A Gender-Sensitive Post-Disaster

Needs Assessment (PDNA) Framework

for Bosnia and Herzegovina

Photocredit: Dado Ruvic / Reuters

July 2014
Prepared by Andrea Raickovic for the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina

contents
Case Background ...................................................................................................................1
1. The Importance of Gender-Sensitive Analysis of Post-Disaster Needs
2. Research Preparation and Methodology for Post-Disaster Needs of Women and Men,
Boys and Girls
2.1 The Relevance of Conducting a Preliminary Assessment of Pre-Disaster Gender
Vulnerabilities......................................................................................................................2
2.2 Researching Post-Disaster Gender Sensitive Needs: Data Collection Methods............3
3. Assessing and Documenting Post-Disaster Impacts on Gender-Sensitive Needs.......5
3.1 Post Disaster Gender Differential Demographic/Household and Housing Data..6
3.2 Gender-Sensitive Post-Disaster Economic Data..7
3.3 Gender-Sensitive Post-Disaster Health Data....9
3.4 Gender-Sensitive Post-Disaster Education Data.......11
3.5 Gender Differential Post-Disaster Allocation of Resources Analysis.........12
3.6 Gender Differential Analysis of Post-Disaster Division of Labour...12
3.7 Gender Differential Post-Disaster Relief Response and Reintegration Data....13
Works Consulted........15

Abstract
The purpose of this document is to serve as a guiding tool for assessing
the gender differential needs and capabilities of Bosnia and Herzegovinas
recent flood affected population in a post-disaster setting. By collecting
and analysing gender-sensitive qualitative and quantitative data, the impact on gender roles, relations, vulnerabilities and needs of women, men,
boys and girls will be more clearly identified. These revelations will in turn
shed light on various shortcomings of the existing recovery and reconstruction programmes, and will help anticipate future needs and possible
response gaps.

A Gender-Sensitive Post-Disaster
Needs Assessment Framework
Case Background
For general background information regarding the floods on the territory of
Bosnia and Herzegovina starting on 13 May 2014, please refer to the following reports: UN BiH Flood Disaster Situation Report , UN International Humanitarian Assistance to BiH Report 18/06/2014

1. The Importance of Gender-Sensitive Analysis of PostDisaster Needs

As with the majority of crisis management efforts, the primary emphasis in
the BiH post-disaster reconstruction phase has been placed on rapid replacement of damaged infrastructure. This has somewhat overlooked the
mending of negatively impacted social aspects of the affected population
which are most severely experiences by vulnerable groups including
women.
Due to biological factors, socially constructed gender roles and the influence of gender on the allocation of social and economic resources, womens vulnerability is almost always amplified in a disaster and post-disaster
setting. For example, pregnant women and nursing mothers have a higher
demand for food and health care, and they face decreased mobility. Moreover, as women largely play the role of the caretaker within a household,
they assume a greater and constant workload which makes it more difficult
for them to evacuate their homes, thereby increasing personal vulnerability. This preoccupation with placing family needs before their own often
leads to a decline in emotional wellbeing associated with psychological
consequences, which are more commonly present among women and

girls in the aftermath of a disaster. This group is also more vulnerable to

sexual and physical abuses in such a setting, due to increasing frustrations of household members, and a general feeling of desperation where
sexual favours are not uncommonly traded for needed resources. Other
vulnerabilities span from the fact that the planning and delivery of relief
and reconstruction services are generally dominated by men, often overlooking the gender specific needs of women.
In addition, the existing and highly limited research on gender differential
vulnerability in a post-disaster setting indicates that there are clearly defined gender differentiated patterns during the pre- and post-disaster
phases including: exposure to risk, risk perception, preparedness, response, physical impact, psychological impact, recovery and reconstruction. Therefore, incorporating a gender aspect in all segments of the disaster process seems to be a logical progression, which could in turn make
general crisis management and the reconstruction phase more effective
and efficient for both genders.

