x
2
!x 23
a 3* 2 3 p ! so p 3* 3 3
2
q 23 so q7 .
ax
2
ap
2
2apx q
T J Price Page 1
12/10/2008
Add Maths: Algebra
b b
2
8ac
Quadratics solve using formula x
2a
Should be self9e:planatory6 7atch out for1
%egative signs# if b is negative* 9b is positive and so is b
2
6
;lso if either a or c is negative* be careful &ith <8ac# it &ill be positive6
.on)t forget to divide everything by 2a6
Quadratics in disguise convert and solve
0f an equation contains (thing squared)* (thing) and numbers* it is a quadratic in disguise6
x
2
=6g6 t 8 t 3 3 becomes 8x 3 3 if &e substitute x t 6
/hen solve x
2
8x 3 (x 3)(x ) 3 so x 3 or x 6
+inally* x t so x
2
t giving t " or t 6
Simultaneous linear!uadratic solve; zero discriminant implies tangent
0f it)s y'> and y'> * bolt them together* rearrange to get a quadratic* solve for x* then get y6
y 8x 2
gives x
2
3x 8x 2 or x
2
x 2 3 so (x 2)(x ) 3
y x
2
3x
/hen x 2* x and y 3* y $ respectively6
0f not* get y'> or x'> from one equation and then substitute into the other* solve for x and y6
y x
gives y x so x
2
(x )
2
25 or 2x
2
2x 25
x
2
y
2
25
so 2x
2
2x 28 3 or x
2
x 2 3 or (x 8)(x 3) 3
/hen x 8* x 3 and y 3* y 8 respectively6
%6?6 if your equations have a repeated solution (discriminant ' 3) then the line is a tangent6
Ineualities solve using a s"etch graph
Rearrange the inequality to get @ero on one side* then factorise the other
side6 S5etch the graph and see &here it is aboveAbelo& the y9a:is6
=6g6 solve x
3
x
x
3
x 3
x(x
2
) x(x )(x ) 3
-1 0 1
+rom the graph* x or x 3
T J Price Page 2 12/10/2008
Add Maths: #olynomials $ %raphs
#olynomials
; polynomial is a sum of terms that are multiples of non9negative integer po&ers of the variable* e6g6
$xB < 8x C 7 Dthin5 of 7 as 7x
3
E6
/hese are polynomials in x ;nd these aren)t
2
x
82
5x
7 3
3
x x
5623 x
3
8
x
67
&rder
/he order of a polynomial is the highest po&er present in it# quadratics are order 2 and cubics are order 36
'actorising #olynomials
Some polynomials can be factorised* e6g6 x
3
2x
2
x x(x )
2
6
/his factorised form ma5es it easy to sketch the graph of the polynomial* using the follo&ing tips1
(x a) corresponds to an x9a:is crossing point at x a *
(x a)
2
corresponds to an x9a:is touching point at x a *
(x a)
3
corresponds to an x9a:is cubic (flat) crossing point at x a 6
So y (x 2)(x )
2
(x 8)
3
loo5 li5e this1
y
92 8
Fo& do &e 5no& &hich &ay up the graph goesG
Right-way-up (unreflected or positive) functions go up on the right*
Upside-down (reflected or negative) functions go down on the right6
So s5etch the graph from right to left* putting in crossingAtouching points as required6
Hou can easily reverse the &hole process to (suggest an equation for a graph)6
Ine more thing# to find where the graph cuts the y-axis* simply put in x ' 3 and &or5 out y6
So the above graph cuts the y9a:is at y 2 ( )
2
( 8)
3
2! 6
T J Price Page 12/10/2008
Add Maths: #olynomials $ %raphs
(sing graphs to solve ineualities
/o solve (x 2)(x )
2
(x 8)
3
3 using our graph* &e loo5 for &here the graph)s height is positive*
i6e6 x 2* x 8 6
+or (x 2)(x )
2
(x 8)
3
3 * our solution &ould change to x 2* x * x 8 6
;nd for (x 2)(x )
2
(x 8)
3
3 * &e get t&o (sand&iches) 2 x * x 8 6
Adding and subtracting polynomials
Just addAsubtract matching powers < easyK
Multiplying polynomials

