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ANN

10

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11

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om;oydwfESifhBuHKcJh/ xdkESpfrdcifuG,fvGef/
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vm omraPb0rS xGufvdkuf&/
(1947) ckESpf? 'kwd,urmppfBuD;tNyD; jynfolY&JabmfwyfzJGUodkY
0ifa&mufvyI &f mS ;cJ/h xdrk w
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vmcsdef &JabmfjzLrsm;\zrf;qD;jcif;cH&NyD; rauG;axmif? awmifwGif;MuD;
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o&ufaxmifudkazmuf xGufajy;vGwfajrmufcJh/
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kd 0f if
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txufwef;ausmif; tv,fwef;jyq&mtjzpf 0ifa&muftrIxrf;/

12

(1956) ckESpf? tv,fwef;jyq&mtvkyfrSxGuf rauG;aumvdyf

Oypm-0dZmwef;udk pwifwufa&muf/
(1958) ck E S p f ? &ef u k e f w u o d k v f o d k U quf v uf w uf a &muf /
]]o&ufaxmifazmufpOfu]]ukd,fawGUaqmif;yg;a&;om;um Ir0r*Zif;
odkYydkUcJhaomfvnf; xkdpOfu jynfwGif;ppfESifhywfoufaom taMumif;
t&mrsm; rxnf&h ef Ir0u qH;k jzwfxm; aqmif;yg;ukd jyefyUkd ay;cJo
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r*Zif;wGif o&ufaxmifazmufcJhpOfu aqmif;yg;azmfjycH&/ (OD;atmif
oif;\ yxrqHk;pmayvuf&mjzpf)
(1960) jynfhESpf? 0dZmwef;udk jrefrmbmompum;ESifhtEkpmay?
t*Fvdyfbmompum;ESifh tEkpmay? 'edubmomwGJjzifU atmifjrifcJh/
&efuek w
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kd f ausmif;om;rsm;xkwaf 0aom ykord rf *Zif;wGif aqmif;
yg;(2)yk'f(]]vlaovlrjzpfrDu&SifOu|}}[laom aqmif;yg;ESifh tjcm;
aqmif;yg;wpfy'k )f ESit
hf *Fvyd u
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f dk a&;om;cJ(h armifoH
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vufxuf jrefrmpmr[m0dZm t&nftcsif;ppfoifwef; wufa&mufcGifh
ajzqdkatmifjrifcJh/
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jym;ig;q,fwef r*Zif;av;\ pmayTeMf um;a&;rSL;(wm0efct
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jzifhom uavmiftjzpfawmufavQmuftoHk;jyKcJh/
(1963) ckEpS ?f armfvjrdKif'*D &Daumvdyo
f Ukd ajymif;a&TUcJ/h uHah umfNrdKif
pmwrf;rsm; pmpk pmwrf;(3)yk'af &;cJ&h m (2)yk'u
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(1965) ckESpf? arvwGif jyifOD;vGifppfwuodkvf jrefrmpmXmeodkY
vufaxmufuxdu&mxl;ESifh ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;/

(1966) ckESpf? pdwfyifv,fpmwrf;rsm; twGuf pmwrf;i,f(2)yk'f

a&;ay;cJh/
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kd mvwGif &efuek w
f uov
kd o
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ajymif;aTUwm0efxrf;aqmif&NyD; r[m0dZmwef;qufwufcJU/
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'Dzkef;eHygwfukd igrodygvm; /

/
atmifcsdrfh

yef;csaD tmifausmcf efw

h pfu,
dk af wmf
Expected Light
'gayr,fhpdwfr0ifpm;bl;/ trsKd;orD;vnf; t&ifaX;atmif qDrSm
yk d p wma&;wmyJ / uRef a wmf e J Y t d r f a xmif u sNyD ; aemuf y k d i f ; awmh
pkwfwHygwpfcgxnf;vTwfypfvkdufawmhwmyJ/a&;qkdwmukdra&;
awmhbl;/oluaq;eHhrcHEkdifbl;/tqkyftm;vnf;raumif;bl;av/
tJ'aD wmh olvnf;ra&;Ekid af wmhb;l aygh/aemufwpfcu
k ykpd wmavmu
ukd ADEidk ;f 0ifvmNyDqw
dk meJY 'Dvidk ;f awmh ysufawmhr,fqw
dk m/ odvu
dk f
w,f/ aemufwpfc&k w
dS m aZmf0if;wkq
Yd w
dk mvnf; ukad usmfausmf0if;
qkH;oGm;NyD;awmh olwkdYvnf; wyfysufwmyJav/wyfysufawmh
uRefawmhqrD mS pmvk;H a&;wJh 'DrmS pmvk;H a&;wJph v
H if;qkw
d muRefawmh
i,f w ynf h y J / [k d ; i,f i ,f u wnf ; uarG ; xm;wmaygh / aemuf o l
tdrfaxmifusoGm;awmh?pmvkH;a&;r,fhol r&Sdawmh
bl;av/ tJ'golr&Sdawmh ykvJyJ

yef;csDatmifausmfcefY&JU Expected Light vkdYtrnfay;xm;wJh

wpfukd,fawmfyef;csDjyyGJukd trSwf 307 AkdvfqGefyufvrf;(tay:
bavmuf)? yef;bJwef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKUrSm zGifhvSpfxm;wJh New Idea
yef;csDjycef;rSm26-10-2014 &ufuae 30-10-2014 &uftxd
cif;usif;jyoxm;rSmjzpfygw,f/
tckjyowJh Expected Light vdkYtrnfay;xm;wJh yef;csDjyyGJ[m
yef;csDatmifausmfcefY&JU yxrqkH;tBudrfjyowJh wpfukd,f awmfyef;csDjyyGJ
jzpfNyD; jyyGJzGifhvSpfjyocsdefuawmh aeYpOf eHeuf 9 em&Duae nae 5
em&Dtxd jzpfygw,f/
HTA