2. Research Preparation and Methodology for Post-Disaster

Needs of Women and Men, Boys and Girls
The needs assessment of priorities of affected women, girls, boys and
men should not focus on pinpointing every need, rather on key elements
which will provide the information necessary for the effective and efficient
design of post-disaster gender-sensitive recovery initiatives.
Ideally, the evaluator would primarily rely on secondary sources for necessary gender-sensitive needs assessment information, which is collected
during the reconstruction process, usually within 3 to 4 weeks following the
disaster. However, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, post-disaster data has
largely not been collected in this manner, meaning that the evaluator will
have to rely heavily on self-conducted primary research, by taking a participatory approach which aims to engage the affected population and in-

volved disaster agencies in voicing the affected populations gender differential needs. This method is more demanding in terms of resources and
time; however when well thought of, it is highly efficient in identifying the
affected populations post-disaster needs, existing programme shortcomings and potential reconstruction mechanisms.

Table 1.

Type of Data

On the other hand, the evaluator could refer to secondary information

sources for the purpose of assessing pre-disaster gender vulnerabilities,
discussed in the following section.

2.1 The Relevance of Conducting a Preliminary Assessment

of Pre-Disaster Gender Vulnerabilities
In order to make an effective and realistic assessment of post-disaster
gender-sensitive needs, conducting an analysis of pre-disaster conditions
is crucial for identifying the severity and implications of existing postdisaster problems and their appropriate solutions. Such an analysis allows
for the critical understanding of the disaster impact on gender relations
and gender roles of the affected population, the differences in vulnerabilities between men and women, and their various coping strategies. As a
result, the comparative analysis could shed light on the most efficient and
effective reconstruction projects and programmes.

Demographic/Household
Data

Economic Data

In the baseline analysis, the evaluator should focus on Bosnia and Herzegovinas socio-economic status and conditions, with an emphasis, if possible, on chosen post-disaster sample sites. The main focus out to be
placed on the status of women and gender relations. The following qualitative and quantitative data could be included and documented (dependant
on availability):

Health Data

Indicators
- Total households
- Household heads by gender
- Dependency index (below 15 years
and over 65 years)
- Total and differentiated household
income
- Vulnerable group status
- Level of poverty by gender, age and
household headship
- Roles and responsibilities of family
members (CEDAW reports can serve
as excellent sources)
- Formal sector: job, income, employment and unemployment levels
- Informal sector: activities, by gender
- Access, control and use of resources:
who owns (controls) and who has access (uses)
- Household food security: consumption
patterns, responsibility for household
food security
- Birth rate, death rate
- Womens fertility rate
- Common health problems of women
by age and vulnerability group status
- Common health problems of men by
age and vulnerability groups status
- The number of health facilities by type
- Number of users of health facilities by
gender and age
- Responsibilities assigned to house-

Education Data

hold (women) for family health care

- Number of educational institutions at
all levels
- Description and numbers of users of
education systems by gender, age and
vulnerability group status
- Education levels by gender, age and
vulnerability group status
- Functional literacy levels by gender,
age and vulnerability group status

2.2 Researching Post-Disaster Gender Sensitive Needs: Data Collection Methods

In order to conduct a successful post-gender needs assessment, the data
collected must be as reliable as possible and as complete as the availability of resources allows. All compiled qualitative and quantitative data during the preliminary research phase pertaining to pre-disaster period, and
data collected following the disaster must be disaggregated by gender,
age, vulnerability group status, religion and ethnicity where possible. The
greatest emphasis should be placed on documenting gender disaggregated information.
The first task of the evaluator should be to determine the boundaries of the
disaster area and to choose the most affected sites for the post disaster
needs assessment. The chosen areas must be 1) most representative of
the total affected population and 2) those with the greatest postdisaster identified need.
Due to limited resources, the evaluator should aim to make use of secondary sources whenever possible. Because the majority of the data collected in the weeks following the onset of floods in Bosnia and Herzegovina, has not been disaggregated by gender, the evaluator will have
to place a significant amount of effort into searching for such information

and disaggregating the data whenever possible. As a result, primary research and data collection will serve as the key in determining the affected
populations gender differential needs in the post-disaster phase. This is
why it will be extremely important to conduct carefully designed and thorough primary research on the chosen terrain, which is most representative
of the affected regions needs and problems.

