Physical Chemistry Lab II

Experiment No. 1
ELECTROCHEMISTRY:
DETERMINATION OF FARADAYS CONSTANT
Objeti!e"
1. To determine the effect of current on electrolytic reactions at a given time.
2. To determine the Faradays constant.
3. To familiarize the students with the electrolytic analyzer equipment.
App#r#t$"
Electrolytic analyzer equipment !nalytical "alance #topwatch $%% ml &ea'er
Electrodes #tirring rod
Re#%ent"
(opper sulfate solution (oncentrated nitric acid
&roe'$re
1. )eigh the two wor'ing electrodes first.
2. *our the copper sulfate solution into the &ea'er.
3. *lace the wor'ing electrodes stirring rod and &ea'er in their corresponding
positions.
+. #witch the power on and the timer simultaneously. !fter two minutes switch the
power off of the electro analyzer then weigh the electrode with copper deposits.
,mmediately as the timer starts ad-ust the current control 'no& to three .3/
different settings.
$. (lean the electrodes &y dipping it in 103 nitric acid then dry it again to &e used
for the ne1t trial2run.
3. *erform the e1periments for two trials.
Treatment of 4esults
(ompute for the amount of copper that will deposit in the electrode and apply the
principle of Faradays 5aw of Electrolysis to evaluate the average Faradays
constant for the 3 runs.
1
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
(ro$p No.)))))))))
D#te:)))))))))))))))))))))))
In"tr$tor:))))))))))))))))))))))))
N#me Si%n#t$re
Le#'er: )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Member":)))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
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FINAL DATA SHEET
A. *ei%+t o, Copper Depo"ite' -%r#m".
Tri#/ 1 -Le,t Si'e.
R$n C$rrent Time0 "
Initi#/ *ei%+t o,
&t -%.
Fin#/ *ei%+t o,
&t -%.
*ei%+t o, C$
-%.
A
1
C
Tri#/ 2 -Ri%+t Si'e.
A
1
C
1. F#r#'#3" Con"t#nt
Tri#/ R$n F#r#'#3" Con"t#nt
1
A
1
C
2
A
1
C
A!er#%e
Experiment No. 2
2
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
COND4CTIMETRY: DETERMINATION OF THE ELECTRICAL &RO&ERTIES
OF SOL4TIONS
Objeti!e"
1. To determine the relative mo&ility of some monovalent ions &y measuring the
conductance of solutions of electrolytes.
2. To determine the dissociation constant of a wea' electrolyte.
App#r#t$"
(onductivity meter $% ml &ea'ers 1% ml graduated cylinder
Re#%ent"
6eionized water %.17 8(l %.17 98+(l %.17 9a(l %.17 9a(283:2 %.17
9a:8
&roe'$re
!. Electrolytic (onductance and ,onic 7o&ility
The speed of migration of the ions is one of the factors which determines
the conductance of an electrolyte solution. The current flowing through the
solution is carried &y the ions moving towards the electrodes. The current flowing
through the solution will &e estimated &y measuring the conductance of the
solution through the following procedures0
1. !ssem&le the set up for conductance measurement.
2. *repare 1% ml of each of the following solutions in a test tu&e0
a. %.17 ammonium chloride solution
&. %.17 hydrochloric acid solution
c. %.17 sodium chloride solution
d. %.17 sodium acetate solution
e. %.17 sodium hydro1ide solution
3. 7easure the conductance of each of the electrolyte solutions &y immersing
the electrode in the solution.
+. )ash the electrode with deionized water then dry it with a tissue paper
&efore immersing it into another solution.
Treatment of 4esults
1. )rite the equations for the dissociation of each of the electrolyte used.
2. Ta&ulate in increasing order the conductance of the solutions containing chloride
ions. ,nfer from these results the order for the relative mo&ility of the cations in
the solutions.
3. Ta&ulate in increasing order the conductance of the solutions containing sodium
ions. ,nfer from these results the order for the relative mo&ility of the anions in the
solutions.