ac:&wmaygh/ tJ'Dawmh olwkdYuvnf; ukdausmfausmf0if;qDu

ysufoGm;awmh olwkdYuvnf; tvkyfukd jyefawmhvkyfcsifawmh
uRefawmfyq
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ode;f ZHwif?h uRefawmfu
h dk vmylqmwm/ ajymay;prf;ygAsm uRefawmf
ajymay;ygw,f/ tJ'u
D pNy;D awmhwnfwm/ aemufb,fvjdk zpfvmvJ
qkd awmh tvkyaf wGu [kw
d ek ;f u &efuek rf mS r*Fvmk&H ,f?NrKdx
Y EJ pS f Hk
&,f?aMumfnmum;wpfp;D &,f? aemuf xyfw;dk wmu rEav;wGyJ &Ydk
w,f/ rEav;(2)kH&,f/aMumfnmum;wpfpD;&,f? tJ'Davmuf
txdu uk,
d [
f m uk,
d f Ekid Ef idk ef if;eif;jzpfao;w,f/ aemufyidk ;f us
awmh tNydKifjzpfvmawmh awmifilwkdYbmwkdYygvmawmh uRefawmf
rEkid af wmhb;l / olwu
Ydk dk uRefawmf tvkyaf wGcaJG y;wm/ uRefawmfq
h D
u vuform;tbkd;BuD;vnf; tem;,loGm;NyDav/ olyJ kHqif
vkyaf y;bmnmqkad wmh jzpfwmaygh/aemufyidk ;f vkyif ef;rSm0ifp;D vmwJh
oabmawGjzpfvmw,f/'gayr,fu
h Reaf wmfrajymygbl;/ yifv,fa&yJ
wpfa,mufwnf; aomufvkdYawmh rukefbl;/ rSefrSefuefuefbJ
jzpfoifhygw,f/ jzpfapcsifw,f/
aemufq;Hk a&;wmu AD',
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rodbl;/ aumif;rS aumif; aMumfjimyJ/ rkefYxkyfaMumfjimyJ/ AD'D,dk
eJY jywJhum;rSm/a&;&wm/ um;BuD;u cspfvlrkdufwkdY? &mZmae0if;eJY
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;a&;&w,f/aemufykdif; olwkdY a&SUacwfuqkd&if
ausm[
f ed ;f eJaY wmfawmf rsm;w,f/ awmfawmfvyk &f w,f/ "m;awmifudk
ausmfrD;yifv,fukdjzwfrnf a&;&w,f/ (a&SUtywfqufzwfyg&ef)

23

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OD;pkd;odef;OD;aqmifaomtzGJUrS tpkd;&\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifhywfouf
Xmeqkdif&mrsm; owif;orm;rsm;ESifh awGUqkHum 2014 atmufwkdbm
(11)&uf aeYv,fykdif;u awGUqkH&Sif;vif;ajymMum;cJhonf/
odkY&mwGif uGsefawmfwdkY,aeYaqmifGufaewm t"duu pufrIEdkifiH
xlaxmifa&;/ 'gaMumifhrdkY uGsefawmfwdkY tckrMumcif wifjyawmhr,fh
trsdK;om;bufpHkzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIpDrHudef;(National Comprehensive
Development _NCD) (2011- 2031) tESpfESpfq,f pDrHudef;rSm
uGsefawmfwdkYu pufrIEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;? pufrIEdkifiHjzpfa&; b,fvdkenf;
AsL[mawG? r[mAsL[mawG usifhoHk;oGm;r,fqdkwmukd uGsefawmfwdkY
rsm;rMumcif jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfukd qufvufwifjyrSm tm;vHk;
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jynfolrsm;ygaom? a&;qGJEdkifaom pDrHudef;jzpfygw,f/ 'DvdkoHk;pGJrSm
jzpfwJhtwGuf jynfolawGeJYxdawGUrI? jynfolawG&JUvdktyfcsufawGukd
aqmifGufEdkifwJh umvwdk? umvvwf? umvSnf/ uGsefawmfwdkY
aemifESpfrSm bmaqmifGufr,f? ig;ESpftwGif;rSm bmaqmifGufrvJ/
yxr q,fESpftwGif;rSm bmaqmifGufrvJ U U Uponfjzifh 'D[mav;
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tJ'Dvkyfief;pOf ckepfqifhukd uGsefawmfwdkYpepfwusoHk;NyD;awmh aqmif
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pDrHudef;xJrSmMunfhvkdufawmh vsmxm;w,f/ 'gu vsmxm;wJhtqifh/
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tJ'DvdknSdEdIif;vkdufNyD;awmh b@ma&;uawmh b,favmufbwf*swf
cGifhjyKEdkifw,f? b,favmufjzwfay;ygvkdYajymvdkufawmh A[dkuaeNyD;
awmh jynfe,feJYwdkif;a'oBuD; (15) ck? aejynfawmftygt0if (15)
ckuaeNyD;awmh b@ma&;uaeNyD;awmh b,fXme? b,fXme/ bwf*swf
twd;k tavQmh/ oufqikd &f ma'o toD;oD;u 0efBuD;XmeawGe/YJ uGsefawmf
wdkYu (2015-16) trsdK;om;pDrHudef;rlMurf;/ tJ'DrlMurf; a&;qGJNyD;awmhrS
EdkifiHrSmzGJUpnf;xm;wJh pDrHudef;aumfrSif/ pDrHudef;aumfrSifrSm Ou|u