Primary Sources and Data Collection

The primary research method which should be employed is the participatory approach. This method encompasses significant involvement of the
affected population and involved disaster agencies through individual
and/or group consultations and interviews. It allows for a rapid collection of
the necessary qualitative and quantitative data to be used in the assessment process.
The following participatory approach methods should be utilized:
1) affected household surveys in chosen research sites this
method is regarded as one of the most efficient during the postdisaster needs assessment phase and should be employed
whenever possible. It does not require the evaluators constant
presence on terrain and is therefore less costly and time conscious;
2) gender-aware individual and group consultations/interviews
with the affected population the evaluator should aim to engage women, girls, boys and men, while including individuals from
the main identified vulnerable groups in the chosen research site;
3) informal and formal discussions with disaster reconstruction
agency representatives who have worked with the affected
individuals - while it is important to hold consultations with the affected population, discussions with the post-disaster agencies involved should not be overlooked due to their considerable pres-

ence on-site and possession of already acquired information. The

following agencies could be consulted: government departments
dealing with agriculture, water-management, forestry, health, education, the economy and transportation; Womens Affairs Bureaus
on all levels; public utility agencies; NGOs, IGOs, Community
Based Organisations, volunteers; and community leaders with
first-hand accounts of the disaster and its impacts;
4) on-site observation although this method is usually employed
in the immediate post-disaster period, the evaluator could still pay
attention to the affected populations behaviour (gender disaggregated), their general appearance (i.e. are they angry, depressed,
happy, especially when voicing their disaster-related experiences
etc.), the various activates they engage in, and with whom they
are most often seen (e.g. are women usually in the company of
the elderly, children and/or other women? How about men?).

The following table provides information on possibly useful secondary

sources for gender disaggregated data collection:
Table 2.

Indicator

National statistics agency: the BiH

Agency for Statistics, www.bhas.ba

Socio-Demographic and
Housing Data

Entity statistics agencies: FBiH Institute for Statistics,

http://www.fzs.ba;
RS Institute of Statistics:
http://www.rzs.rs.ba/
National census database:
http://www.statistika.ba/#

In order to get a full understanding and recording of the differential gendered impacts, where possible, the data should be disaggregated by: gender, age, household headship, ethnicity, religion, and vulnerability group
status (i.e. is the interviewee homeless, living below poverty line, a single
mother etc.?).

IGO, NGO, Gov. PDNA assessments

Secondary Sources and Data Collection

As previously noted, the majority of the data collected in immediate period
following the disaster in Bosnia and Herzegovina, has not been disaggregated by gender. In the light of this inconvenience, the evaluator will have
to be significantly less reliant on secondary sources for data collection.
One suggestion when searching for secondary information is to communicate with, and interview those individuals who were involved in the initial
data collection processes (e.g. NGO, IGO, governmental and other relief
and reconstruction agency representatives). At this point, and unless previously disaggregated by gender, the secondary information collected will
be mostly of qualitative nature.

Data Source

Economic Data

Health Data

As above including: PDNA assessments from ILO, EU agencies,

international (bilateral) response
teams and relevant government
sectors etc.

As for socio-demographic data including: PDNA assessments from

UNICEF BiH, UNDP BiH, WHO
BiH, international (bilateral) response teams, the Red Cross Society of BiH, and relevant govern-

ment sectors etc.

3. Assessing and Documenting Post-Disaster Impacts on

Gender-Sensitive Needs
Education Data

As for socio-demographic data including: PDNA assessments from

UNICEF BiH, UNDP BiH, the Red
Cross Society of BiH and relevant
government sectors etc.

Post-Disaster Allocation
of Resources

PDNA assessments from UNDP

BiH, UNICEF BiH, WHO BiH, the
Red Cross Society of BiH, international (bilateral) response teams
and relevant government sectors
etc.

