Persian and Mughal Gardens

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SHALIMAR GARDENS
SHALIMAR GARDENS: The word Shalimar means the abode of love.
Ownership:
This garden was begun by Jahangir in 1619 and in 1630
Siting:
It is a terraced garden in the foothills of the mountains overlooking the Dal Lake
It is a sloping site between the hills and the Dal Lake
It is two miles away to the north from Nishat Bagh.
Relationship to site surroundings:
The pleasure garden- Shalimar Garden of Kashmir maintains a visual link between garden
and the valley.
The space unfolds dramatically with each terrace and the viewer gets a different
experience and physical connectivity with the surrounding.
.
It is a royal garden designed for the emperor and the royal ladies.
LOWEST TERRACE
The lowest terrace, now truncated by a road was a public space dominated by the Diwan-
i-am, or Hall of Public audience, a baradari where the emperor would sit enthroned and
received petitioners.
In this hall, a small black marble throne was installed over the waterfall
This central channel, known as the Shah Nahar, is the main axis of the garden. It runs
through three terraces
THE SECOND GARDEN is slightly broader, consisting of two shallow terraces
the emperors garden; its central pavilion was the Diwan-i-khas, or Hall of
Private audience, where members of the court were admitted.
. The buildings have been destroyed, but their carved stone bases are left, as
well as a fine platform surrounded by fountains.
On the north- west boundary of this enclosure are the royal bathrooms.
it has 410 fountains
Above this is the Harem Garden or the Zenana Garden with the magnificent Black
Pavilion built by Shah Jahan.
At the next wall, the little guard-rooms that flank the entrance to the ladies'
garden have been rebuilt in Kashmir style on older stone bases. Here the whole
effect culminates with the beautiful black marble pavilion built by Shah Jahan,
which still stands in the midst of its fountain spray ; the green glitter of the
water shining in the smooth, polished marble, the deep rich tone of which is
repeated in the old cypress trees.
It is deeply shaded by two rows of plane trees, and its entrance is guarded by
two small symmetrical pavilions
Spatial organization:
Axis:
The central canal forms the main axis of the garden following the original concept of the
Char Bagh.
This broad straight canal rolls down forming the axis into the lake.
Even the walks and the pathways that are along the central axis are shaded with trees,
reinforcing the axis of the design.
The regular repetition along the axis forms the symmetrical design of the garden
Geometry:
The overall design of the garden is based upon the Char Bagh concept.
The garden is divided into squares by the sub canals that flow from the intersections at
each terrace level.
The overall geometry of the garden is rectangular forming the two axes of symmetry at
each intersection.
Regularly planted plane trees further emphasize Shalimars geometrical Char Bagh layout
while providing welcome shade.
Water:
Jahangirs engineers diverted a stream and directed the water into a broad central
canal running the length of the entire garden.
In passing over the gardens succession of low terrace retaining walls
before emptying in lake, the canal forms a series of cascades.
A line of water jets reinforces the principal axis of canal, and in each pool
more jets animate its surface.
Water creates the cruciformplan of the true paradise garden.
The change in the grade has been used beautifully by negotiating the levels in
a way that terraces have been formed overlooking the Dal Lake. These terraces
give different views and reveal the magnificent beauty of the surroundings capturing
different views at each level
Vegetation:
The vegetation also reinforces the axis of the garden.
It provides the required buffer and shade for each terrace that has different function
assigned to it.
Chenar trees formed the choice of trees next to the central axis and the walks as the
gigantic regular avenues and on either side there are flat irrigated meadows filled with
grass, flowers, and fruit trees.
The garden was laid in trellised walkways lined by avenues of aspen trees planted at 2 feet
(0.61 m) interval.
willow groves and rice terraces fringed the lake edge.
S
NISHAT GARDEN:
NISHAT GARDEN:
Nishat is a garden of the same type and scale as Shalimar,
in the reign of the same emperor, on the nearby site. But it is not a royal garden
Ownership:
Nur jahans brother Asif khan laid this garden. It is also called Garden of
Gladness.