24

EdkifiHawmforwjzpfygw,f/ tzGJU0ifrsm;u wdkif;a'oBuD;0efBuD; csKyftm;

vHk; ygygw,f/ jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;tm;vHk; ygygw,f/ pDrH^pD;yGm;0efBuD;
uawmh OD;at;jrifhMuL/ pDrHudef;aumfrSifuae oabmwlnDcJhvdkYSd&if
pDrHudef;aumfrSifuae twnfjyKay;&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmforwu
jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfukd o0PfvTmeJY/ 'guawmh trsdK;om;pDrHudef;ukd
jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfrSm pdppf? aqG;aEG;? qHk;jzwfNyD;&if U U U /
xdkenf;wlpGmyJ NyD;cJhwJhESpf&ufaeY owif;pmxJrSmygygw,f U U U
b@ma&;aumf r S i f / b@ma&;aumf r S i f r S m Ed k i f i H a wmf o r w u
Ou|jzpfNyD;awmh b@ma&;0efBuD;u twGif;a&;rSL;/ tJ'DvdktzGJUtpnf;eJY
pdppfNyD;awmh jynfaxmifpv
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Sdw,f/ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmftaeeJY 'DESpftwGuf a[m'Dvkyfief;awG/
pDrHudef;ukd project t& pm&if;Z,m;? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItpD&ifcHwm
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w,f/ tJ'Dawmh pDrHudef;ukdtwnfjyKvkdufNyD; vTwfawmftaeeJYu
b@ma&;aumfrSifukd tenf;qHk; ESpfywf? oHk;ywfavmuf U U U /
bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh uGsefawmfwdkYpDrHudef;rSmygwmu aiGvHk;aiG&if;oHk;wJh
bwf*swf (Current Budget) / EdkifiHawmf&JU&oHk;rSef;ajcaiGpm&if;rSm
omreftoHk;p&dwf qdkwmygw,f/ omreftoHk;p&dwfqdkwm vpmawG?
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uGsefawmfwdkY&JUtzGJUav;zGJUeJYoGm;ygw,f/ pDrHudef;pdppfa&;eJYwdk;wufrI
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wifuwnf;u tJ'DumvawGukd tao;pdwfazmfjyNyD;wif&wmjzpfwJh
twGuf 'Dvkyfief;awG[m U U U /
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tm;jzifh pdppfrIawG/ pDrHudef;pdppfEdkifzdkYu pkpkaygif; (446) ck/ v,f,m
pdkufysdK;a&;eJYqnfajrmif;0efBuD;XmerSm (292)/ &xm;ykdYaqmifa&;0efBuD;
Xmeu project / qufoG,fa&;u vkyfief;pDrHudef; ponfjzifh/ 'DrSm
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uGsefawmfwYkd project eJY plan eJu
project [m vkyfief;wpfckcsif;pD&JU U U U / Oyrmtm;jzifh uGsefawmfwdkY
cHk;ausmfwHwm;qdk&if cHk;ausmfwHwm;/ aq;Hkqdk&if aq;Hk/ 'gaMumifh
project usawmh jrefrmvdk vkyfief;pDrHudef;vdkYoHk;w,f/ wcsdKUusawmh
vkyfief;pDrHcsufvdkYoHk;w,f/ tJ'DrSmvnf; wufa&mufvmwJh rdbrsm;
taeeJY Sif;Sif;vif;vif;odoGm;atmifvdkY/ vkyfief;pDrHcsufqdkwm
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awGU&wJhtcgrSm pDrHudef;&,f? pDrHcsufawG&,f? vkyfief;pOf&,f/ vkyfief;
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ay;ae&w,f/ jyKjyifxdef;odrf;wmjzpfwJhtwGuf yvufazmif;qdk&if
jyefNyD;awmh jznfhqnf;w,f/ 'gayr,fh wHwm;aqmufNyDqdk&if wHwm;
wpfckcsif;&JUemrnf[m project yJ/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ajreDukef;cHk;ausmf?
bk&ifhaemifwHwm; project / 'g[m project awG/ 'gayr,fh uGsefawmf
wdkYu &efukefwkdif;a'oBuD; vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;pDrHudef; qdk&if U U
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26

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27

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28

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33

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ukdjrifholonf pmtkyfukd b,fvkda&;ovJ? bmaMumifha&;ovJqkdjcif;
yifjzpfonf/ q&mukdjrifholu aemufqufwGJ 10 qufzwfIoifhaom
pmtkyfrsm;[kqkd (AkdvfcsKyfBuD;pkd;0if;\ twKywda&;&mwGif tukd;tum;
tjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;? wkdufqkdifndEIdif;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? qufpyf
avhvm&eftwGufvnfaumif;? zwfIavhvmcJhaom pmtkyfwnf;jzpf
ygonf/ wkdufkdufukdum;jcif;rsm;&Sdovkd? oG,f0kdufukd;um;jcif;rsm;vnf;
&Sdygonf/)[lazmfjyxm;onf/
ol\ rdwfqufpum;wGifrl
rdwfquf
acwfopf 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawmf wnfaqmufa&;twGuf udk,fhenf;
ukd,fh[efjzifh orkdif;wpfck a&;xkd;cJhMuolaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ pmtkyf
onf EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyftjzpf ESpfESpfausmf umvtykdif;tjcm;ukd
wm0ef,laqmif&GufoGm;cJhaom AkdvfcsKyfBuD;pkd;0if;\ twKywdpmtkyfjzpf
ygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;pkd;0if;arG;zGm;onfrS uG,fvGefonftxd eD;pyfywf
oufcJhMuaom vlyk*dKvf 100 ausmfukd awGUqkHar;jref;NyD; a&;om;wif
jyxm;ygonf/
Ekid if aH &;orm; rdbESpyf g;rS arG;zGm;vmcJNh yD; uHMurmtvSnt
fh ajymif;
ESifh BuKHawGUcJh&aom nDtpfukdESpfa,muf\ qef;Mu,faom b0rSonf
wyfrawmfom;b0ESifhawmufavQmufwGJpyfvmaom EkdifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyf
a&;ESifh 'drdkua&pDEkdifiHopfxlaxmifa&;twGuf xrf;aqmifcJh&aom
wm0efrsm;ESit
hf awGUtBuKHrsm;ukw
d ifjyxm;ygonf/ xko
Yd aYkd &;om;wifjy&m
wGif atmufygtcsufrsm;ukd rltjzpfxm;&SdNyD; a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
1/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;pkd;0if; (first person) taejzifh a&;xm;ygonf/
2/ pmtkyaf &;&m jyu'ed o
f abmrnfo
h nfw
h iG f rnfojYdk zpfysufonf?
rnfonfh&ufwGif rnfokdYjzpfcJhonf[k pOfqufrjywf tcsdefumv
tqifhqifha&;om;enf;udk rokH;yg/ taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd rlwnf a&;
ygonf/ odkYaomf xkdtaMumif;t&mrsm;ukdyif tcsdefumvtavsmuf