Post-Disaster Division of
Labour

PDNA assessments from ILO,

UNICEF BiH, UNDP BiH, international (bilateral) response teams
and relevant government sectors
etc.

PD Response and Reintegration

OKC BiH Reports, PDNA assessments from UNDP BiH, UNICEF

BiH, WHO BiH, the Red Cross Society of BiH, international (bilateral)
response teams and relevant government sectors etc.

The purpose of this document is to serve as a guiding tool for assessing

the gender differential needs and capabilities of the impacted population,
in a post-disaster setting. By collecting qualitative and quantitative data on
the various impacts of the flooding disaster on women, men, boys and
girls, the differences in post-disaster gender roles, relations, needs and
vulnerabilities will be identified and will provide the information necessary
for the design of gender-sensitive recovery initiatives. Without genderdisaggregated needs data and assessment, the relevant institutions will
not be able to fully and effectively respond to the needs of affected both
women and men, Moreover, the reconstruction efforts will not reach their
full potential for as long as womens capabilities in the reconstruction process are overlooked and undermined. In order to avoid such shortcomings, the assessed gender differential needs will also shed light on various
gaps in existing recovery and reconstruction programmes and will help
anticipate future needs and possible response lapses.
The evaluator should refer to the following seven sections during the conduction of a post-disaster needs assessment in order to conduct a thorough analysis. Each segment relates to a specific research theme, for
which there are suggestions for both qualitative and quantitative questions.
Once the evaluator becomes more acquainted with the post-disaster setting in BiH, he or she should be able to tailor the research design according to the specificities of the chosen sites. Additionally, it is important to
note that as the reconstruction effort moves forward, acquiring the appropriate and useful information for certain sections may become increasingly
difficult due to the advancements made. The evaluator should therefore
pay attention to ongoing developments and assess which questions and
type of data could best reveal the different gender needs and roles in a
late post-disaster setting.

3.1 Post Disaster Gender Differential Demographic/Household and Housing Data

Quantitative Data
The following tables demonstrate the type of quantitative data that could
be collected in a gender and age disaggregated manner where applicable:
Table 3.

Name of Chosen Research Site

Demographic Indicators
Total area affected in
square kilometres
(km2)
Percentage (%) of
population affected
by gender
Number of displaced
households by gender of household
head
Number of households living below
poverty line by gender of household
head
Casualties by cause,
gender, age and
vulnerable group
status

Table 3.1

Household Indicators
Number of elderly
men and women
living alone
The average family
size of affected population
Average dependency ratio (under 15
years and older than
65 years)
Table 3.2

Housing and Shelter Indicators

Number of households living in temporary shelters by
gender of household
head

the evaluator should aim to document the households

vulnerable group status

Number of households in need of

shelter
The number of
homeowners who
must completely
rebuild their homes
The number of
homeowners who
must repair their
homes

The data should be disaggregated by gender and age of household head. The evaluator should also conduct a vulnerability
analysis of the affected individuals in question (e.g. is it a
household with a big family, living below poverty line, are its
members farm workers, does it consist of only women/single
mothers, minorities, seniors living alone etc.)
-

as above

as above

as above

Qualitative Data
The following questions should be selected on a site relevance basis and
formulated for use in surveys such as household questionnaires, for individual and group gender-sensitive consultations, and for discussions with
the involved disaster relief and reconstruction agencies. Some questions
are best suited for women only. When working with the affected population, the evaluator should aim to document each respondents gender,
age, and vulnerability group status where possible and applicable.
1. Describe the relief and reconstruction efforts of the community,
NGOs, IGOs, including governmental agencies response to the
disaster and the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Describe
the individual response offered (disaggregated by gender).
2. What resources were provided for the care of women and girls,
and to what extent were they able to meet their needs?
3. What are the main gender-sensitive housing demands in the chosen research site and what proportion comes from women?
4. Are there noticeable changes in the relations between men and
women and their typical roles and responsibilities?
5. What factors (e.g. environmental, economic, political, infrastructural) played a role in the affected populations decision to leave
their home (disaggregated by gender)? Was the decision made
solely by the household head and if so, were they a man or a
woman?
6. What factors (e.g. environmental, economic, political, infrastructural) are influencing the displaced individuals decision to return or
not return home? Are there existing differences in responses according to age and gender?

