KNS 2113 FLUID MECHANICS

BASIC PROPERTIES OF FLUID

Semester 1 Session 2012-2013
Compiled
By
Associate Professor Dr. Nasser Rostam Afshar
Hours per semester
Teaching-Learning
Approach
Lectures 42
Student Centered Learning 12
Laboratory/Practical -
Total 54
Percentage
Assessment Test(s) 30
Assignment(s),Tutorial(s), PBL ,
Quize , Project(s) , Cooperative
Learning
30
Final Exam 40
Total 100

Syllabus
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Week Topics CO Delivery assessment
1,2
(NRA)
Introduction to fluid
mechanics
CO1 Lecture Assignment
Test,
Final Exam.

3,4,5
(NRA)
Fluid statics CO2 Lecture
6,7
(NRA)
Fluid dynamic CO3 Lecture
8,9
(FJP)
Fluid Kinematics CO3 Lecture


10,11
(FJP)
Control volume CO4 Lecture


12,13,14
(FJP)
Dimensional analysis and
Modeling
CO4 Lecture


Resources
1.Munson, B.R., D.F. Young and T. H. Okiishi.
2006. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. 5th Edi.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Singapore.
2.Streeter, V.L. Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York.
3.Roberson, J.A. and C.T. Crowe. 1997.
Engineering Fluid Mechanics. 6th Edi. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.
4.Fox, R.W., A.T. Mcdonald & P.J. 2004.
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley and
Sons. International Edition.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
1.Distinguish the characteristics and mechanics of fluids.
2.Illustrate the behaviour of static fluid under different
condition.
3.Solve problems involving fluid dynamics.
4.Use the control volume analysis in solving problems
involving continuity equation and momentum equations.
5.Analyse the importance of modelling, similitude and
experimentation in fluid mechanics.
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Rational
Fundamental discipline in aeronautical,
mechanical, civil and chemical engineering.

Important to all engineers in general.

A basic foundation for the more advance
subjects like Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water
Resources Engineering.

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Expressed elementary principle of continuity; observed
and sketched many basic flow phenomena; suggested
designs for hydraulic machinery.

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Blaise Pascal (16231662)
Clarified principles of barometer, hydraulic press and
pressure transmissibility.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Explored various aspects of fluid resistance inertial,
viscous, and wave; discovered jet contraction.

Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)
Experimented and wrote phases of fluid motion, devised
manometry technique, energy principle to explain velocity-
head indication.

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Robert Manning (1816-1897)
Proposed several formulas for open-channel resistance.

Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912)
Adapted equations of motion of viscous fluid to mean
conditions of turbulent flow.

Edgar Buckingham (1867-1940)
Stimulated interest in the United States in the use of
dimensional analysis.


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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953)
Introduce concept of the boundary layer and is generally
considered to be the father of present-day fluid
mechanics.

Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius (1883-1970)
One of Prandtls students who provided and analytical
solution to the boundary layer equations. Also,
demonstrated that pipe resistance was related to the
Reynolds number.



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Menu / Contents
Ideal Gas Law
Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
Dimensions and Units
Characteristics of Fluid
Objective
Viscosity of Fluid
Newtonian/Non-Newtonian Fluid
Bulk Modulus and Vapor Pressure
Surface Tension
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What is Fluid Mechanics?
Fluid mechanics is physical science which is
concerned with the
behavior of liquids
and gases at rest
and in motion.
Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics combines two separate
approaches:
1.Emperical hydraulic is relied on field observation
and laboratory tests which reduces to empirical
formulas and are not dimensionally homogeneous
(limited to similar conditions).
2.Hydrodynamics which is essentially a mathematical
science dealing with flow analysis of an ideal fluid.
Fluid mechanics
Fluid : It may be defined as a substances which
deforms continuously under the action of
stress regardless of its magnitude.
Ideal fluid: is defined as a fluid to be non-
viscous(frictionless) and incompressible
(inelastic).
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Table 1: Distinction between solids & fluids

Table 1: Distinction between solids & fluids

Fluids
Solids Liquid Gases
Molecular
Space
Densely spaced Spaced further
apart
Greater spacing
Intermolecular
forces
Large Smaller than for
solids
Negligible
Shape Maintain its
shape
Follow the shape
of container
Completely fill
the volume of
any container
Compression &
Deformation
Not easily
deformed and
compressed
Easily deformed
but not easily
compressed
Easily deformed
and compressed
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16
Characteristics of Fluids
1.A fluid is defined as a substance that
deforms continuously when acted on by a
shearing stress of any magnitude.
2. When common solids are acted on by a
shearing stress, they will initially deform
(usually very small deformation) but they
will not continuously deform (flow).
3.Common fluids such as water, oil, and air
satisfy the definition of a fluid that is they
will flow when acted on by a shearing
stress.
=