3
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
". 6etermination of 6issociation (onstant of a )ea' Electrolyte
The dissociation constant of aqueous ammonia a wea' electrolyte will &e
determined through a conductimetric method. The concentration of the ions in the
ammonia solution will &e o&tained from the concentration of a potassium
hydro1ide solution e1hi&iting the same conductance. *otassium hydro1ide is a
strong electrolyte whose ions e1hi&it the same mo&ility as those in aqueous
ammonia. The following procedures must &e followed0
1. *repare the following mi1tures in a $% ml &ea'er0
MI5T4RE
6o/. 7.71M 8OH0
m/
6o/. *#ter0 m/
1 2$.% %.%
2 2%.% $.%
3 1$.% 1%.%
+ 1%.% 1$.%
$ $.% 2%.%
3 1.% 2$.%
2. 7easure the conductance of the a&ove mi1tures.
3. *our 1% ml each of 1.%7 and %.17 ammonia solution into two separate test
tu&es and then measure the conductance of each solution.
Treatment of 4esults
1. (alculate the concentration of potassium hydro1ide in each of the mi1tures
prepared.
2. Ta&ulate the concentration and the conductance of the potassium hydro1ide
solutions.
3. *lot the concentration versus conductance of the potassium hydro1ide solutions.
+. 6etermine from the graph the concentration of the potassium hydro1ide solution
that e1hi&its the same conductance as each of the ammonia solutions used. This
concentration is equal to the concentration of ammonia ionized in the solution.
$. )rite the chemical equation for the dissociation of ammonia into ions in aqueous
solution.
3. ;sing the concentration data o&tained for each of the solutions used calculate the
dissociation constant of ammonia solution.
(ro$p No.)))))))))
+
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
D#te:)))))))))))))))))))))))
In"tr$tor:))))))))))))))))))))))))
N#me Si%n#t$re
Le#'er: )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Member":)))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
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FINAL DATA SHEET
A. E/etro/3ti Con'$t#ne #n' Ioni Mobi/it3
So/$tion Con'$t#ne
7.1 M NH9C/
7.1 M HC/
7.1 M N#C/
7.1 M N#C2H:O2
7.1 M N#OH
1. Determin#tion o, Di""oi#tion Con"t#nt o, # *e#; E/etro/3te
Mixt$re
6o/$me
*#ter
Con'$t#ne Conentr#tion
6o/$me 7.71M
8OH
1
2
:
9
<
=
S#mp/e Con'$t#ne Di""oi#tion Con"t#nt
1 M NH9OH
7.71 M NH9OH
Experiment No. :
TRANSFERENCE N4M1ER
$
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
Objeti!e"
1. To determine the transport num&ers of hydrogen and nitrate ions
2. To relate the transport num&er with ionic size and mo&ility
App#r#t$"
*hywe Transference 9um&er !pparatus !nalytical "alance &uret &ea'er
stopwatch pipet
Re#%ent"
7ethyl red %.17 9itric acid %.$7 (opper sulfate<sulfuric acid mi1ture %.17
#odium hydro1ide !cetone 6istilled water
&roe'$re
,mmerse the transference vessel .dou&le ;<tu&e with frits and coc' =52$/ up to
appro1imately 2 cm &elow the lateral connecting tu&es in the water<filled &ea'er which
serves as a temperature controlling &ath .measure the temperature during the reaction/>
fi1 the ;<tu&e to the support rod> fill it with %.1 molar 89:3 up to e1ternal water level.
!fter hanging the car&on electrodes in position ad-ust the electrolyte level in the three
legs of the ;<tu&e to the same level and mar' this with a waterproof la&oratory pencil.
#u&sequently lower the transference vessel until the mar'ings are su&merged in the &ath
fluid to ensure sufficient temperature control. )eigh the cathode and the anode of the
coulometer which consists of two pieces of copper onto the electrode holder with the
'nurled screws and immersed them into a 2$% ml &ea'er filled with a 82#:+ 2 %.$ molar
(u#:+ solutions. (onnect this coulometer the transference vessel and the multirange
meter in series> connect them to the universal power supply with the connection ca&les.
!fter the electric set up perform the electrolysis for 3% to ?% minutes at appro1imately $%
m!. )hile doing so ensure that the current intensity is nearly constant. 7easure the
e1act duration of the electrolysis procedure with the stopwatch.
6uring this time chec' the initial concentration of the nitric acid used &y titrating
$ ml samples ta'en from the volumetric flas' with %.1 molar 9a:8 using methyl red as
an indicator .color change0 red<yellow/.