3.2 Gender-Sensitive Post-Disaster Economic Data (includes

employment and livelihoods)
Quantitative Data
The following tables demonstrate the type of quantitative data that could
be collected in a gender and age disaggregated manner where applicable:
Table 4.

Name of Chosen Research Site

Employment and Livelihoods Indicators
Percentage (%) of
households that lost
their primary means
of income by gender
of household head
Percentage (%) of
households that lost
their highest income
earner by gender
(including gender of
household head)
Percentage (%) of
households that lost
their only income
earner by gender
(including gender of
household head)
Percentage (%) of
households that lost
their agricultural
production assets
(e.g. livestock,

the evaluator should aim to document the households

vulnerable group status

the evaluator should aim to document the households

vulnerable group status

the evaluator should aim to document the households

vulnerable group status

the evaluator should note the extent of damage to agricultural production assets were they completely destroyed, damaged yet capable of production, or in need
of repair?

crops, feed, relevant

tools etc.) by gender
of household head
Percentage (%) of
households that lost
their nonagricultural production assets (e.g.
private business
space, tools, machines etc.) by gender of household
head
Percentage (%) of
affected individuals
seeking work due to
disaster by gender,
age and vulnerable
group status
Percentage (%) of
households that
have at least one
women who engages in the informal
sector (i.e. undocumented work)

Qualitative Data

the evaluator should note the extent of damage to non

agricultural production assets were they completely
destroyed beyond repair , damaged yet capable of
functioning , or in need of repair?

The following questions should be selected on a site relevance basis and

formulated for use in surveys such as household questionnaires; for individual and group gender-sensitive consultations; and for discussions with
the involved disaster relief and reconstruction agencies. Some questions
are best suited for women only. When working with the affected population, the evaluator should aim to document each respondents gender,
age, and vulnerability group status where possible and applicable.

1. Which economic sectors and types of infrastructure are damaged

and to what extent? How involved are the women in the affected
sector and what are their expertise, income and main roles? The
same should be done for men in order to determine the genderdifferential status regarding the loss of income and job displacement in the post disaster setting.
2. What are the main natural disaster vulnerabilities to main sources
of livelihoods of affected women and men (agricultural and nonagricultural)?
-

the evaluator should aim to document the households

vulnerable group status

3. Which strategies do households (by gender of household head)

use for short-term income generating strategies following the loss
of their livelihoods and employment? What are their short-term
needs in this regard (e.g. ask the interviewees about desirable
short term recovery mechanisms, the type of response they would
like to see from the government and other parties involved in the
reconstruction phase).
4. Have women noticed a difference in customary norms (e.g. those
regulating roles, access and use of land usually by male household head) following the disaster? Do these changes benefit women and in what way? What could be done to maintain positive
changes?

5. What are the needs and demands of local authorities in responding to employment and livelihood needs of affected women and
men by type of sector?
6. What are the main informal economic activities undertaken (important to document by gender, age and vulnerability status where
possible)? To what extent and in what way has the informal economic sector been impacted?

3.3 Gender-Sensitive Post-Disaster Health Data

Quantitative Data
The following tables demonstrate the type of quantitative data that could
be collected in a gender and age disaggregated manner where applicable:
Table 5.