Siting:
Located on the bank of the Dal Lake, with the Zabarwan Mountains as its
backdrop, Nishat Bagh is a garden of bliss that commands a magnificent view of
the lake beneath the snow-capped Pir Panjal mountain range that stands far away
to the west of the valley.
Relationship to site surroundings:
More intimately related to the lake, no marshes and meadows intervene. Higher,
narrower and numerous terraces are present. More steep topography.
Even though the layout of Nishat Bagh was based on the basic
conceptual model of the Persian gardens, it had to be remodelled to fit
the topographic and water source conditions at the site chosen in the
Kashmir valley.
The plan, instead of being central with four radiating arms in a square
pattern as in the case of Chahar (suited for a flat country side), was
changed to an axial stream flow design to fit the hill condition with water
source originating at the top of the hill end.
This resulted in planning a rectangular layout rather than a square
layout. This helped in dispensing with the long side arms.
Thus, a rectangular layout with east-west length of 548 metres (1,798 ft)
and width of 338 metres (1,109 ft) was adopted.
Originally, this garden had 12 terraces rising higher up the mountain side
from the eastern side of the Dal Lake but the lower terrace, which
stretched down to the lake, no longer exists now, having been cut off by
the modern road.
The garden, thus, consists of only nine terraces at present.
Rising from the edge of the Dal Lake, it had twelve 12 terraces representing
twelve Zodiacal signs.
However, it has only two sections, namely the public garden and the
private garden for the Zanana or harem vis--vis the four sections of the
Shalimar Bagh; this difference is attributed to the fact that the latter Bagh
catered to the Mughal Emperor, while Nishad Bagh belonged to a man of
his court, a noble.
There are, however, some similarities with
the Shalimar Bagh, such as the polished
stone channel and terraces.
The source of water supply to the two
gardens is the same.
Built in an east-west direction, the top
terrace has the Zenana garden while the
lowest terrace is connected to the Dal Lake.
Out of all the terraces, the second terrace is
considered the most impressive in view of
the twenty three niches provided in the
arched recess just behind the cascade.
Originally lighted lamps used to be placed at
these niches. The second terrace also has
abundance of Persian lilacs and pansies
coupled with sparkling cascading water over
the chute, which provided a lovely sight.

:
The water flow from one terrace to the next is over stepped stone ramps that provide
the sparkle to the flow.
At all the terraces fountains with pools are provided, along the water channel. At
channel crossings, benches are provided for people to sit and enjoy the beauty of the
garden and the cascading flows and fountain jets.
[
The tank at the eleventh terrace is the largest with 25 fountains, beyond which is the
secluded Zenana enclosure.
Water:
The central canal, which runs
through the garden from the
top end, is 4 metres (13 ft)
wide
Water flows down in a
cascade from the top to the
first terrace at the road level,
which could be also
approached from the Dal Lake
The transitions in the level are made not by wide, low cascades, but by
narrow, tall chadars. The inclined surfaces oaf these are intricately carved in
low relief with patterns.
Vegetation:
The vegetation also reinforces the axis of the garden.
The flower beds consist of roses, lilies, geraniums, asters, gorgeous tall growing
zinnias, and feathery cosmos, pink and white.
The chinar trees and the flower beds are planted in linear patterns along the
channeled paths of flowing water.
TOMB GARDENS
Unlike pleasure gardens,tomb gardens remained true to the form of
char-bagh- paradise garden form.
In the imperial tomb garden, the Tomb is placed in the center of the
garden, where the chabutra is customarily placed.
Were on flat terrain with the mildest slope given for the drainage of
water.
HUMAYUNS TOMB GARDEN, NEW DELHI.
The tomb was commissioned by Humayun's first wife Bega Begum (Haji
Begumin
It was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent
The tomb itself-a massive red sandstone and white marble structure built
around a rubble core-rests on a large plinth, made up of fifty six cells
containing more than one hundred gravestones, in the centre of an enclosed
garden.