.
r
a
&

u
p

a

grid
Lut the coefficients along the top and right
(insert (3) for any missing po&ers) +ill in
the bo:es by multiplying
;dd along the
diagonals
sloping do&n
to the left
Read off the
ans&er
N.B. Bigger powers are always to the left or
higher up.
=:ample1 calculate (3x
2

7x 2) (8x 5) 6
3
2
12 95
-43 43
;ns&er1 2x
3
)ividing polynomials
/ip1 set up the question as for long
division arithmetic (insert (3) for any
missing po&ers)6
=:ample1 calculate (3x
2
7x 2) (x 2) 6
3x < 3
x C 2 3xM < 7x C 2 Noo5 at biggest po&ers# x goes into 3xM 3x times
3xM C $x %o& subtract 3x lots of x C 2
< 3x C 2 Noo5 at biggest po&ers# x goes into <3x <3 times
< 3x < 2$ %o& subtract <3 lots of x C 2
2! Remainder is 2!
;ns&er1 3x 3 * remainder 2!6
T J Price Page !
12/10/2008
Add Maths: #olynomials $ %raphs
'actor *heorem
0f (x < a) is a factor of a polynomial p(x) * then p(a) ' 36
=6g6 (x C ) ' (x < (<)) is a factor of p(x) x
3
3x
2
x 3 because p( ) ( )
3
3( )
2
( ) 3 3 6
/his is obvious if you thin5 about graphs and x9a:is crossingAtouching points#
=ach brac5et (x < a) corresponds to a crossingAtouching point at x ' a* i6e6 the height of the graph is @ero6
+emainder theorem
/he remainder &hen &e divide a polynomial p(x) by (x < a) is p(a)6
=6g6 if &e divide p(x) x
3
3x
2
x 3 by (x < 2) the remainder is p(2) 2
3
3 2
2
2 3 5 6
(sing the 'actor *heorem to factorise polynomials
/o factorise p(x) x
3
2x
2
5x $ *
1
Nist the Ove factors of <$ (the constant term)6 /hey are O* O2* O3* O$6
2
7or5 out p(a) &here a is each of these factors in turn# if p(a)'3* &e have found a factor (x < a)6 Fandy hint# start &ith the easiest* smallest factors first# one of them is bound to &or56
3Ince you have found t&o factors* you can deduce the third one by considering p(3) (see belo&)6
7or5ing through this e:ample* &e try1
p() ' <!
p(<) ' 3 so (x C ) is a factor p(2)
' 3 so (: < 2) is a factor
/o find the third brac5et* &rite p(x) x
3
2x
2
5x $ (x )(x 2)(x c) and then consider p(3)6
%o&
p(3) '
$ ( 2)
c so c
must be
36
/herefore p(x) (x )(x 2)(x 3) 6
0f the coefficient of x
3
is greater than * things are not quite this simple6 /he question &ill usually give you
a hint to get you started* e6g6 (sho& that (2x < 3) is a factor of>)* so you chec5 that p(65) ' 36
'inding un"no,n coefficients using the 'actor and +emainder *heorems
7hen f (x) 2x
3
ax
2
bx $ is divided by (x < ) there is no remainder* and &hen f(x) is divided by
(x C ) the remainder is 36 +ind the values of a and b6
Solution1 %o need to do long division < Pust use the factor and remainder theoremsK
0f (x < ) is a factor* then f() should equal @ero6
So 2
3
a
2
b $ 3 or 2 C a C b ' 36
0f dividing by (x C ) gives remainder 3* then f(<) ' 36
So 2 ( )
3
a ( )
2
b ( ) $ 3 or <2 C a < b C $ ' 36
%o& solve simultaneously1 adding* 2a C $ ' 3 so a ' 2 and b ' <86
T J Price Page " 12/10/2008
Add Maths: -inomial
Meaning of
n
.
r
n
C
r
means the number of different &ays of choosing r distinct obPects from a total of n obPects6
=6g6 if 2 different ca5es are to be chosen from a menu of 5 ca5es* there are
5
C
2
&ays of doing so6
n
C
nK n(n )(n 2)666(n r ) Dthe second &ay is easier to &or5 out for large nE
r
rK(n r)K 2 3 666
r
%6?6 nK 2 3 666 n and is called (n factorial)6
Qoing bac5 to our e:ample*
5
C
5 8 23
3 6
2
2 2
D7hyG /he first ca5e can be one of 5* the second can be one of the remaining 8* and &e divide by
2 because (Rclair* then millefeuille) is the same as (millefeuille* then Rclair)6E
/he numbers produced by
n
C
r
occur in Lascal)s /riangle* being the (rC)th entry in the (nC)th ro&6
/0panding 12 3 04
n
or 1a 3 b4
n
positive integer n
( x)
n
n
C
3
n
C x n
C
2
x
2
n
C 3
x
3
666
n
C
n
x
n