cGJjcm;NyD; taMumif;t&mwl&m pkaygif;a&;om;ygonf/

3/ tcsdefumvrwl uGJjym;NyD; taMumif;cHwlrsm;ukd pka&;aom
aMumifh &Hzef&Hcg tcsdefumvrsm;ukd ]ckefausmf}aeygrnf/ tcsKdUae&m
rsm;wGif ]xyf}onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; &SdEdkifygonf/
4/ b0jzpfpOf wpfckvkH;twGuf awGUqkHar;jref;&mwGif awGUqkHol
vlaygif;pkHu bufaygif;pkHrS jrifaom tjrifrsm;? tawGUtBuKHrsm;ESifh
jyefajymif;ajymjycsufrsm;ukd pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;? rdecYf eG ;f rsm;? ykEH ydS t
f axmuf
txm;rsm;ESifh wkdufqkdiftajccH a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/ taMumif;
t&mwdkif;ukd wpfzufjrifr[kwfbJ trsm;vufcHEkdifavmufonhf bufpkH
tjrif (accountable view) jzifha&;ygonf/ wpfzufom;ukd epfemapEdkif
onfhoabm&Sdaom azmfjycsufrSeforQukd owdxm;ygonf/

5/ rdrdukd,fwkdif vufawGUawGUjrif&onfr[kwfaom taMumif;

t&mtjzpftysufrsm;? vufvSrf;rrDaom tajctaersm;ESifh awGU&SdorQ
]bmaMumifh}[k ,wdjywftqkH;tjzwfay; ra&;yg/ jzpfpOfESifh jrifawGU
BuKH&orQ? awGU&SdorQukd awGU&Sdonfhtwkdif; tpGef;w&m;rsm;vGwfatmif
txl;owdxm;ygonf/
6/ vlom;wkdYonf a,bk,stm;jzifh rdrdtjypfukd twwfEkdifqkH;
zkH;uG,fvkdjcif;ESifh olwpfyg;tjypfukd vufndK;xkd;vkdaom obm0&Sdonf/
xkdtcsufukd twwfEkdifqkH; a&Smifxm;ygonf/ jzpfpOfwpfckcsif;pDukd
wifjy&mwGif tusKd;taMumif; qufpyfrIrsm;t& jzpfcJhvQif jzpfchJonfh
twkdif; wifjyxm;ygonf/ yg0ifywfoufol wpfpkHwpfa,mufukd epfem
apvdkaomoabm r&Sdyg/ jzpfpOfukd ay:vGifatmif taMumif;tusKd;
csifhcsdefwifjyoxm;ygonf/
7/ pmtkyw
f iG f taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd OD;pm;ay; wifjyxm;Ny;D vly*k Kd vf
qkdif&mrsm;ukd twwfEkdifqkH;avQmhcswifjyxm;ygonf/ udef;*Pef;rsm;ukd
vnf; rsm;aomtm;jzifh udef;jynfh*Pef;tjzpf teD;pyfqkH;,lxm;ygonf/
rSwfom;rI cRwf,Gif;jcif;? arhavsmhjcif;ESifhtaxmuftxm;rjynfhpkHjcif;
wkdYaMumifh &ufpGJ? wefzdk;paom *Pef;rsm;? taMumif;t&mazmfjycsuf
rsm; twdrf;tapmif;&Sdaumif;&SdEkdifygonf/ xkdodkY&Sdygu pma&;ol\ vkd
tyfcsufomjzpfNyD; axmufjytBuHay;apvkdygonf/ aemufwpfBudrf
ykHESdyf&mwGif jyefvnfwnf;jzwfazmfjyay;ygrnf/
pmtkyfa&;om;&mwGif ukd;um;aom pmtkyfrsm;? wkdufqkdifndEIdif;
&aom pmtkyfrsm;ukd usrf;ukd;tjzpf oD;jcm;azmfjyrxm;yg/ pmtkyfESifh
qufpyfzwfIoifhaom pmtkyfrsm;[kom tTef;jzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/
pmtkyfa&;om;Ekdif&eftwGuf awGUqkHar;jref;cJhaom yk*dKvfrsm;ukd oD;
jcm;azmfjyay;rxm;aomfvnf; tqkdygyk*dKvfrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh twKywd
a&;om;&eftwGuf cGifhjyKaom rdom;pkwkdYtm; aus;Zl;wifygonf/
jrifhol
[l azmfjyxm;onf/ q&mukdjrifholu tqkdygpmtkyfa&;om;Edkif
&eftwGuf awGUqkHar;jref;cJhaom yk*dKvfrsm;ukd oD;jcm;azmfjyay;rxm;
aomfvnf; tqkdygyk*dKvfrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh twKywda&;om;&eftwGuf
cGihfjyKaom rdom;pkwkdYtm; aus;Zl;wifygonf[k qkdxm;onf/
rdrdtaeESifhrl tqkdygpmtkyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;ukdrnfolwm0ef,l
rnfenf;? rnfolwm0efcHrnfenf;qkdjcif;u pdwfxJr&Sif;bJjzpfaecJh&
onf/ tjiif;yGm;yGm;orkdif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd AkdvfcsKyfBuD;pdk;0if;udk,f
pm;wm0ef,lajz&Sif;rnfhol rnfoljzpfEkdiftHhenf;[k ra&r&mpOf;pm;aecJh
rdacsonf/

pma&;q&mBuD; OD;atmifoif; ESvHk;a&m*gjzifU aq;ukocH,lNyD;aemuf aetdrfwGif uG,fvGef