Humayuns Tomb is located on the
flat plain of Delhi near the banks
of the Jumna,
There is a concept of prospect
where the garden looks down to
the river.
The Humayuns tomb was the first
Mughal Tomb to have been
located next to a water body or
river.
This was to take the advantage of
easy water availability and
prospect. The garden looked down
to the river.
The enclosure created around the
gardens were for refuge from the
sprawling city.
Char Bagh garden
Four central water courses
it was placed in centre of a 30-
acre (120,000 m
2
) Char Bagh
Garden (Four Gardens),
a Persian-style garden with
quadrilateral layout and was the
first of its kind in the South
Asia region in such a scale.
The highly geometrical and enclosed Paradise garden is divided into four squares
by paved walkways (khiyabans) and two bisecting central water channels,
Each of the four square is further divided into smaller squares with pathways,
creating into 36 squares in all, a design typical of later Mughal gardens.
The central water channels appear to be disappearing beneath the tomb
structure and reappearing on the other side in a straight line, suggesting
the Quranic verse, which talks of rivers flowing beneath the 'Garden of
Paradise
The entire tomb and the garden is enclosed within high rubble walls on three
sides, the fourth side was meant to be the river Yamuna, which has since
shifted course away from the structure.
The central walkways, terminate at two gates: a main one in the southern
wall, and a smaller one in the western wall
Aligned at the centre on the eastern wall lies a baradari, literally a pavilion
with twelve doors, which is a building or room with twelve doors designed
to allow the free draught of air through it,
finally on the northern wall lies a hammam, a bath chamber.
BARADARI
HAMMAM
TAJ MAHAL
It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz
Mahal.In 1983.
City was perceived
chaotic and not pure in
intent so it was shut off
by walling up the garden
Refuge and prospect
Refuge: Shut out the
hostile world
Prospect: Relationship with
river Yamuna.
Element of repose : There
is sense of certain
progression .
The oblong site of the Taj Mahal is divided in
two main zones,
the funerary and the worldly, reflecting the
dialectics of the Islamic concept of d i n w a
duniya, the domain of the spiritual and the
domain of material life.
The funerary zone consists of the mausoleum
with its flanking mosque and assembly hall, set
in a garden and reached through a monumental
gate.
This is preceded by transitional zone of the
forecourt, flanked by quarters of tomb
attendants, subsidiary tombs, and bazaar
streets. To its south was the entirely mundane
large bazaar and caravanserai complex, which
served the functional requirements of the area
Most Mughal charbaghs are rectangular with a tomb or pavilion in the center.
The Taj Mahal garden is unusual in that the main element, the tomb, is located at the
end of the garden.
With the discovery of Mahtab Bagh or "Moonlight Garden" on the other side of the
Yamuna, the interpretation of the Archaeological Survey of India is that the Yamuna
river itself was incorporated into the garden's design and was meant to be seen as one
of the rivers of Paradise.
The complex is set around a large 300-
metre (980 ft) square charbagh
The garden uses raised pathways that
divide each of the four quarters of the
garden into 16 sunken flowerbeds.
A raised marble water tank at the center of the garden, halfway between the
tomb and gateway with a reflecting pool on a north-south axis, reflects the
image of the mausoleum.
The raised marble water tank is called al Hawd al- Kawthar, in reference to the
"Tank of Abundance" promised to Muhammad
The cypress of the Taj Garden were arranged formally, lining the walkways in straight
rows.
There were little groves of trees, as Apple trees, Orange trees, Grapes, Mulberry and Fig
trees, Guava trees, Pomegranate trees.
All the plants were watered from the channels
There were mainly fruit bearing trees and rare aromatic herbs.
Poppy flower is a red flower with a black mark in the centre, it symbolises the suffering heart
and death. In figurative sense it stands for the mystical quest of the soul for God. Thus
poppies was highly appropriate as flowers in a tomb garden for a lost beloved.

Persian and Mughal Gardens

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