nx
n(n )
x
2
n(n )(n 2) x
3
666 x
n
2 2 3
(a b)
n
n
C a
n n
C a
n
b
n
C 2 a
n 2
b
2 n
Ca
n 3
b
3
666
n
C b
n
3 3 n
#0t)s not as bad as it loo5sK)
n n n(n ) n 2 2 n(n )(n 2) n 3 3 n
a
n
a b a b a b 666 b
2
2 3
DFint1 the po&ers of a and b add up to n each time6E
+or small n* &e can use Lascal)s /riangle directly1 e6g6 ( x)
3
3x 3x
2
x
3
6
/0panding 15 604
n
, etc7
/o e:pand more complicated binomials* substitute to get (a b)
n
and then replace a and b at the end6
=6g6 (2 3x)
8
(a b)
8
&ith a ' 2* b ' <3x
(a b)
8
a
8
8a
3
b $a
2
b
2
8ab
3
b
8
(using Lascal)s /riangle)
2
8
8 2
3
( 3x) $ 2
2
( 3x)
2
8 2( 3x)
3
( 3x)
8
$ "$x 2$x
2
2$x
3
!x
8
%6?6 7atch minus signs* and remember to raise everything in the brac5ets to the required po&er>
'inding a particular term
Sometimes &e do not need to find every single term of a binomial e:pansion6
=6g6 find the term in x
3
in the e:pansion of (3 < x)
7
1
7
C
(3)
7 3
( x)
3
3
7 $ 5
3
8
( x)
3
2 3
35 !x
3
2!35x
3
T J Price Page $ 12/10/2008
Add Maths: -inomial
Applying -inomials to probability
0f there are n independent trials (occurrences) of some event* each having t&o outcomes (success
or failure) so that
p ' prob(success) and q ' prob(failure) ' < p*
then the probability of getting r successes in n trials is
L(S ' r) '
n
C
r
p
r
q
(n r

)
6
/his is made up of
1
n
C
r
&ays of getting r successes out of n trials (imagine the tree diagram)*
2
r successes* probability p
r
and
3(n-r) failures* probability q
(n-r)

DS stands for (the number of successes) and you may see the strange9loo5ing S T ?(n*p) &hich means
(S has the ?inomial distribution for n trials &here p is the probability of success in each trial)6
0f the events are not independent* then S &ill not be ?inomial# there are many other distributions>E
8or"ed /0ample:
; multiple9choice paper has 3 questions* each &ith five options6 +ind the probability that a student &ill
get (by guess&or5 alone)
(1) no questions right*
(2) at least t&o questions right6
+or this problem* n ' 3* p ' 362* q ' 36!
(1) L(S ' 3) '
3
C
3
362
3
36!
3
' 0.10737
(2) L(S U 2) ' < L(S ' 3) < L(S ' )
Since L(S ' ) '
3
C