pma&;q&mBuD; OD;atmifoif;onf &efukef? tmSawmf0ifaq;Hk
ESvHk;a&m*gjzifhaq;ukorIcHNyD;aemuf aetdrfodkYjyefvnfac:aqmifvm&m
aetdrfta&mufwGif atmufwdkbmv (25) &ufaeY? eHeuf (11) em&Du
uG,v
f eG t
f edpa &mufomG ;cJNh yDjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ if;\psmyeukd a&a0;
okefodkY atmufwdkbmv (27) &ufaeY? nae (3) em&DwGif ydkYaqmif*l
oGif;oN*Kvf&ef pDpOfxm;NyD; prf;acsmif;NrdKUe,f? "rdu0wDvrf;? trSwf
(46) aetdrfESifh &efukefNrdKUv,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;? 0ZD&mkyfSifHk
atmufwdkYrS psmyeykdYaqmifrnfharmfawmf,mOfrsm; ,if;aeYrGef;vGJ (1)em&D
wGif pwifxGufcGmrnfjzpfaMumif; owif;&Sdonf/ uG,fvGefcsdef
touf (88)ESpfSdNyDjzpfonfh OD;atmifoif;onf (2012)ckESpftwGuf
trsKd;om;pmaywpfoufwm qkcsD;jrSifhcHcJh&NyD; tqdkygqkukd ,refESpfu
ukd,fwdkifwufa&muf&,lcJhonf/
OD;atmifoif;(atmifoif;) (1927-2014)
(1927) ckESpf? {NyDv(17)&ufaeUwGif rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;? awmif
wGi;f BuD;NrdKU? awmifjyif&yfae tz-ocifnaD rmifEiS hf trda':a&TMuifwu
Ykd
zGm;jrif/ om;orD;(3)a,mufteuftBuD;qHk;jzpf/ i,ftrnf&if;rSmvnf;
atmifoif;yifjzpf/
(1932) ckESpf? touf(5)ESpft&G,fwGif awmifwGif;BuD;NrdKU? awmif
jyif&yf&Sd q&mOD;om'Gef;ZH\ rlvwef;ausmif;wGif pwifynmoifMum;cJh/
pwkwwef;atmifNyD;aemuf awmifwGif;MuD;NrdKU rdk;xd jrefrmtxufwef;
ausmif;wGif tv,fwef;ynmrsm; qufvufoifMum;cJhonf/
(1938) ckESpf? q|rwef;wGif (1300) jynfhta&;awmfyHkESifhausmif;
om;oydwfESifhBuHKcJh/ xdkESpfrdcifuG,fvGef/
(1939) ckESpf? owrwef; ynmoifMum;aepOf ynmbuf
tmHkavsmhenf;vmojzifh pmar;yJGus&HI;/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;xGufaepOf
zcifjzpfol aemuftdrfaxmifjyK/
(1941) ckEpS ?f &Sio
f mraPb0ESiyhf nmoifaepOf 'kw,
d urmppfjzpf
vm omraPb0rS xGufvdkuf&/
(1947) ckESpf? 'kwd,urmppfBuD;tNyD; jynfolY&JabmfwyfzJGUodkY
0ifa&mufvyI &f mS ;cJ/h xdrk w
S pfqifh qd&k ,
S v
f pfygwDoaYkd &mufomG ;NyD; oifwef;
rsm;wuf cdkifpnf;Hk;a&;rSL;tqifhtxd wm0ef,lcJh/
(1949) ckESpf? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;p a&mifpHkolykefrsm; ay:ayguf
vmcsdef &JabmfjzLrsm;\zrf;qD;jcif;cH&NyD; rauG;axmif? awmifwGif;MuD;
axmif? jynfaxmif? o&ufaxmifrsm;wGif aexdkifcJh&/ Edk0ifbmvwGif
o&ufaxmifudkazmuf xGufajy;vGwfajrmufcJh/
(1952) ckEpS ?f awmifwiG ;f BuD;NrdKUodYk jyefa&mufvmum wuov
kd 0f if
wef;pmar;yJG 0ifa&mufajzqdk/
(1953) ckESpf? wuodkvf0ifwef;atmif/ atmufwdkbmvwGif rdk;xd
txufwef;ausmif; tv,fwef;jyq&mtjzpf 0ifa&muftrIxrf;/

12

(1956) ckESpf? tv,fwef;jyq&mtvkyfrSxGuf rauG;aumvdyf

Oypm-0dZmwef;udk pwifwufa&muf/
(1958) ck E S p f ? &ef u k e f w u o d k v f o d k U quf v uf w uf a &muf /
]]o&ufaxmifazmufpOfu]]ukd,fawGUaqmif;yg;a&;om;um Ir0r*Zif;
odkYydkUcJhaomfvnf; xkdpOfu jynfwGif;ppfESifhywfoufaom taMumif;
t&mrsm; rxnf&h ef Ir0u qH;k jzwfxm; aqmif;yg;ukd jyefyUkd ay;cJo
h jzifh
jr0wDr*Zif;odkY ajymif;vJay;ydkYcJh&m (1959) ckESpf? arvxkwf jr0wD
r*Zif;wGif o&ufaxmifazmufcJhpOfu aqmif;yg;azmfjycH&/ (OD;atmif
oif;\ yxrqHk;pmayvuf&mjzpf)
(1960) jynfhESpf? 0dZmwef;udk jrefrmbmompum;ESifhtEkpmay?
t*Fvdyfbmompum;ESifh tEkpmay? 'edubmomwGJjzifU atmifjrifcJh/
&efuek w
f uov
kd f ausmif;om;rsm;xkwaf 0aom ykord rf *Zif;wGif aqmif;
yg;(2)yk'f(]]vlaovlrjzpfrDu&SifOu|}}[laom aqmif;yg;ESifh tjcm;
aqmif;yg;wpfy'k )f ESit
hf *Fvyd u
f Asmbmomjyef(1)yk'u
f dk a&;om;cJ(h armifoH
Edkifuavmiftrnfjzifh)/
(1961) ckESpf? bDtD;'DqufwufaepOf jrefrmpmXme ygarmuOD;0ef
vufxuf jrefrmpmr[m0dZm t&nftcsif;ppfoifwef; wufa&mufcGifh
ajzqdkatmifjrifcJh/
(1962) ckESpf? &efukefwuodkvf enf;jyjzpfvm/ pmqdkawmf
jym;ig;q,fwef r*Zif;av;\ pmayTeMf um;a&;rSL;(wm0efct
H ,f'w
D mrSm
wyfrawmfrif;&JxGef; jzpfonf)/ xkdpmapmifwGif vpOf (3-4) yk'fa&;
]]armifoHEdkif]]trnfjzifh jyefoHk;cJh/ aemufydkif;wGiftrnf&if; atmifoif;
jzifhom uavmiftjzpfawmufavQmuftoHk;jyKcJh/
(1963) ckEpS ?f armfvjrdKif'*D &Daumvdyo
f Ukd ajymif;a&TUcJ/h uHah umfNrdKif
pmwrf;rsm; pmpk pmwrf;(3)yk'af &;cJ&h m (2)yk'u
f dk xkpd Ofu tv,fwef;?
txufwef;jrefrmpum;ajyvufaG;pifwdkUwGif ausmif;oHk;jy|mef;cH&/
(1965) ckESpf? arvwGif jyifOD;vGifppfwuodkvf jrefrmpmXmeodkY
vufaxmufuxdu&mxl;ESifh ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;/