Name of Chosen Research Site

Health Indicators
Number of injured
individuals by gender, age, vulnerable
group status and
cause (if possible
the cost should also
be documented)
Number of hospitalised individuals by
gender, age, vulnerable group status
and cause (if possible the cost should
also be documented)
Number of individu-

the evaluator should take care not to record conditions

which were pre-existing and not relevant to the disaster

the evaluator should take care not to record individuals

which were hospitalized due to reasons unrelated to
the events of the disaster

als with reported

psychological problems during and
following the disaster by gender, age
and vulnerable
group status
Number of individuals who experienced
malnutrition by gender, age and vulnerable group status
Percentage (%) of
individuals who experienced gender
based violence, including sexual assault, during and
following the disaster by gender, age
and vulnerable
group status
The number of medical facilities in need
of repair, including
the number of those
which must be built
elsewhere
Distance to the
nearest medical/sanitation facility
by gender of household head and vulnerable group status
Percentage (%) of

the evaluator should take care not to record predisaster cases of malnutrition

the evaluator should also note the households vulner-

households that
were unable to
reach the nearest
medical/sanitation
facility by gender
and age of household head, including
vulnerable group
status

ability group status

Qualitative Data
The following questions should be selected on a site relevance basis and
formulated for use in surveys such as household questionnaires; for individual and group gender-sensitive consultations; and for discussions with
the involved disaster relief and reconstruction agencies. Some questions
are best suited for women only. When working with the affected population, the evaluator should aim to document each respondents gender,
age, and vulnerability group status where possible and applicable.

1. What are the predominant health problems of the affected men

and women in the post-disaster period by age group? In order to
maintain accuracy, the evaluator should compare finding to the
general health issues of the unaffected population including the
baseline pre-disaster findings.

gender specific (e.g. special care for pregnant women)? How have
the relevant authorities and disaster response agencies responded
to such shortages? What could be done to improve the response
of the relevant authority in the future?
4. Are medical facilities within accessible reach of households and
the entire community? Were there transportation services organised for those incapable of reaching medical facilities?
5. Have the victims of gender-based violence and sexual assault
sought out safe shelter, legal and medical aid and from whom?
Are relevant agencies available and capable of responding to such
needs in the given community (e.g. NGOs and Gov. bodies dealing with womens issues, safe houses etc.)? If not, what needs to
be done to ensure their accessibility and operation?
6. Are there any existing mechanisms which help to identify at riskindividuals of gender-based violence? Which agency is responsible for such efforts? What could be done to help the relevant authorities in dealing with such individuals?
7. Are there any mechanisms in place for dealing with gender-based
violence, sexual assault and general post-disaster psychological
consequences? If so, how effective are they?
8. Have women received adequate sanitation and hygienic products
(e.g. sanitary napkins, tampons, deodorants, razors etc.)?
If so, which agencies provided them? Were there any shortages?

2. What types of services were mainly provided in the post-disaster

period by the state health care system and other relevant agencies?
3. Where there any kind of medical facility and treatment shortages
experiences during and following the disaster (e.g. medical staff,
medicines, medical treatment space etc.)? Were any shortages

10

3.4 Gender-Sensitive Post-Disaster Education Data

Quantitative Data
The following tables demonstrate the type of quantitative data that could
be collected in a gender and age disaggregated manner where applicable:
Table 6.

Name of Chosen Research Site

Education Indicators
Estimated number of
school age children
in the affected area
by gender and vulnerable group status
Estimated enrolment
rate post-disaster,
for Primary and
Secondary educational institutions,
by gender and vulnerable group status
Percentage (%) of
schools affected by
the disaster, in need
of repair

pre-crisis compared to post-disaster data

Percentage (%) of
schools requiring a
total rebuild
Percentage (%) of
schools/learning
spaces (re)opened

pre-crisis compared to post-disaster data

Percentage (%) of
teachers by gender,
trained on disasterrelated health and
protection topics
Percentage (%) of
schools with mechanisms for reporting
on incidents of
abuse and sexual
harassment

Qualitative Data
The following questions should be selected on a site relevance basis and
formulated for use in surveys such as household questionnaires, for individual and group gender-sensitive consultations with relevant parties, and
for discussions with the involved disaster relief and reconstruction agencies. Some questions are best suited for women only. When working with
the affected population, the evaluator should aim to document each re-

11

spondents gender, age, and vulnerability group status where possible and
applicable.
1. List the main obstacles which are preventing boys and girls from
attending schools (important to document differences in attendance obstacles by gender, age and vulnerable group status).
2. What mechanisms and resources are necessary to ensure that
boys and girls attend school in the post-disaster period?
3. Are there programmes within the educational system which aim to
raise awareness regarding violence against women?
4. Are there programmes within the educational system which educate students on general health matters?
5. What kind of help should be provided to local authorities so that
they can best respond to the needs of women and girls in an educational setting?