362

36!
"
' 362$!835
L(S U 2) ' < 3637378 < 362$!835 ' 0.!"1#1
T J Price Page % 12/10/2008
Add Maths: .o9ordinate %eometry
.o9ordinates midpoint, intersection of lines, distance bet,een t,o points 10
2
,y
2
4 $ 10
5
,y
5
4
-idpoint
'
average
of the
t&o end
points
x

x
2
*
y

y
2
6
2 2
0ntersection of lines1 see solving simultaneous linearAquadratics6
.istance bet&een t&o points1 use Lythagoras on the change in x and the change in y6
.istance ' (x
2
x )
2
(
y
2
y )
2

Qradient of line segment ' Rise Run ' (change in y) (change in x) '
( y
2
y

)
6
(x
2
x

)
Straight lines gradient for parallel, perpendicular

2

Larallel lines have the same gradient6
Lerpendicular lines (at right9angles) have gradients that multiply to ma5e <6
;lternatively* the gradient at "3 to is < 6
0f is a fraction* flip it upside do&n and ma5e it the negative of &hat it &as before6
/uation of straight line ,ith gradient m through point 10
:
, y
:
4 is y y
3
(x x
3
)
0f (x
3
* y
3
) is any 5no&n point on the line and is its gradient* then y y
3
(x x
3
) .
/his is a very commonly9used equation* e6g6 for tangents and normals6
Quadratics s"etch factorised or completed suare form
0f y (x 2)(x 3) * this is a V9shaped graph cutting the x9a:is at <2 and 36
0f y (x 2)
2
3 * this is a V9shaped graph &ith its turning point at (92*3)#
(it is y x
2
translated by <2 in the x direction and C3 in the y direction)6
%6?6 this graph does not cut the x9a:is at all6
'actorised graphs s"etch, use to solve ineualities
0f (x 8)(x 2)(x 3) 3 * s5etch the graph y (x 8)(x 2)(x 3)and see &here it
rises above the x9a:is6
-!
;ns&er1 8 x 2 or x 3 6
T J Price Page 8 12/10/2008
Add Maths: .o9ordinate %eometry
;#o,ers of 0 s"etch positive, negative<
y x
2
y x
3
y A x y A x
2
;*ransformations of graphs translate, stretch, reflect<
=:pressions in brac5ets change the graph hori@ontally* and do the opposite of &hat you might e:pect6
f(x) C a translate up by a f(x ! a) translate left by a
f(x) < a translate do&n by a f(x " a# translate right by a
af(x) stretch vertically by a f(ax) squash hori@ontally by a
-f(x) reflect vertically in y'3 f(-x) reflect hori@ontally in x'3
.ircles s"etch, identify centre and radius
/he pictured circle &ith centre (a* b)
and radius r has equation
(x a)
2
( y b)
2
r
2
6
; circle touches an a:is if one coordinate
is equal to r6 0n this picture* a ' r and b 4 r6
ra&i'( r
#a, )*
.ircles complete the suare to put
into brac"ets (x a)
2
( y b)
2
r
2
/he centre of the above circle is (a* b) and
its radius is r6
=6g6 if x
2
8x y
2
3
y 7
/hen (x 2)
2
2
2
( y 5)
So (x 2)
2
(
y 5)
2
7 8
%6?6 the number on the right is ra$ius
square$* not radius6
0s a point is inside a circle or notG Compare
its distance from the circle)s centre &ith the
radius6
T J Price Page + 12/10/2008
Add Maths: =inear #rogramming
0n the &orld of business and industry* it is desirable to maximise profit or the number of customers and to
minimise costs or the time ta5en for manufacture6
$inear programming is a mathematical technique used to tac5le such problems* and these methods &ere
developed bet&een "85 and "55 by ;merican mathematicians6
0n the real &orld there are not only quantities to be ma:imised and minimised (as above)* but also
constraints such as the si@e of &or5force* quantity of ra& materials* etc6* as &ell as obvious facts li5e &e
can)t manufacture a negative number of items6
-athematically* &e set up an axis on our graph for each varia%le (quantity &hich can be controlled and
changed) and then shade out regions matching our constraints (graphical inequalities)6 /he best solution
to the problem is then the corner of our remaining feasi%le region that gives the best value of our
o%&ective function (the quantity &e are trying to ma:imise or minimise)6
(sing =inear #rogramming to solve a #uzzle #roblem:
; carpenter ma5es tables and chairs6 =ach table can be sold for a profit of W33 and each chair for a profit
of W36 /he carpenter can afford to spend up to 82 hours per &ee5 &or5ing and ta5es si: hours to ma5e a
table and three hours to ma5e a chair6 Customer demand requires that he ma5es no more than four times
as many chairs as tables6 /ables ta5e up four times as much storage space as chairs and there is room for
at most five tables each &ee56
'aria%les
t ' number of tables made per &ee5 c
' number of chairs made per &ee5
(onstraints
/otal &or5 time1 $t C 3c X 82 ;lso t U 3* c U 3
Customer demand1 c X 8t (non9negativity constraints)
Storage space1 Yc C t X 5
)%&ective function
-a:imise L ' 33t C 3c
Set up a:es for t (hori@ontal) and c (vertical) and shade out the un&anted regions given by the
inequalities6
/hen dra& an iso-profit line (a line of constant profit* e6g6 33t C 3c ' 33) and move your ruler parallel to
this to find the corner of the remaining region giving the optimal solution6
%ee over for the graph&
*andy hints+
/o plot a line such as $t C 3c ' 82* set t'3 and find c ('8)* then set c'3 and find t ('7)6
So &e dra& a straight line bet&een (3* 8) and (7* 3)6
/o plot a line such as c ' 8t* note that the gradient is 8 and the c9intercept is @ero6 -a5e sure the quantity
on the left is on the vertical a:is6
T J Price Page 10 12/10/2008
Add Maths: =inear #rogramming
c
20 ,- -. c/air(
1+
18
1%
1$
1"
1!
1
12
11
10
+
8
%
$
"
!