(1966) ckESpf? pdwfyifv,fpmwrf;rsm; twGuf pmwrf;i,f(2)yk'f

a&;ay;cJh/
(1970) jynfEh pS ?f atmufwb
kd mvwGif &efuek w
f uov
kd o
f Ykd jyefvnf
ajymif;aTUwm0efxrf;aqmif&NyD; r[m0dZmwef;qufwufcJU/
(1971) ckESpf? &Ir0r*Zif; jrefrmbmompum;ESifhum&efrJUuAsm
pmaya0zefa&;aqmif;yg;ukd a&;om;/ xdktcsdefrSp pmayoabmw&m;
rsm;? pmaya0zefa&;rsm;udk qufwdkufa&;cJU/
(1974) ckESpf? 0wKwdkrsm; avhvmcsufpmwrf; jyKpkwifjyjyD; r[m
0dZmwef;udk *kPfxl;ESifhatmifjrif/
(1977) ckESpf? pmaya&;&maqmif;yg;rsm; pmtkyfxGufcJh/
(1978) ckESpf? {NyDvwGif EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rI yg0ifywfoufonf[k
xdkpOfu tmPmykdifjzpfonfh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDu ,lqaom
aMumifh tvkyfrSxkwfy,fjcif;cH&/ xkdtcsdefrSp tvGwfenf;jyoifwef;
ausmif;rsm;wGif jrefrmpmayoifMum;ay;jcif;? pmaya&;om;jcif;wdEYk iS o
hf m
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKcJhonfrSm uG,fvGefcsdeftxdjzpf/
(1983) ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif obifr*Zif; trSwf(1)rSp (25)v
wkid w
f ikd f tMudKufq;kH 0wKwdu
k @ udk vpOfa&;om;cJU/ aemuf ydik ;f wGif
r*Zif;rsm;wGif tvsOf;oifhovdk a&;jzpfcJh/ rsdK;qufwdkYwdk;wuf&pfzdkY?
yd#uwfrdwfquf? *E0ifrdwfqufponfjzifh vli,frsm;twGuf &nf&G,f
a&;aom pmtkyfrsm;xGufcJh/
(1994) ckESpfwGif 0wKa&;&maqmif;yg;rsm; xGuf/
(1995) ckESpf? arvwGif tarG (rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&a[m
ajymyJGrS a[majymcsufrsm;)pmtkyfESifh 0if;jidrf;tifwmAsL;onfh pmay
vlMurf;rif;om;atmifoif;ESifhawGUqHkay;jcif; pmtkyfrsm;xGuf/
(1998) ckEpS ?f rsdK;qufopfw;kd wuf&pfzUkd wwd,tMudrf jyefxu
G /f
udk,fusifUeJUynm pmtkyfxGuf/
(1999) ckEpS ?f tBudKufq;kH 0wKwdrk sm;ESio
hf ;kH oyfcsufrsm; (y?'k)xGu/f
(2000) jynfEh pS ?f vufcv
H u
kd pf rf;yg wu,ft
h Ekynm pmtkyx
f u
G /f
ESpfudk,fod (EdkifiHwum0wKwdkbmomjyef)xGuf/
(2002) ckESpf? &Sifbk&ifygyJESifU a&Tjynfwefaom aqmif;yg;rsm; ?
vSvdkufwmaemfESifU &opmwrf;i,frsm; ? urmjyem&Sif;wJh aeUESifh
&opmwrf;i,frsm; ? aoudef;qdkufwJhn(bmomjyef)pmtkyfrsm;xGuf/
(2004) ckESpf? uefYulvufvSnfU pmtkyfxGuf/
ESpfpOf pma[majymyGJusif;yavhSdonfh&moDa&mufwdkif; vma&muf
em;axmifonfhy&dowfrsm;txl;ESpfNcdKufMuonfh olrwlatmiftm0Zef;
Tifaom pma&;q&mBuD;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKMu&/ aemufydkif;wGifvnf;
pmtkyfrsm; qufvufxGuf&SdcJh/ pmayrsm;jyKpk&if; rdom;pkESifhtwl
trSwf(46)? "rdu0wDvrf;? oHwHwm;&yfuGuf ? prf;acsmif; NrdKUe,f?
AA
&efukefwGif uG,fvGefcsdeftxd aexdkifoGm;cJh/