3.5 Gender Differential Post-Disaster Allocation of Resources Analysis

Conducting a gender differential examination of the victims relationship to
resources in terms of ownership, access and use in the post-disaster period is crucial to acquiring a realistic, wholesome picture on victims and their
needs. Not doing so could underestimate the needs of numerous affected
individuals and could in turn overstate those of the less impacted population. For example, when collecting data on the basis of household headship in regards to agricultural economic loss, we may overstate mens
losses (as this sector is dominated by their ownership), and could easily
overlook the impact this has had on women whose relationship to such
losses has not been identified nor examined.

In order to prepare for the analysis the evaluator should construct a list of
the main resources in question, specific to their chosen research site.
Such resources will mainly be tied to the infrastructure, housing and the
agricultural sector. For example, when working with affected farmers the
resource list should include: agricultural land, agricultural land tenure, livestock, crops, agricultural equipment, water sources etc.
Once the evaluator has constructed a list of main resources, they should
document who controls and has access to them in a gender disaggregated
manner, including the impact of the disaster on both factors. Furthermore,
any difference in quality of resources of women and men should also be
noted, including changes in the workload of both genders in the postdisaster period.

3.6 Gender Differential Analysis of Post-Disaster Division of

Labour
The post-disaster analysis of activities in a gender differential manner reveals where men and women are positioned in various economic sectors,
and helps us to identify how they have been impacted by the natural disaster. As a result, the evaluator should consider the following issues and
comparisons when coming up with research questions:

a) the impact on occupations that are male or female dominated, in

terms of income lost and number of people displaced;

b) the activities of men/boys and women/girls within women-headed

and men-headed households, on-farms, in businesses and in the
community;
c) changes in the workloads of men/boys and women/girls in times of
disaster. Changes in task and time allocations in women-headed
and men-headed households and in the community. Priority tasks
in times of disaster.

12

3.7 Gender Differential Post-Disaster Relief Response and

Reintegration Data
Quantitative Data
The following tables demonstrate the type of quantitative data that could
be collected in a gender and age disaggregated manner where applicable:
Table 7.

Name of Chosen Research Site

Governance and Political Indicators

Qualitative Data
The following questions should be selected on a site relevance basis and
formulated for use in surveys such as household questionnaires, for individual and group gender-sensitive consultations, and for discussions with
the involved disaster relief and reconstruction agencies. Some questions
are best suited for women only. When working with the affected population, the evaluator should aim to document each respondents gender,
age, and vulnerability group status where possible and applicable.
1. Do women and vulnerable individuals hold leadership positions in governance structures (at the lowest relevant level)?

Number of appointed officials by gender

2. What are the access patterns to general social services of women, men
and vulnerable groups? What obstacles to access are present for each
category?

Number of elected
officials by gender

3. Discuss the roles of political and religious leaders during the disaster
and post disaster-phase.

Number of individuals of voting age by

gender

4. What are the main changes in community norms and practices in the
post-disaster period that influence the roles and relations between men
and women?

Number of registered voters by gender

5. Have any post-disaster reconstruction agencies or relevant governmental sectors initiated programmes to assess and address the different needs
of men, women, boys and girls? If so, what are they and how effective
have they proven to be thus far?
Name of district, city, sub-region, country:
6. Has the affected population been receiving adequate and accurate information regarding the status of their homes, property and livelihoods,
including family members and the relief and reconstruction benefits programmes available for their use? Which agency (governmental and non-

13

governmental) have been responsible for the dissemination of such information?

14