2
1 i(--0r-.i1 2i,e
0
1 0
c 3 !1
-
0
1i
4
a
2
(
-
2
'
1i
-
,
1/!c 5 1 3 " $1 5 c 3 !2 1
,- -. 1a)2e(
! " $ % 8 + 10
/he
optimal
solution is
at t'3*
c'!6
(Llace a
ruler along
the iso9
profit line
and move
it parallel
and up to
the right
until you
are Pust
about to
leave the
feasible
region6)
S
o

t
h
e

c
a
r
p
e
n
t
e
r

s
h
o
u
l
d

m
a
5
e

3

t
a
b
l
e
s

a
n
d

!

c
h
a
i
r
s

p
e
r

&
e
e
5
*

g
i
v
i
n
g

a

p
r
o
f
i
t

o
f

3
3
Z
3

C

3
Z
!

'

W

7
3

p
e
r

&
e
e
5
6
Quir"y
uestions
0f the
question as5s
for (or
requires) a
solution &ith
integer
values (e6g6
number of
tables and
chairs) and
the
coordinates of
the best
corner of the
feasible
region are not
integers* &e
must instead
find the %est
feasi%le
integer
solution near
that corner6
0
f

t
h
e

q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n

h
a
s

t
h
r
e
e

v
a
r
i
a
%les
that
are
relate
d*
don)t
try to
plot a
39.
graph
K
0nstea
d*
elimi
nate
one
varia
%le6
=6g6
if x C
y C '
' 3*
then
replac
e (')
&ith
(3 <
x <
y)6
T J Price
Page 11
12/10/2008
Add Maths: *rigonometry
)efinitions of sin 0, cos 0, tan 0 S&>.A>*&A
0n a right9angled triangle1
sin =
hypotenuse
opposite
* cos =
hypotenuse
adPacent
* tan =
opposite
adPacent
/hese are used to solve right9angled triangles as studied in 0QCS=6
Sine and .osine +ule and area of triangle
Vse these if a triangle does not have a right angle6
Lic5 the sine rule if you 5no& any opposite pair of angle [ side length6
Sine rule1
a
=
b
=
c
(or flip it upside do&n to find an un5no&n angle)
sin
( sin B sin C
Ither&ise use the cosine rule# the first version to find a side and the second version to find an angle6
Cosine rule1 a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cos ( or cos ( =
b
2
+ c
2
a
2
2bc
*rig in 6 )imensions
+ind a R;/ (Right ;ngled /riangle) in the 3. diagram and use trigonometry on it6
+or a long diagonal* you can use the triple Lythagoras formula1 length ' x
2
+ y
2
+ '
2
1) 0f each sloping edge of a square9based pyramid has a length of !3m and ma5es an angle of 8!\
&ith the base* find (i) the height =Q* (ii) the base area ;?C.* (iii) the area of a sloping face Q?;
and (iv) the angle =+Q bet&een a sloping face and the base6
Q
!3m
.
C
= 8!\
;
+
?
(1).rop a vertical from Q to = to ma5e a R;/ (Q=;) &ith hyp'!3m* opp'height* ]'8!\ so
height =Q ' !3sin8!\ ' 5"685m
(2) /he distance from = to ; (using the same R;/) is !3cos8!\ ' 53653m6 ?ase area ' ;?M '