!t the end of the electrolysis period ta'e $ ml samples in the anode and cathode
regions of the transference vessel while the electric field is still &eing applied as quic'ly
as possi&le and titrate them later to determine the concentration. ,mmediately after this
interrupt the electric circuit and record the e1act length of the electrolysis period.
)ash the copper electrodes of the coulometer carefully with water and acetone
dry them in air and weigh them to determine the mass change. !fter drying the
transference vessel determine the mar'ed volume of the cathode and anode regions &y
filling them with water .$% ml &uret/ as a final step. The fluid displacement &y the
immersed electrodes is to &e considered while doing this.
(ro$p No.)))))))))
D#te:)))))))))))))))))))))))
3
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
In"tr$tor:))))))))))))))))))))))))
N#me Si%n#t$re
Le#'er: )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Member":)))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
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FINAL DATA SHEET
*ei%+t o, Copper &/#te" -mi//i%r#m".
*1 *2
Le,t
Ri%+t
Temper#t$re: )))))))))))>C
6o/$me N#OH $"e' #n' 6o/$me * t$be -mi//imeter.
Tr#n",erene N$mber
Nitr#te ion
H3'ro%en ion
Experiment No. 9
S&ECTRO&HOTOMETRY
@
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
6o/$me N#OH
Le,t
Ri%+t
Ori%in#/
6o/$me * T$be
Le,t
Ri%+t
Physical Chemistry Lab II
Objeti!e"
1. E1amination of the essential components in a simple spectrophotometer< the
Aenway 31%% B *er'in Elmer 5am&da +%
2. 6etermination of a&sorption spectrum of a solution
3. *reparation of "eers 5aw *lot
App#r#t$"
#pectrophotometer Test tu&es Test tu&e rac'
Re#%ent"
(o&alt .,,/ 9itrate 6istilled water
&roe'$re
Oper#tion o, t+e Spetrop+otometer
,n a few &rief procedures the spectral characteristics of the
#pectrophotometer will &e e1amined and the visi&le spectrum of a simple su&stance
will &e recorded. ,t must &e emphasized that handling of cuvettes are very important.
!ny variation in the cuvettes such as stains scratches or changes in glass curvature
will cause varying results. Thus it is essential to follow several rules0
1. 6o not handle the lower portion of the cuvette through which the light
passes.
2. !lways rinse the cuvette with several portions of the solution to &e
measured &efore ta'ing measurements.
3. )ipe off any liquid drops or smudges with a clean tissue &efore placing the
cuvette in the spectrophotometer.
+. )hen inserting a cuvette always do so with the inde1 mar' facing the front
of the instrument and after the cuvette is seated line up the inde1 mar's
e1actly.
A. T+e 6i"ib/e Li%+t
*lace a dry cuvette containing a strip of plane white paper into the instrument
and rotate the cuvette until the &eam reflects upward to view .e1cept for Aenway
cuvette is optional/. :&serve and record the color of the &eam in $% nm intervals from
3$% to 3$% nm. !d-ust the light control if necessary to see the &eam.
1. 6i"ib/e Spetr$m o, # So/$tion
:&tain a standard solution of (o&alt .,,/ 9itrate. #et the spectrophotometer to
a wavelength of 3@$ nm and ad-ust it to 1%%C transmittance when containing a
distilled water cuvette. "e sure to use the same distilled water cuvette for all future
readings. Fill a second cuvette a&out one third full with the salt solution and ta'e the
C transmittance and a&sor&ance readings also at 3@$ nm. (hange the wavelength dial
D
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
to +%% nm. !gain set 1%%C T reading for distilled water cuvette and ta'e the C T and
! readings of the same samples
C. 1eer" L#? &/ot
(ontinue the procedure at the ma1imum a&sor&ance of the solution. #et the C
T reading to 1%% using distilled water cuvette. Ta'e the a&sor&ance reading of a
%.%$7 (o&alt .,,/ 9itrate. 6ilute the %.%$ 7 salt solution to %.%+7 %.%37 %.%27
%.%17 and %.%%$7 and get the a&sor&ance reading of (o&alt .,,/ 9itrate solution of
un'nown concentration from your instructor. 6etermine the concentration of the
un'nown from the "eers 5aw plot.
