1.

The most common sports injuries are:

Sprains and strains.
Knee injuries.
Swollen muscles.
Achilles tendon injuries.
Pain along the shin bone.
Fractures.
Dislocations.
Classification[edit]
Traumatic injuries account for most injuries in contact sports such as Ice Hockey, Association
football, rugby league, rugby union, Australian rules football, Gaelic football and American
football because of the dynamic and high collision nature of these sports.[citation needed]
Collisions with the ground, objects, and other players are common, and unexpected dynamic
forces on limbs and joints can cause injury.
Traumatic injuries can include:
Contusion or bruise - damage to small blood vessels which causes bleeding within the tissues.
Strain - trauma to a muscle due to overstretching and tearing of muscle fibers
Sprain - an injury in a joint, caused by the ligament being stretched beyond its own capacity
Wound - abrasion or puncture of the skin
Bone fracture
Head injury
Spinal cord injury
In sports medicine, a catastrophic injury is defined as severe trauma to the human head, spine, or
brain.
Concussions in sport became a major issue in the United States in the 2000s, as evidence
connected repeated concussions and subconcussive hits with chronic traumatic encephalopathy
(CTE) and increased suicide risk.CTE is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in
people with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including symptomatic concussions as well as
subconcussive hits to the head that do not cause symptoms. <BTE Center> It is most pronounced
in football, and a related ailment (dementia pugilistica) afflicts boxers, but is also seen in other
sports, and in females and adolescents.
Overuse and repetitive stress injury problems associated with sports include:
Runner's knee
Tennis elbow
Tendinosis
Some activities have particular risks; see:
Bicycle safety
Gun safety
Sailing ship accidents
Skateboarding#Safety
Further information: Category:Overuse injuries
Sports medicine[edit]
Main article: Sports medicine
Injuries are a common occurrence in professional sports and most teams have a staff of athletic
trainers and close connections to the medical community. Many retain team physicians.
Controversy has arisen at times when teams have made decisions that could threaten a players
long-term health for short term gain.
Soft tissue injuries[edit]
Main article: Soft tissue injury
When soft tissue experiences trauma, the dead and damaged cells release chemicals, which
initiate an inflammatory response. Inflammation is characterized by pain, localized swelling,
heat, redness and a loss of function. Small blood vessels are damaged and opened up, producing
bleeding within the tissue. In the body's normal reaction, a small blood clot is formed in order to
stop this bleeding and from this clot special cells (called fibroblasts) begin the healing process by
laying down scar tissue.
The inflammatory stage is therefore the first phase of healing. However, too much of an
inflammatory response in the early stage can mean that the healing process takes longer and a
return to activity is delayed.[citation needed] Sports injury treatments are intended to minimize
the inflammatory phase of an injury, so that the overall healing process is accelerated. Intrinsic
and extrinsic factors are determinant for the healing process.[1]
Further information: Healing
Prevention[edit]

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A warm-up program has been founded to decrease injuries in association football.[2] Many
athletes will partake in HGH Treatment for Athletic Enhancement as a way to prevent
injuries.[dubious discuss]
Risk of injury can be reduced by completing an effective warm up consisting of a heart raiser to
get your pulse up, followed by sport specific dynamic stretches (stretches whilst moving).
Sports-Related Emotional Stress
The pressure to win can cause significant emotional stress for a child. Sadly, many coaches and
parents consider winning the most important aspect of sports. Young athletes should be judged
on effort, sportsmanship and hard work. They should be rewarded for trying hard and for
improving their skills rather than punished or criticized for losing a game or competition.
Using proper equipment is key in preventing injury.[3] The NFL is conducting tests with new
helmet designs that could reduce the number of head injuries in the league.[4]
Doctors believe fatigue can be a contributing factor in sports injuries because it is more difficult
for the body to protect itself when fatigued. Stopping an activity at the first sign of fatigue can
prevent sports related injuries.[5]
Treatment[edit]
Sports injuries can be treated and managed by using the P.R.I.C.E.S... DR. ABC, and
T.O.T.A.P.S regimes:
P Protect
R Rest
I Ice
C Compression
E Elevation
S - Stabilize
D Danger
R Response
A Airway
B Breathing
C Circulation
T Talk
O Observe
T Touch
A Active movement
P Passive movement
S Skills test
The primary inflammatory stage typically lasts around 5 days and all treatment during this time
is designed to address the cardinal signs of inflammation pain, swelling, redness, heat and a
loss of function.
Compression sportswear is becoming very popular with both professional and amateur athletes.
These garments are thought to both reduce the risk of muscle injury and speed up muscle
recovery.