]]uRefrwdkYi,fi,fwkef;u rdkrdk rdkrdkvdkY wd&pmefHka&mufwdkif;atmf

atmf ac:aecJhwJhqifrav;utouf (61)ESpfawmif&SdoGm;NyDvdkY 'DaeYrSod
vdu
k &f awmh uRefrwdt
Yk oufxufawmifBuD;aeygvm;qdNk yD; tHMh ordw,f}}
qifrav;rdkrdk touf(61)ESpfjynfharG;aeYrSm &efukefwd&pmefO,smOf
xJudka&mufvmwJh prf;acsmif;NrdKUe,frS touf(50)t&G,fa':cifat;u
ajymjyaewmyg/ a':cifat;u qifrav;rdkrdkudkBuHawGauR;&if;u olU&JU
i,fb0awGukd jyefvnfatmufarhaeyHyk g/ vGecf w
hJ EhJ pS (f 40)cefu
Y we*FaEG
aeYtm;vyf&ufa&mufwdkif; rdbawGudk wd&pmefHkvdkufydkYay;zdkY ylqmcJhyHk
awGeJYudk,fwdkif tdrfaxmifonfb0a&mufNyD; rdom;pkeJYjzpfvmwJh tcgrSm
vnf; om;orD;awGudk tm;vyf&ufawGrSm wd&pmefHkudkvdkufydkYcJhNyD; tck
vuf&Sdqdk&if olU&JUajr;i,fav;uyg wd&pmefHkvdkufydkYzdkYolYudkjyefylqm
wmcHae&wmawGudkvnf; jyefvnfwrf;w&if; oluajymjyaeygw,f/
a':cifat;wpfa,muftaetxm;ajymif;ajymif;NyD;awmhom om;orD;
awGuae ajr;txd wd&pmefHkudk vdkufvdkufydkYay;ae&ayr,fh qifrav;
rdkrdk&JUtoufudkolvHk;0owdrrlrdcJhygbl;/tckqifrav;rdkrdk touf (61)
ESpf&SdoGm;NyDvdkYodvdkuf&wJh tcsdefrSmawmh rdkrdkwpfa,muf toufawGBuD;
oGm;NyDjzpfvdkY i,fi,fuvdk rdkrdkvdkYac:wdkif; jyefrxl;Edkifawmhygbl;vdkY olp
owdjyKrdvdkufygw,f/
0gvuif;vGwfoDwif;uRwfcJhNyD; wefaqmifrkef;vqef;udka&mufae
NyDqdkayr,fhvnf; &efukefrdk;zGJav;u usaewkef;ygyJ/ atmufwdkbm
(19)&ufaeY[m &efukefwd&pmefHkxJu vlodrsm;ausmfMum;vSwJh tcspf
awmfqifuav;rdkrdk&JU (61)ESpfjynfharG;aeYyg/ &efukefwd&pmefO,smOf
xJrdk;a&pufawGatmufu wif;ukyfxJrSm qifuav;rdkrdkESifh qifazmf(6)
aumifESmarmif;awG &rf;a0SUvdkYaeygw,f/ qifrav;rdkrdk&JU toufu
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19

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20

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aemufusawmh 'D"mwfyHkukd pGefYvTwfvkdufNyD;awmh wjcm;pD;
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cyf i ,f i ,f a v;uwnf ; u uef a wmf B uD ; xJ r S m uif r &mwpf v H k ; eJ Y
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and White jyw,fqdkawmh rif;uuGmwJh? rif; Black and White
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wjcm; brand uk d roH k ; wmvJ /
d yf gw,f/ Leica uawmh
oH;k ygw,fcifAs/ uGseaf wmf Canon vnf;ku
rangefinder rdkYvdkYkdufwmyg/ rangefinder uawmh wpfcsufayghaemf/
manual exposure ay;&w,f/ tJ'Dawmh t&if Black and White ukd
zvifaq;csifwJhtwGuf exposure ukdvnf; ykdifEdkifatmifvdkY manual
kdufzdkYtwGuf uGsefawmfpOf;pm;w,f/ aemufwpfcku
rangefinder &JUoabmw&m;uawmh jrefjrefqefqefkduf
vdkY&w,f/ mirror cwfwJhtcsdefwdkw,f/ wdkawmh ukd,f
vdkcsifwJh mood ukd csufcsif;kdufvdkY&w,f/ street
photography twG u f & nf G , f N yD ; awmh uG s ef a wmf
rangefinder uifr&mukdifwmyg/
uk d x if v if ; qd k & if Nikon user aygh a emf / wcsd K U
qd k & if Canon aygh a emf / tJ ' D v d k tpG J a umS d v m;/
rSdygbl;cifAs/ uifr&muawmh olU wHqdyfeJYol
aumif;ygw,f/ uGsefawmfu Leica ukd rangefinder
uifr&mukdifcsifvdkY oHk;wmyg/
"mwfyHkq&mwpfa,muftaeeJY 'Dvdk professional
jzpf v mzd k Y bmawG v d k t yf v J /
professional jzpfvmzdkYqdkwm trsm;BuD;vdktyfr,f
xifygw,f/ wpfcsufuawmh "mwfyykH nmaumif;aumif;
vdkyghr,f/ vdkr,fqdkwm uGsefawmfvnf; rodao;ygbl;/
tcktxd oif,lqJygyJ/ Black and White qdk ykdqdk;yg
w,f/ tckrS uGsefawmf study vkyf&if;eJY jyyGJBuHKvdkY
uGsefawmfjyvdkufwmayghaemf/ aemufjyefoGm;w,fqdk
vnf; b,fvdkajymrvJ U U U acwfrrDwJhenf;awGaygh
aemf/ acwfrrDayr,fhvnf; t&omSdvdkY uGsefawmf
vk y f w myg/ acwf r D w J h e nf ; awG v nf ; professional
vkyfr,fqdk&if odzdkYvdkygw,f/ photoshop awG? editing ynmawGvnf; "mwfyHkq&mtaeeJY odzdkYvdkw,f/
olrsm;awGqDqdk&ifawmh "mwfyHkq&mu pkdufNyD;awmh
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uk d a tmif j ynf h p H k t aeeJ Y b,f v d k " mwf y H k q &mrsd K ;jzpf c sif w mvJ /
professional jzpf c sif w mvm;? a&mif ; wef ; 0if w J h " mwf y H k q &mjzpf c sif
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freelance ygcifAs/ 'gawmh ukd,fkdufw,f? cHpm;vdkufw,f/
tEkynmwpfcktaeeJYukd uGsefawmfkdufcsifygw,f/ kdufw,f/ NyD;&if
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vnf; uGsefawmfa&mif;rSmaygh/
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ovd k a ygh / limit vk y f z d k Y S d o vm;/
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vJqdkawmh yef;csDvdkayghcifAs/ yef;csDu ESpfcgqGJvdkYr&bl;/ qGJ&ifvnf;
rwlawmhbl;/ "mwfyHkuawmh xkwfwdkif;wlaewmyJ/ yef;csDwefzdk;r&&if
awmif wefzdk;wpfckawmh vkyfEdkifr,fvdkY uGsefawmf,lqygw,f/
tck uGsefawmfwdkYMunfhwJhtcgrSm "mwfyHkaps;uGuftaeeJY price
awG rwl M ubl ; aygh a emf / price awG rwl M uawmh ynmS i f w ef ; u
awmh ynmS i f w ef ; ouf o uf a ygh / 'D v d k price rwl w J h t wG u f
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taeeJYyJ0ifvmwmav/
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uRefawmfyJ aq;0,fwmu tpaygh/ wpfcgwpfcg bkwyf g 0ifu
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rvSnfhEkdifbl;/ ausmif;qif;awmh 96ckESpfavmuf avmuewfrSm
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vnf ; r0if c J h b l ; ?pd w f v nf ; r0if p m;bl ; /'gayr,f h j yyG J r S m awmh
0ifjybl;w,f/'gvnf; OD;aZmf0if;wkdYuaSYua&;jycJhbl;wmawG&JY
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uRef a wmf w k d Y y k d p wmk H u k d 0 if x G u f o G m ;vmaewk e f ; ujrif c J Y b l ;
wJYaus;Zl;awGayghav/q&mOD;b0if;wkdYqkd&if nae kH;jyefvm&if
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uwnf;u 0goemygw,fav/tvkyfawGrsm;awmh ac:vkdufwm/
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r[kwfygbl;/ uefawmfav;rSmvkyfw,f/ atmifr*Fvm?ausmuf
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vkyif ef;tawGUtBuHKuawmh awmfawmfav; odomG ;w,f/ om;u
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yk d p wma&;wmyJ / uRef a wmf e J Y t d r f a xmif u sNyD ; aemuf y k d i f ; awmh
pkwfwHygwpfcgxnf;vTwfypfvkdufawmhwmyJ/a&;qkdwmukdra&;
awmhbl;/oluaq;eHhrcHEkdifbl;/tqkyftm;vnf;raumif;bl;av/
tJ'aD wmh olvnf;ra&;Ekid af wmhb;l aygh/aemufwpfcu
k ykpd wmavmu
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dk m/ odvu
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qkH;oGm;NyD;awmh olwkdYvnf; wyfysufwmyJav/wyfysufawmh
uRefawmhqrD mS pmvk;H a&;wJh 'DrmS pmvk;H a&;wJph v
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bl;av/ tJ'golr&Sdawmh ykvJyJ