Treatment of 4esults
1. *lot the a&sorption spectrum that is CT and ! versus wavelength of the
(o&alt 9itrate solutions. 5ocate and record the wavelength at which
a&sorption ma1imum occur. !lso plot the a&sor&ance reading versus the
wavelength in a single graph.
2. *repare a graph of the "eers 5aw using the data ta'en. *repare one graph
of CT versus concentration on a semilog paper with CT on the log a1is
and third graph of a&sor&ance versus concentration on the linear graph. :n
the a&sor&ance versus concentration plot draw the &est straight line through
the points using the least square method of curve fitting. ;se the plot to
determine the concentration of your un'nown.
(ro$p No.)))))))))
D#te:)))))))))))))))))))))))
?
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
In"tr$tor:))))))))))))))))))))))))
N#me Si%n#t$re
Le#'er: )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Member": )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
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FINAL DATA SHEET
A. 6i"ib/e Li%+t
*#!e/en%t+ Co/or
:<7
977
9<7
<77
<<7
=77
=<7
1. 6i"ib/e Spetr$m o, # So/$tion
*#!e/en%t+ Ab"orb#ne *#!e/en%t+ Ab"orb#ne *#!e/en%t+ Ab"orb#ne *#!e/en%t+ Ab"orb#ne
3@$ $%% 31% @2%
+%% $1% 32% @3%
+1% $2% 33% @+%
+2% $3% 3+% @$%
+3% $+% 3$% @3%
++% $$% 33% @@%
+$% $3% 3@% @D%
+3% $@% 3D% @?%
+@% $D% 3?% D%%
+D% $?% @%%
+?% 3%% @1%
C. 1eer" L#? &/ot
*#!e/en%t+: ))))))))))))))
1%
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
Conentr#tion0 M Ab"orb#ne
%.%$
%.%+
%.%3
%.%2
%.%1
%.%%$
;n'nown
Conentr#tion o,
4n;no?n
Experiment No. <
THERMODYNAMICS OF MI5T4RES:
DETERMINATION OF &ARTIAL MOLAR ENTHAL&Y
11
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
Objeti!e"
1. To determine the effect of composition of the different components of the mi1ture
on the molar enthalpy of the solution.
2. To evaluate the partial molar enthalpy of the different components of the mi1ture.
App#r#t$"
*!44 1+$$ #olution (alorimeter 1%% ml graduated cylinder
Re#%ent"
6istilled water !mmonium chloride
&roe'$re
1. *repare the molar enthalpy vs. concentration profile of ammonium chloride<water
solution &y preparing different amounts .mass/ of ammonium chloride to &e
dissolved in the same volume of water.
2. #tart with at least %.1 g sample of sodium chloride .ma'e ten .1%/ different mass
with at least %.1 g increment/ and place it in the Teflon dish.
3. 7easure 1%% m5 of distilled water and place it in the 6ewar flas'.
+. #et up the *!44 1+$$ #olution (alorimeter.
$. *ress F1 to start the initialization stage.
3. 9ote the sample ,6 and press E9TE4.
@. ,nput the e1act weight of the sample and press E9TE4.
D. )ait for the first &eep and fire the push rod and press E9TE4.
?. )ait for the second &eep and press 6:9E.
1%. "rowse the result using the arrow up .E/ and arrow down .F/ 'eys.
11. 4epeat procedures for the ne1t samples.
Treatment of 4esults0
*lot the molar enthalpy vs. mole fraction and get the equations of the trend line. ;se this
equation to evaluate the partial molar enthalpy of the components .1 and 2/ of the &inary
mi1ture using partial differential equation. *lot the partial molar enthalpy of each
component vs. mole fraction of the first component.
(ro$p No.)))))))))
D#te:)))))))))))))))))))))))
In"tr$tor:))))))))))))))))))))))))
12
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
N#me Si%n#t$re
Le#'er: )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Member": )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
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FINAL DATA SHEET
Ammoni$m C+/ori'e -#. #n' *#ter -b. "o/$tion
R$n
M#"" o, -#.
-%.
M#"" o, -b.
-%.
Mo/e o, -#. Mo/e o, -b.
Mo/e ,r#tion
o, -#.
1
2
:
9
<
=
@
A
B
17
Mo/e
,r#tion o,
-b.