;=M C =?M ' 53653M C 53653M (by Lythag) ' 573mM
(iii) =ach sloping face is an isosceles triangle (Q?;) &ith base ^573 ' 75673m and sides !3m6
Chop it do&n the middle to ma5e a R;/ (Q+;) and use Lythag to get height Q+ ' ^(!3M < 376!5M)
' 7368!m6 So area ' 376!5Z7368! ' 2$$!mM
(iv) Q=+ is a R;/# Q= ' 5"685m and Q+ ' 7368!m6 So angle =+Q ' sin
9
(5"685A7368!) ' 5765\
NB we coul$ have use$ cosine)sine rule for soe of these instea$&
2) +ind the long diagonal of a cuboid &ith sides 7cm* "cm and 3cm6
.iagonal ' ^(7M C "M C 3M) ' ^2"" ' 763cm
T J Price Page 12 12/10/2008
Add Maths: *rigonometry
*rig graphs solving trig euations
Nearn these three graphsK
y ' sin(x) *epeats every 3+,-. % shape$ over first 3+,-

3!3 3$3 583 723

9
y ' cos(x) *epeats every 3+,-. C shape$ over first 3+,-

3"3 !3 273 3$3 853 583 $33

9
y ' tan(x) *epeats every 1/,-. goes to infinity at 0,-1 22,-1 etc.

3"3 !3 273 3$3 583 723

9
1) Solve cos(x) ' 365 for 3 < x < 3$3 6
; calculator gives x ' cos
9
(365) ' $3\6
/he graph indicates another solution at 3$3 < $3 ' 333\6
So x ' $3\ or 333\
2) Solve tan(2x) ' ^3 for 3 < x < 3$3 6 +irst substitute _ ' 2x#
; calculator gives _ ' tan
9
(^3) ' $3\6
/he graph sho&s other solutions at 283\* 823\* $33\* etc6 (repetition every !3\)6
Since x ' _A2* &e get x ' 33\* 23\* 23\* 333\ (ne:t one &ould be 3"3\* out of range)
T J Price Page 1 12/10/2008
Add Maths: *rigonometry
*rig Identities sin? @ 3 cos? @ A2, sin @ B cos @ A tan @
Consider this triangle &ith angle and hypotenuse 1
?y the definition of tan* tan
sin
6
sin cos

cos
/hese trig identities can be used to solve trig equations6
1) Solve sin x + 3cos x = 3 for 3 < x
< 3$3 6
.ivide through by cos x to
get
Rearrange to get
Vse inverse function to get
sin
2
+ cos
2

tan x + 3 = 3 tan x =
3
x = tan

(3) ' ,76$\

?ut this is out of range* so
use tan repetition every
!3\ to get x ' 3!68\ or
2!!68\6
2) Solve sin
2
x 3cos
x 3 = 3 for 3 < x
< 3$3 6
Substitute
sin
2
x =
cos
2
x to
get
cos
2
x
3c
os
x
3
= 3
/id
y
up
to
get

cos
2
x

;nd
s&ap all
signs
(multipl
y by <)
3cos
2
Lut
cos
(quadrat
ic in disguise)
y
2
+ 3y +
2 = 3
+actorise (
y +)( y + 2) =
3
Solutions are y
= cos x = or
y = cos x = 2
?ut cos x is
never <2* so
solve cos x ' <
to get x ' !3\6
T J Price Page
1! 12/10/2008
Add Maths: )ifferentiation
)ifferentiate po,ers of 0 positive integer or zero po,ers 0f y x
n
then
$
y
nx
n