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wpfukd,fawmfyef;csDjyyGJukd trSwf 307 AkdvfqGefyufvrf;(tay:
bavmuf)? yef;bJwef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKUrSm zGifhvSpfxm;wJh New Idea
yef;csDjycef;rSm26-10-2014 &ufuae 30-10-2014 &uftxd
cif;usif;jyoxm;rSmjzpfygw,f/
tckjyowJh Expected Light vdkYtrnfay;xm;wJh yef;csDjyyGJ[m
yef;csDatmifausmfcefY&JU yxrqkH;tBudrfjyowJh wpfukd,f awmfyef;csDjyyGJ
jzpfNyD; jyyGJzGifhvSpfjyocsdefuawmh aeYpOf eHeuf 9 em&Duae nae 5
em&Dtxd jzpfygw,f/
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ac:&wmaygh/ tJ'Dawmh olwkdYuvnf; ukdausmfausmf0if;qDu

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uRefawmfyq
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ajymay;ygw,f/ tJ'u
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Y EJ pS f Hk
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w,f/ rEav;(2)kH&,f/aMumfnmum;wpfpD;&,f? tJ'Davmuf
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awmh tNydKifjzpfvmawmh awmifilwkdYbmwkdYygvmawmh uRefawmf
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vkyaf y;bmnmqkad wmh jzpfwmaygh/aemufyidk ;f vkyif ef;rSm0ifp;D vmwJh
oabmawGjzpfvmw,f/'gayr,fu
h Reaf wmfrajymygbl;/ yifv,fa&yJ
wpfa,mufwnf; aomufvkdYawmh rukefbl;/ rSefrSefuefuefbJ
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awmfawmfrsm;rsm;a&;&w,f/aemufykdif; olwkdY a&SUacwfuqkd&if
ausm[
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ausmfrD;yifv,fukdjzwfrnf a&;&w,f/ (a&SUtywfqufzwfyg&ef)

23

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odkY&mwGif uGsefawmfwdkY,aeYaqmifGufaewm t"duu pufrIEdkifiH
xlaxmifa&;/ 'gaMumifhrdkY uGsefawmfwdkY tckrMumcif wifjyawmhr,fh
trsdK;om;bufpHkzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIpDrHudef;(National Comprehensive
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uGsefawmfwdkYu pufrIEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;? pufrIEdkifiHjzpfa&; b,fvdkenf;
AsL[mawG? r[mAsL[mawG usifhoHk;oGm;r,fqdkwmukd uGsefawmfwdkY
rsm;rMumcif jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfukd qufvufwifjyrSm tm;vHk;
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24

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a':pHy,fvwf(12^wre(Ekdif)070483)

25

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(a&SUtywfqufzwfyg&ef)

26

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27

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28

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jyemu wpfavSBuD;? cifcifxm;uawmh olUa,musFm; t&Sdeft0geJY

35

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36

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