A!er#%e
M*
Spei,i
ent+#/p3 o,
So/$tion -#/C%.
Mo/#r
ent+#/p3 o,
So/$tion
-#/Cmo/.
&#rti#/
mo/#r
ent+#/p3 o,
-#.0 D#/C%E
&#rti#/
mo/#r
ent+#/p3 o,
-b.0 D#/C%E
4oom Temperature0 GGGGGGGGH( 6ensity of )ater0GGGGGGGGGg2cm
3
Experiment No. =
CHEMICAL 8INETICS:
THE HYDROLYSIS OF METHYL ACETATE
13
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
Objeti!e"
1. To evaluate the hydrolysis of methyl acetate &y studying its chemical 'inetics.
2. To quantify the activation energy requirement of the reaction.
3. To determine the change in enthalpy and change in entropy of the reaction2
App#r#t$"
Electronic )ater "ath timer Erlenmeyer flas's graduated cylinders &uret pipet
test tu&es
Re#%ent"
6istilled water methyl acetate 1.%7 8(l solution standard 9a:8 solution
phenolphthalein
&roe'$re
9ote0 (areful pipetting and titrating techniques are essential if good data are to &e
o&tained. The temperature should &e controlled as precisely as possi&le.
1. :&tain a&out $% m5 methyl acetate in a large test tu&e and 3%% m5 1.% 7 8(l in
an Erlenmeyer flas'. !llow these solutions to equili&rate in 2$H( &ath. !lso
equili&rate a flas' containing a&out 2%% m5 of deionized water.
2. ,nto a dry 2$% m5 Erlenmeyer flas' pipet $% m5 of the 8(l and $% m5 of water.
To initiate the reaction add from a pipet 1% m5 of methyl acetate. #tart the timer
when the pipet is half emptied. 7i1 the solution thoroughly and 'eep it in the
&ath.
3. !s soon as possi&le withdraw a $ m5 aliquot of the reaction mi1ture and transfer
it to a 1$% m5 Erlenmeyer which contains appro1imately $% m5 of water. The
receiver should &e pre<chilled in an ice &ath to ma'e sure that the hydrolysis is
sufficiently slowed. 9ote the time at which the pipet has &een half emptied.
+. Titrate the diluted aliquot as soon as possi&le with standard 9a:8 using
phenolphthalein as the indicator.
$. 4epeat steps 3 and + at 1% minute intervals for one hour and for 2% minute
intervals for another hour if possi&le. 7a'e sure that the pipet used to withdraw
each $ m5 aliquot is clean and dry.
3. !t some convenient time titrate 2 or 3 aliquots of the equili&rated 8(l so that the
molarity at 2$H( will &e 'nown accurately.
@. 4epeat the a&ove procedure using 1%% m5 1.% 7 8(l and 1% m5 methyl acetate
as the reaction mi1ture. This reaction will proceed more rapidly so aliquots
should &e withdrawn at shorter intervals. 6uplicate runs should &e performed if
1+
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
possi&le. !n efficient student pair should &e a&le to follow two or more properly
spaced reactions at the same time.
D. 4epeat the procedure at 3$H( using the reaction conditions given in step 2.
4emem&er that the rate will &e a&out dou&le that at 2$H( so aliquots will have to
&e withdrawn at shorter intervals. 6etermine the molar concentration of the 8(l
at 3$H(.
Treatment of 4esults
1. For each aliquot calculate (t .or a quantity proportional to (t/. .The density of
methyl acetate is %.?2@3 g2m5 at 2$H( and %.?1+1 g2m5 at 3$H( and the
molecular weight is @+.%D/ *lot ln (t versus t for each set of data. Evaluate the
acid<dependent rate constant '8 in seconds
<1
. ;se the uncertainty in the slope to
evaluate the ?$C confidence limits of '8.
2. From runs at 2$H( with different concentrations of 8(l determine the order with
respect to 83:
I
and its uncertainty. ;se the nearest whole<num&er value of q to
calculate 'F for each run. !lso o&tain the uncertainty in 'F. .!ssume negligi&le
error in q for these calculations./
3. Evaluate Ea J8H
K
and J#H
K
using the temperature dependence data.
(ro$p No.)))))))))