$
x
;l&ays re&rite to get (x to the po&er of something) before proceeding>
=6g6 y x
3
*
$
y
3x
2
y (x 3)
2
x
2
$x "*
$y
2x $
$x $x
y
x
5
x
2
x
8
x*
$
y
8x
3

x
$
x
%radient at a point limiting case of seuence of chords
/o find the gradient at a given point* find $yA$x and then substitute for x6
=6g6 gradient of y 2x
3
5x 8 at x is
$
y
$x
2
5 $
2
5 .
$
x
/he gradient at a point can be considered as the limiting case of a sequence of chords through t&o
points that get closer and closer to each other6
=6g6 if &e dra& a chord through L and one other point
moving do&n from R to&ards L* the gradient of this
chord approaches the gradient of the curve at L itself6
R
6
P
/uation of tangent!normal
/o find the equation of the tangent
to a curve at a given point* find
1)the co9ordinates of this
point* (x
3
* y
3
)
2) the gradient* (using
dyAd: at this point)
/hen substitute into y y
3
(x x
3
) 6
+or a normal* do the same apart from using ' < curve gradient6
=6g6 +ind the normal to y 2x
3
8x at x 2 6
y 2 2
3
8 2 ! so x
3
' 2* y
3
' !6
$y
$x
2
8
$ 2
2
8 23 so ' 9A236
$
x
y !

(x 2) or y

x !

6
23
23
3
T J Price Page 1"
12/10/2008
Add Maths: )ifferentiation
*urning points locate ma0imum, minimum
/urning points occur only &here the gradient is @ero* i6e6
$
y
3 6
$
x
; turning point can be a ma:imum (top of a hill) or a minimum (bottom of a valley)6
/o distinguish them* you can1
i) use common sense (e6g6 y 3x
2
5x 7 &ill have a minimum because it is a Cve quadratic)
ii) use a s5etch graph
iii) use the second derivative (see belo&)
=6g6 find the turning points of y 2x
3
$x
$y
$x
2
$ 3 giving x
2
so x and y 3 or 5
$
x
So the turning points are (* 93) and (9* 5)6
Second derivatives distinguish ma0!min

;t a turning point* find the second derivative to distinguish bet&een a ma:imum and a minimum6
0f
$
2
y
3 then the turning point is a minimum (thin5 (positive) '

' (minimum))6
$x
2
0f
$
2
y
3 then the turning point is a ma:imum (thin5 (negative) '

' (ma:imum))6
$x
2
0f
$
2
y
3 &e cannot tell# use another method (e6g6 s5etch graph)6 $x
2
=6g6 &ith the above e:ample*
$
2
y
2x so (* 93) is a minimum and (9* 5) is a ma:imum $x
2
Applying derivatives "inematics, ma0!min problems, rates of change
Nearn that if x ' displacement* v ' velocity and a ' acceleration* then
$
x
v an$
$
v
a 6 $t $t
So velocity is rate of change of displacement* and acceleration is rate of change of velocity6
=6g6 if x 8t
3
3t
2
* v 2t
2
$t and a 28t $ 6
Hou may also be as5ed to ma:imise a volume or minimise an area depending on x6
.o this by setting
$3
3*
$
(
3 * etc6 and solving the equation6
$x $x
T J Price Page 1$ 12/10/2008
Add Maths: Integration
Integration is the opposite process to differentiation7 I7e7 C,hat differentiates to giveDEF
Integrate po,ers of 0 positive integer or zero po,ers 0f y x
n
then y $x

x
n
c
n
;l&ays re&rite to get (x to the po&er of something) before proceeding>
7.g. y x
3
* x
3
$x