=
According to Hooke
F =
=
=

=
=


Figure 1: Fluid will flow when
acted by shearing stress.
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Dimensions and Units
1.The basic units(mass or force, length and
time)are related by Newtons second law
of motion (rate of change of
momentum(mass*velocity) is to the
impressed force & takes place in the
direction of that force).
.
=
1

=
= , = ,
1

2. Fluid characteristics can be described
qualitatively in terms of certain basic/primary
quantities such as length, time, and mass.

3. The qualitative description is conveniently
given in terms of certain primary quantities
such as given in Table 2.



Table 2: Primary quantities
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Dimensions and Units
1.British Gravitational (BG) System.
In this system, the unit of length is foot (ft), time unit is second (s), force unit is pound (lb)
and temperature is the degree Fahrenheit (F) or the absolute temperature unit is the
degree Rankine (R).
1 =
1

1 1

=

()
2

1 metric slug=9.81kg(mass)

2. MKS Gravitational units:
The basic units as force, length, time, temperature and the
corresponding units are kg(force), m(length) and s(second) and C
(Celsius).
Unit force of 1 kg is defined as the force required to accelerate one kg
mass at the rate of 9.81m/
2
.



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Dimensions and Units
1 =
1

1 9.81 /
2

= 9.81


2

3.International System (SI) is widely used. In this system length is meter
(m), time is second (s), mass unit is kilogram (kg) and temperature is kelvin
(K).
the Force required to accelerate one kg mass at the rate of 1

2

1 N=
1

1 1

=
1

2

Comparing the Newtons coefficient
1 = 9.81 ()


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Dimensions and Units
DIMENSION UNIT
Length meter (m)
Mass kilogram (kg)
Time second (s)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
Electric Current Ampere (A)
Amount of light Candela (c)
Amount of matter mole (mol)
Table 3: The seven basic dimensions and their SI units
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21 Prepared By: Charles Bong
Dimensions and Units
Table 4: The secondary dimensions with their SI units
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Dimensional Homogeneity
An equation is said to be dimensionally homogeneous if the
form of equation does not depend upon the units of
measurement.
Example:
=

2
But if
= 1000

3
= 1000 , . =

2
& =
All empirical equations are valid for one system of units of measurement
and are therefore dimensionally non-homogeneous.
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Fluid mechanics
System:
In the most general terms, a system may be defined as that
region of space occupied by the fluid under consideration. The
fluid with in the system is separated by a boundary. The system
may contain either a constant or variable mass.
Open system:
Open system is defined as one in which the fluid enters or
leaves the system, the process referred to as a flow process, like
water turbine.


Fluid mechanics
Closed system:
A system is said to be a closed system if the same body of fluid
remains wit in the system during the process. In such a process, work
and heat may be transferred across the boundary but no fluid cross
the boundary(refrigeration unit).
Control volume:
A control volume is an open system which has its boundary fixed
with respect to a fixed co-ordinate system. The control volume is thus
an arbitrary volume fixed in space and bounded by a closed surface
which is known as the control surface. The fluid may enter and leave
the control volume by crossing the boundary surface enabling transfer
of mass, momentum and energy.

Fluid mechanics
Free body diagram:

Free body diagram is a closed system in which the interaction
between the system and its surrounding s are forces. It helps in
cultivating a rational approach in respect of listing various forces
which act on the system.
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Dimensional Homogeneity

Dimensional Homogeneity
DDDDD


Example 1:
Solution





Fluid mechanics
Example 1(cont.):
= 2.70

3

1
= 2.7
5
2

therefore, the equation expressed, can only be
dimensionally correct if the number 2.7 has the dimensions of

1
2

1
.
Fluid mechanics
Example 2.
A fluid is defined as a substance which
a) takes the shape and volume of the container into which it
is poured.
b) has practically negligible viscosity.
c) has a constant shear stress throughout.
d) is highly compressible.
e) deforms continuously under the action of a shear stress
Fluid mechanics
Example 3.
An ideal fluid is one which :
a) is compressible.
b) has negligible viscosity.
c) is incompressible.
d) is non-viscous and incompressible
e) has low density.
f) is elastic and viscous.

Fluid mechanics
Vapour pressure of water


Fluid mechanics
Density and Viscosity of Air at Atmospheric pressure

Fluid mechanics
Ll

Fluid mechanics



Thanks