D#te:)))))))))))))))))))))))
In"tr$tor:))))))))))))))))))))))))
1$
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
N#me Si%n#t$re
Le#'er: )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Member": )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
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FINAL DATA SHEET
A. Determin#tion o, H3'ro/3"i" R#te #t Room Temper#t$re #n' Lo?er
Conentr#tion o, HC/
E"tim#te'
Re#tion
Time0
min
Time o,
*it+'r#?#
/ o, A/iF$ot
At$#/
Re#tion
Time0
min
6o/$me
o, N#OH
$"e'0 mL
Mo/e" o,
Aeti
Ai' in
A/iF$ot
Conetr#tion
o, Aeti
Ai'0 mo/CL
Conentr#tio
n o, Met+3/
Aet#te Le,t0
mo/CL
7
17
27
:7
97
<7
=7
A7
177
127
(oncentration of 8(l is reaction mi1ture mol25 L GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
1. Determin#tion o, H3'ro/3"i" R#te #t Room Temper#t$re #n' Hi%+er
Conentr#tion o, HC/
E"tim#te'
Re#tion
Time0
min
Time o,
*it+'r#?#
/ o, A/iF$ot
At$#/
Re#tion
Time0
min
6o/$me
o, N#OH
$"e'0 mL
Mo/e" o,
Aeti
Ai' in
A/iF$ot
Conetr#tion
o, Aeti
Ai'0 mo/CL
Conentr#tio
n o, Met+3/
Aet#te Le,t0
mo/CL
7
17
27
:7
97
<7
=7
13
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
A7
177
127
(oncentration of 8(l is reaction mi1ture mol25 L GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
C. Determin#tion o, H3'ro/3"i" R#te #t Hi%+ Temper#t$re #n' Lo?er
Conentr#tion o, HC/
E"tim#te'
Re#tion
Time0
min
Time o,
*it+'r#?#
/ o, A/iF$ot
At$#/
Re#tion
Time0
min
6o/$me
o, N#OH
$"e'0 mL
Mo/e" o,
Aeti
Ai' in
A/iF$ot
Conetr#tion
o, Aeti
Ai'0 mo/CL
Conentr#tio
n o, Met+3/
Aet#te Le,t0
mo/CL
7
17
27
:7
97
<7
=7
A7
177
127
Conentr#tion o, HC/ i" re#tion mixt$re0 mo/CL G )))))))))))))))))))))))
Ai'H'epen'ent r#te on"t#nt #t /o? HC/ onentr#tion G )))))))))))))))))))))
Ai'H'epen'ent r#te on"t#nt #t +i%+ HC/ onentr#tion G )))))))))))))))))))))
Or'er o, re#tion ?it+ re"pet to HC/ onentr#tion G )))))))))))))))))))))
E#t o, t+e re#tion G )))))))))))))))))))))
IH> o, t+e re#tion G )))))))))))))))))))))
IS> o, t+e re#tion G )))))))))))))))))))))
Experiment No. @
CHEMICAL EJ4ILI1RI4M IN SOL4TION
Objeti!e"
1. To study homogeneous and heterogeneous equili&rium.
2. To evaluate the distri&ution constant of iodine in ((l+ and water.
1@
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
3. To determine the equili&rium constant.
App#r#t$"
=lass<stoppered Erlenmeyer flas's Erlenmeyer flas's pipets graduated cylinder
&ea'ers ru&&er aspirator wash &ottle
Re#%ent"
(ar&on tetrachloride %.1$ 7 M, solution .D%% m5/ !cetone %.1 7 M, solution
.$%% m5/ %.%D 7 ,2 in ((l+ .3%% m5/ %.%3 7 M, solution .+%% m5/ %.%+ 7 ,2 in ((l+
.2$% m5/ %.1 7 9a2#2:3 solution .$%% m5/ %.%2 7 ,2 in ((l+ .1%% m5/ %.%1 7
9a2#2:3 solution .1%% m5/ %.2C starch solution
&roe'$re
*our 2%% m5 of distilled water or the indicated M, solution in a $%%<m5 glass<
stoppered Erlenmeyer flas'. !dd the iodine solution indicated for each run in Ta&le 1.
#ha'e the flas' vigorously for $ minutes. !fter sha'ing allow the flas' to the stand
for a&out 3% minutes to allow thermal equili&ration. #ha'e the flas' for another $
minutes and allow it to stand for another 1$ minutes.