x
8
c
8
y (x 3)
2
x
2
$x "* x
2
$x " $x

x
3
3x
2
"x c
3
y
x
5
x
2
x
8
x*
x
8
x $x

x
5

x
2
c
x
5 2
'inding the constant of integration, c
0f you are given the values of x and y* you can substitute these to find c6
=6g6 0f
$
y
3x
8 * find y if the curve passes through (2* 3)6
$x
3x 8 $x
3
x
2 8x c
2
;t x'2* y'3 &e get 3
3
2
2
8 2 c so c ' 5
2
;ns&er1 y
3
x
2
8x 5
2
)efinite integrals area under a curve
/he area under a curve can be found using integration6 /his time you include limits on the integral6
=6g6 +ind the area under the curve y "x
2
8x bet&een x' and x'36
3

"x
2 8x $x D3x
3
2x
2
E
3
(3 3
3
2 3
2
) (3
3
2
2
) "" 5 "8 units
2

%6?6 &e don)t need (Cc) &ith a definite integral because it cancels out6
)efinite integrals ,atch out for:
-reas %elow the x-axis &hich come out as a negative integral# the area is positive6
/he area %etween two curves# do the integral of (top curve < bottom curve)6
-i:ture of areas %elow and a%ove the x-axis# split the integral into separate parts6
Applying integrals "inematics
Nearn that if x ' displacement* v ' velocity and a ' acceleration* then x v $t* v a $t 6
So displacement is the integral of velocity* and velocity is the integral of acceleration6
.on/t forget 01c/2 Vse information about the initial displacement or velocity to find c6
T J Price Page 1% 12/10/2008
Add Maths: 'ormulae
*he follo,ing formulae must be learned off by heartG
*he remainder theorem
Qiven the polynomial f(x)* the remainder &hen f(x) is divided by (x " a) is f(a)6
*he factor theorem
0f (x " a) is a factor of a polynomial f(x)* then x ' a is a root (solution) of the equation f(x) ' 36
Solution of uadratic euations
?y formula and completing the square6
+ormula1 for the quadratic equation ax
2
bx c 3* x
bb
2
8ac
6
2a
-inomial e0pansion
`no& ho& to derive terms in the e:pansions of ( C x)
n
/he coefficients may be e:pressed in the form
n
C
r

n
r
and (a C b)
n
&here n is a
positive integer6 nK
r K( n r)K
?e a&are that
n
C
n
n
C
n
r
r
n r
n r
.oordinate %eometry Straight line
`no& the forms of the straight
line equation* including y ' x C
c and
Larallel lines1

'
2
*
Lerpendicular lines1

2
' <
y < y
3
' (x <
x
3
)6 or
2
' <
A

.istance bet&een t&o points (x * y )* (x * y

2
) x x
2
y y
2
2 2 2
-idpoint of t&o points (x * y )* (x * y )
x

x
2
*
y

y
2
2 2
2 2
.oordinate %eometry .ircle
/he circle x a
2
y b
2
r
2
has centre (a * b ) and radius r6
*rigonometry
0n a right9angled triangle1
sin
opposite
* cos
adPacent
* tan
opposite
hypotenuse hypotenuse adPacent
0dentities1 tan
sin
* sin
2
cos
2

cos
Sine rule1
a b c Cosine rule1 a
2
b
2
c
2
2bc cos ( or cos ( b
2
c
2
a
2
sin ( sin B sin C
2bc
T J Price Page 18 12/10/2008
Add Maths: 'ormulae
.alculus
y ax
n
d
y
nax
n

d
x
Stationary points occur &hen
d
y
3
d
x
b
;rea under curve bet&een x a and x b is y dx
a
Hinematics
(onstant acceleration formulae+
0f s ' displacement* u ' initial velocity* v ' final velocity* a ' acceleration* t ' time* then1
v u at s

(u v)t s ut

at
2
s vt

at
2
v
2
u
2
2as
2 2 2
(alculus 3if acceleration is not constant4+
0f x ' displacement* v ' velocity* a ' acceleration* t ' time* then1
v
$x
a
$v
x v $t v a $t
$t $t
T J Price Page 1+ 12/10/2008