Portable Mild Hyperbaric Chamber 40" diameter
Although not proven some professional athletes use hyperbaric chambers to speed healing. Hines
Ward of the Steelers sent his personal hyperbaric chamber (similar to the one pictured) to his
hotel to sleep in believing it would help heal his sprained medial collateral ligament he suffered
in their playoff win against the Ravens. Hines went on to play in Super Bowl XLIII.
Therapy[edit]
Neuromuscular Re-Education
What happens to a joint and the musculoskeletal system after a sports injury? We all have motor
receptors that provides us with a static awareness of joint position, awareness/detection of
movement and acceleration; starting the reflex response process and regulating muscle
contraction and co-contractions. This is all done through mechanoreceptors located in our joints
and ligaments. It is these structures that play an intricate part in the neural network that provides
us with mechanical stability. After an injury, many things begin to happen as a result. Among the
most common are pain, swelling, weakness, fatigue, atrophy and joint stiffness. What can get
overlooked are the negative effects to our motor receptors and their ability to work efficiently.
All of these deficits can create proprioceptive deficits and lead to mechanical instabilities and
muscle imbalances. It is these deficits that can lead to secondary injuries and predispose us to
future problems. The Purpose of Rehabilitative Therapy such as Physical Therapy, Occupational
Therapy and Hand Therapy is to assist and guide patients toward a functional recovery. The goal
is to restore range of motion, muscle strength and endurance, reduce pain and swelling, while
increasing and restoring the proprioceptive system.
Many sports injuries, although result from some kind of trauma, have an underlying origin.
Many young athletes will have joint instability yielding joint hypermobility. When a joint is
hypermobile and doesn't sit stable in its joint socket, it is more susceptible to injury from an
external force. When an unstable joint receives an external force it is not prepared to receive, it is
unable to self correct. The impact can result in sprains-strains, dislocations and sometimes
ruptures of major ligaments. Using a neuromuscular approach, the athlete goes through a gradual
strength training program eventually leading to more advanced and challenging exercises.
Proprioception is ones awareness in space. Like when a gymnast knows where they are on a
balance beam without looking, our joints also have proprioception awareness related to how they
are positioned in the body and where they sit when the position changes. The goal of a fully
rehabilitated athlete is to restore complete proprioceptive awareness before returning to the sport.
Neuromuscular Re-education increases our proprioceptive response time while creating greater
kinesthetic awareness and joint stability at the same time. This is the foundation for peak
performance in the athletic individual and keeping them healthy in their careers.
The means by which Neuromuscular Re-education is performed is through strengthening the
body's muscular-skeletal system while simultaneously challenging the proprioceptive system
using unstable environments all during the strength training process.
An example of an advanced NMR exercise for a knee or shoulder injury would be performing a
single leg squat, on a bosu ball, return to upright and perform an overhead shoulder press with
resistance bands.
The goal here is to train the whole system not just one affected muscle or group. By performing
strength training on unstable surfaces, challenging the proprioceptive system, greater kinesthetic
awareness is achieved and the communication-response time within those mechanoreceptors are
dramatically improved. This in turn creates a greater and faster recovery to play and greatly
reduces risk of re-injury