4un
9o.
((l+ .$% m5/
7olarity ,2
!queous 5ayer
.2%% m5/
7olarity M,
((l+ 5ayer !queous 5ayer
"urette
#ize m5
7olarity
#2:3
2<
"urette
#ize m5
7olarity
#2:3
2<
1 %.%D% %.% $% %.1 1% %.%1
2 %.%+% %.% $% %.1 1% %.%1
3 %.%2% %.% 1% %.1 1% %.%1
+ %.%D% %.1$ 1% %.1 $% %.1
$ %.%+% %.1$ 1% %.1 1% %.1
3 %.%D% %.%3 $% %.1 1% %.1
,nsert a pipet carefully into the equili&rated flas' so that it does not touch the ((l+
layer and pipet out a $%<m5 sample of the aqueous layer. *our each sample into a
2$%<m5 Erlenmeyer flas' containing 1% m5 of %.1 7 M,. Titrate with the appropriate
thiosulfite solution. 9ear the endpoint indicated &y a very light yellow color add 1
m5 of starch solution. (ontinue the titration until no &lue color appears.
,nsert a pipet carefully into the ((l+ layer ma'ing sure that &u&&les are &lown as
the pipet passes through the aqueous layer. *ipet out 2% m5 of the ((l+ layer and
pour into a 2$%<m5 Erlenmeyer flas' containing 1% m5 of %.1 7 M,. Titrate with the
appropriate thiosulfite solution. 9ear the endpoint indicated &y a very light yellow
color add 1 m5 of starch solution. (ontinue the titration until no &lue color appears.
Treatment of 4esults
1D
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
1. (alculate the distri&ution constant ' from the results of runs 1 to 3. *lot ' versus
the iodine concentration in the ((l+ solution .,2/((l+. ,f ' is not constant discuss
its variation with concentration.
2. ;sing the results of runs + to 3 calculate the equili&rium concentrations of ,2 ,
<

and ,3
<
in each of the aqueous solutions. ;se the appropriate value of ' as read
from the smooth curve of ' versus .,2/((l+. (alculate the equili&rium constant Mc
for each run.
(ro$p No.)))))))))
D#te:)))))))))))))))))))))))
In"tr$tor:))))))))))))))))))))))))
N#me Si%n#t$re
1?
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
Le#'er: )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Member": )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
FINAL DATA SHEET
A. Titr#tion o, t+e AF$eo$" L#3er" ?it+ T+io"$/,ite So/$tion
R$n
No.
6o/. o, S2O:
2H
So/$tion 4"e'0
mL
Con. o,
S2O:
2H
So/$tion0
mo/e"CL
Mo/e" o,
S2O:
2H
4"e'
Mo/e" o, I2 in
AF$eo$"
S#mp/e
Con. o, I2 in
AF$eo$"
L#3er0 mo/e"CL
1
2
:
9
<
=
1. Titr#tion o, t+e CC/9 ?it+ T+io"$/,ite So/$tion
R$n
No.
6o/. o, S2O:
2H
So/$tion 4"e'0
mL
Con. o,
S2O:
2H
So/$tion0
mo/e"CL
Mo/e" o,
S2O:
2H
4"e'
Mo/e" o, I2 in
CC/9 S#mp/e
Con. o, I2 in
AF$eo$"
L#3er0 mo/e"CL
1
2
:
9
<
=
C. Determin#tion o, Di"trib$tion Con"t#nt o, Io'ine
R$n
No.
Con. o, I2 in AF$eo$"
L#3er0 mo/e"CL
Con. o, I2 in CC/9
L#3er0 mo/e"CL
Di"trib$tion Con"t#nt0 ;
2%
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Physical Chemistry Lab II
1
2
:
A!er#%e Di"trib$tion Con"t#nt
D. Determin#tion o, EF$i/ibri$m Con"t#nt
R$n
No.
Con. o, I2 in
AF$eo$"
L#3er0 mo/e"CL
Con. o, I
H
in
AF$eo$"
L#3er0 mo/e"CL
Con. o, I:
H
in
AF$eo$"
L#3er0 mo/e"CL
EF$i/ibri$m Con"t#nt0 8
9
<
=
A!er#%e EF$i/ibri$m Con"t#nt
21
School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry