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Biology Glossary

A
Agglutination (Penggumpalan)
The clumping of foreign substances or microorganisms by antibodies.
Agranulocyte (Agranulosit)
White blood cells with a non-granular cytoplasm. The nucleus can be either bean-
shaped or spherical in shape. For example, lymphocytes and monocytes.
Allele (Alel)
An alternative form of a gene for a particular characteristic.
Anaerobe (Anaerob)
An organism that is able to release energy from food in the absence of oxygen.
Antibody (Antibodi)
A specifc protein molecule produced by lymphocytes as a response to the entry
of antigen into the body.
Antigen (Antigen)
A foreign substance that stimulates the production of specifc antibodies by
lymphocytes usually a protein, carbohydrate or glycoprotein.
Appendicular skeleton (Rangka apendaj)
The s!eleton that is made up of the bones of the limbs as well as the pectoral
and pelvic girdles.
Artery (Arteri)
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.
Atherosclerosis (Aterosklerosis)
"rogressive build up of pla#ues that cause narrowing of arteries and obstruction
of blood $ow.
Atrium (Atrium)
An upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces the
blood by muscular contraction into the ventricles.
Autosome (Autosom)
Any of the chromosomes in a cell other than the sex chromosomes %that is, not
the & or ' chromosome in humans(.
Autotroph (Autotrof)
"roducer. An organism able to synthesise it)s own food from inorganic
compounds.
B
Balanced diet (Gizi seimbang)
A balanced diet contains all the essential nutrients %carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
minerals, vitamins, fbre and water( in correct proportion to meet the
re#uirements of the body.
Basophils (Basofl)
A type of white blood cell that releases heparin to prevent intravascular blood
clot formation. They are involved in certain allergic reactions.
Benedicts test (!jian Benedict)
A biochemical test to determine the presence of a reducing sugar, for example,
glucose. *enedict)s reagent %a blue solution containing copper sulphate( forms a
green, yellow, orange or bric! red precipitate in the presence of a reducing sugar.
Bile ("empedu)
A greenish-yellow li#uid secretion that is produced by the liver and stored in the
gall bladder for release into the small intestine during digestion. +t is a complex
mixture of bile salts %that emulsify fats(, bile pigments, water and cholesterol.
Biotic factors (#aktor Biosis $ #aktor Biotik)
The living organisms found within an ecosystem. These include producers,
consumers and decomposers.
Blastocyst (Blastosista)
A hollow sphere of cells developing from the morula the stage of implantation in
the uterine wall.
%
%aecum (&ekum)
,ilated pouch at the -unction of the small and large intestines, terminating in the
appendix. +t has no !nown function in humans. +n herbivorous animals li!e
rabbits and cows, the caecum is #uite long and contains cellulose-digesting
bacteria.
%apillarity ('ekapilarian)
The action that causes water to rise in a narrow
vessel. This is caused by cohesion between water molecules and adhesion
between water molecules and walls of vessels.
%apillary ('apilari)
The smallest blood vessel with a wall only one cell thic! allows exchange of
substances between blood and interstitial $uid.
.ardiac muscle %/tot !ardium(
A type of muscle found in the heart. +t is myogenic. .ontractions are produced
spontaneously, without nervous stimulation.
%ardio(ascular system (&istem 'ardio(askular)
The system consisting of the heart, blood and blood vessels.
%arni(ore ('arni(or)
An animal that feeds on other animals a secondary consumer.
%arotid body ()asad karotid)
Tissue mass in the wall of the carotid artery containing receptors that are
sensitive to the carbon dioxide and p0 level in the blood, and to low oxygen
concentrations in the blood.
%artilage (Ra*an)
1on-elastic tissue found at the ends of bones with movable -oints functions to
protect bones from wear and tear.
%ell sap (&ap sel)
A $uid in the vacuole of plant cells that consists of a high percentage of water
and sugars, as well as some mineral salts.
%haracteristic (%iri)
A distinctive, inherited feature of an organism.
%hromatin ('romatin)
A substance consisting of ,1A and proteins found in the nucleus during
interphase.
%hromosomal mutation (+utasi kromosom)
A change in the structure of chromosomes or number of chromosomes.
%hromosome ('romosom)
A long, threadli!e structure made up of ,1A and proteins located in the nucleus.
%losed circulatory system (&istem peredaran tertutup)
A type of circulatory system in which the blood is always confned within the
heart and vessels.
%occy, ('oksiks)
The small vertebral bones found at the end of the vertebral column forms the
tail of animals.
%ollagen ('olagen)
Fibers found in the matrix of connective tissues such as the s!in, bones and
cartilage.
%ollenchyma ('olenkima)
"lant cells with thic! cellulose walls normally found beneath the epidermis.
%ontinuous (ariation (-ariasi selanjar)
The continuous range of di2erences that can be observed in a certain
characteristic of a species
such characteristics are controlled by a large number of genes.
%rossing o(er (Pindah silang)
The process of exchanging genetic material between two non-sister chromatids
of a pair of homologous chromosomes during "rophase + of meiosis.
.
.enitrifcation (Pendenitritan)
The action of certain soil bacteria in changing %reducing( nitrates into simpler
compounds, such as nitrites, ammonia, and eventually to nitrogen gas.
.epressant (.epresen)
,rug that slows downs the activity of the central nervous system. 3xamples are
alcohol and barbiturates.
.iaphragm (.iafragma)
4. +n the respiratory system, a muscular membrane forming the $oor of the chest
cavity that, when contracted, pulls downwards, enlarging the chest cavity and
causing air to be drawn into the lungs.
5. A birth control device that is placed over the nec! of the cervix to prevent
sperm from entering the uterus, thereby preventing pregnancy.
.icot (.ikot)
6hort for dicotyledonous. A type of $owering plant characterised by seeds with
two cotyledons or seed leaves, modifed for food storage.
.iscontinuous (ariation (-ariasi tak selanjar)
.learly defned di2erences in a characteristic in individuals of a species it is
#ualitative %a feature is either present or absent( and is controlled by a single
gene with two or more alleles.
./A (./A)
,eoxyribonucleic acid, consisting of two deoxyri-bonucleotide strands coiled to
form a double helix.
.ominant allele (Alel dominan)
An allele that produces the phenotypic charac-
teristic both in the homo7ygous and hetero7ygous condition.
.ouble fertilisation (Persenya*aan ganda dua)
The process of fertilisation seen only in $owering plants %Angiosperms( involves
the fusion of a male gamete with an egg cell and another male gamete with two
polar nuclei in the embryo sac.
.o*ns syndrome (&indrom .o*n)
A genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 54.
.ry mass (Berat kering)
The mass or weight of an organism after the water content has been eliminated.
0
0cology (0kologi)
The branch of biology which studies interactions
among organisms as well as the interactions between organisms and their
environment.
0cosystem (0kosistem)
All the organisms and their physical environment
within a defned area.
0ctoparasite (0ktoparasit)
A parasite that lives on the outside of the host, for example, $eas.
01ector (0fektor)
A cell or organ such as muscles and glands that produces a physiological
response.
0mbryo sac (Pundi embrio)
A structure in the ovule of the $ower that contains eight haploid nuclei.
0mbryo (0mbrio)
The early stage of the development of a 7ygote in
a multicellular organism.
0ndocrine system (&istem endokrin)
The system of endocrine glands secreting hormones directly into the blood.
0ndoparasite (0ndoparasit)
A parasite that lives within its host, for example, tapeworms.
0ndosperm (0ndosperma)
6torage tissues with triploid nuclei found in seeds
and formed by the fusion of a male gamete with
two polar nuclei in the ovule.
0nzyme (0nzim)
*iological catalyst. A protein molecule that speeds up the rate of specifc
biological reactions.
0rythrocyte (0ritrosit)
8ed blood cell.
0,halation ("embus nafas)
+n mammals, it is the act of releasing air from the
lungs.
#
#2 (#2)
6hort form for frst flial generation. The o2spring that results when plants or
animals from the parent generation breed.
#3 (#3)
6hort form for second flial generation. The o2spring that is produced when F4
individuals are crossed or mated with each other.
#acilitated di1usion (Resapan berbantu)
The movement of molecules across a membrane,
assisted by specifc proteins embedded in the
membrane. +t does not re#uire energy.
#ermentation (Penapaian)
A form of anaerobic respiration that when
underta!en by yeasts and plants, produces energy, ethanol and carbon dioxide.
When underta!en in muscles, fermentation produces lactic acid and energy.
#ertilisation (Persenya*aan)
The process of fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete to form a 7ygote.
#ibrinogen (#ibrinogen)
A plasma protein that is converted into insoluble fbrin during blood clotting.
#oetus (#etus)
The later stages of mammalian embryonic development when the developing
animal has recognisable adult features.
Food chain %8antai ma!anan(
A linear feeding relationship in a community which shows the transfer of food
energy from organism
to organism. A food chain starts with a producer
%usually a green plant(, and arrows are used to show
the direction in which energy and nutrients $ow.
#resh mass (Berat basah)
The weight of a living organism.
9
9amete %9amet(
A reproductive cell that is haploid.
9anglion %pl. ganglia( %9anglion(
A cluster of the cell bodies of neurones.
9astric -uice %:us gaster(
A mixture of chemicals secreted by glands in the walls of the stomach to help
digest food. +t contains;
%a( the en7yme pepsin which brea!s down proteins into polypeptides
%b( the en7yme rennin which curdles mil!
%c( hydrochloric acid which !ills most of the bacteria present in food
%d( mucus which coats the walls of the stomach to prevent it from being digested
9ene mutation %<utasi gen(
A sudden random change in the se#uence of nucleotides in a particular gene.
9ene %9en(
A basic unit of inheritance which consists of a
specifc se#uence of nucleotides in the ,1A of chromosomes. +t determines the
characteristic of an organism.
9enerative nucleus %1u!leus pen-ana(
The nucleus in pollen that divides to become two male gametes.
9enotype %9enotip(
The genetic composition of an organism that determines its characteristics.
9enus %9enus(
Taxonomic group containing related species.
9ermination %"ercambahan(
The initial stage of growth and development of a seed, spore or pollen grain.
9lomerulus %9lomerulus(
A dense networ! of thin-walled capillaries, located within *owman)s capsule of
each nephron of the !idney, where blood pressure forces water and dissolved
nutrients through capillary walls for fltration by the nephron.
9raafan follicle %Foli!el 9raaf(
A mature follicle in the ovary of a mammal that contains the secondary oocyte
secretes the hormone oestrogen.
9ranulocyte %9ranulosit(
A white blood cell that has granular cytoplasm and a lobed nucleus.
0
0aemoglobin %0emoglobin(
8espiratory pigment containing protein and iron, located in red blood cells.
0aemophilia %0emoflia(
A hereditary, sex-lin!ed disease caused by defciency of clotting factors causes
the blood to clot very slowly.
0eart %:antung(
The muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system.
0eart attac! %6erangan -antung(
A severe reduction or bloc!age of blood $ow through a coronary artery, thus
cutting o2 the blood supply to heart muscles resulting in death of tissues.
0erbivore %0erbivor(
"lant-eating animal. An organism that feeds directly and exclusively on
vegetation a primary consumer.
0eterotroph %0eterotrof(
An organism which is unable to ma!e its own food, and thus depends on other
organisms as a source of food.
0etero7ygote %0etero7igot(
An organism or cell having two di2erent alleles of a gene for a particular
inherited characteristic.
0omeostasis %0omeostasis(
The maintenance of the physical and chemical composition of the internal
environment at a constant level.
0ormone %0ormon(
A chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands into the blood and
transported to target cells or organs where it induces a specifc physiological
response.
0ost %"erumah(
The organism on or in which a parasite or another species lives.
0ybrid %0ibrid(
An organism that is the o2spring of parents di2ering in at least one genetically
determined characteristic. Also used to refer to the o2spring of parents of
di2erent species.
0ydrostatic s!eleton %8ang!a hidrostati!(
A type of support system that uses $uid contained in body compartments to
provide support and mass against which muscles can contract. For example, the
earthworm has a hydrostatic s!eleton.
0ydrotropism %0idrotropisme(
The growth of plant roots towards water or moisture.
+
+mmune system %6istem !eimunan(
A system in vertebrates for the destruction of disease-causing microorganisms. +t
consists of white blood cells such as lymphocytes, and plasma cells and their
products.
+mmunity %=eimunan(
The ability of the body to defend itself against infection caused by pathogens or
the harmful e2ects of their toxins.
+mplantation %"enempelan(
The process in which the blastocyst attaches itself to the endometrium.
+nhalation %Tari! nafas(
+n mammals, this is the act of drawing air into the lungs by enlarging the chest
cavity.
+nheritance %"ewarisan(
Ac#uisition of characteristics by the transmission of genes from one generation
to another.
:
:oint %6endi(
A $exible region between two rigid units of an exos!eleton or endos!eleton,
allowing for movement between the units. The -oint is held together by various
muscles and tendons.
%a( The hinge -oint allows movement only in one plane, forward and bac!ward
%li!e the hinge of a door(. 3xamples are the elbow, !nee and !nuc!le -oints.
%b( The ball-and-soc!et -oint allows considerable movement - the bones can
swivel and move in many directions. 3xamples are the hip -oint and shoulder
-oint.
=
=aryotype %=ariotip(
A display of chromosome pairs of a somatic cell, arranged according to si7e and
shape.
=nee -er! %"antulan lutut(
A re$ex action when a tendon under the !nee cap is tapped. +t involves only two
neurones, an a2erent neurone and an e2erent neurone. The re$ex will cause the
#uadriceps muscle to contract and bring the lower leg forward.
=washior!or %=wasyior!or(
A protein-defciency disease, usually occurring in children raised in tropical
countries. The symptoms are a distended stomach %potbelly(, changes in s!in
pigmentation and diarrhoea.
>
>acteal %>a!teal(
A blind-ended, single, lymph capillary in each villus of the small intestine.
>aw of independent assortment %0u!um pengaturan bebas(
,uring gamete formation, each member of a pair of alleles may combine
randomly with either member of another pair of alleles.
>aw of segregation %0u!um segregasi(
The law of segregation states that each individual characteristic of an organism
is determined by a pair of alleles. The pair of alleles segregate during meiosis
and only one from each pair of alleles can be present in a single gamete.
>eucocyte %>eu!osit(
White blood cell
>igament %>igamen(
The elastic tissue that -oins two bones together.
>ignin %>ignin(
A hard material that is embedded in the cell walls of plants. +t increases the
strength of plant tissues and thus provides support in terrestrial plants.
>ocomotion %"ergera!an(
The ability of organisms to move from one place to another.
>ymph %>imfa(
The colourless $uid carried in the lymphatic vessels similar to tissue $uid but
does not contain red blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins.
<
<acrophage %<a!rofa-(
A type of white blood cell that engulfs microorganisms and destroys them by
phagocytosis.
<alignant %<alignan(
>ife-threatening and invasive. ?sually refers to the growth and spread of cancers.
<anometer %<anometer(
An instrument used to measure the pressure of a gas or li#uid. The basic
manometer consists of a ?-tube containing a !nown li#uid. For example,
mercury. /ne side of the ?-tube is connected to a gas supply, the pressure of
which is to be measured and the other side is exposed to atmospheric pressure.
<edulla %<edula(
4. The inner portion of some organs, as compared to the outer cortex. For
example, the adrenal medulla and the renal medulla.
5. +t is also commonly used to refer to the medulla oblongata of the brain.
<esophyll %<esofl(
6pecialised parenchyma cells beneath the epidermis of a leaf. There are often
two layers or mesophylls, the closely pac!ed upper palisade layer and the loosely
pac!ed lower spongy layer.
<onocot %<ono!ot(
6hort for monocotyledon, a type of $owering plant characterised by embryos
with one seed leaf or cotyledon.
<orphology %<orfologi(
The study of the form and structure of living things.
<orula %<orula(
A compact ball of cells formed from the repeated
mitotic division of a 7ygote, -ust before the blastocyst stage.
<utagen %<utagen(
An agent such as radiation and chemicals that causes mutations in an organism.
<utation %<utasi(
A sudden random change in the genetic material of a cell that alters the
genotype and hence the phenotype and functions of the cell or organism.
<utualism %<utualisme(
A symbiotic relationship in which both participa-ting species beneft.
<yelin sheath %6alut mielin(
A wrapping of insulating membranes around the
axons and dendrons of many vertebrate nerve cells. +t increases the transmission
speed of nerve impulses.
1
1egative feedbac! %6uap bali! negatif(
A situation in which a change initiates a series of events that tend to counteract
the change and restore the original state. 1egative feedbac! in physiological
systems maintains homeostasis.
1erve %6araf(
A bundle of axons of nerve cells, bound together in a sheath.
1erve tissue %Tisu saraf(
The tissue that ma!es up the brain, spinal cord and nerves. +t consists of
neurones and ganglia.
1ervous system %6istem saraf(
The system which is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral
nervous system it controls and coordinates responses of the body.
1icotine %1i!otin(
A poisonous and addictive organic compound found in cigarette smo!e.
1eurone %1euron(
1erve cell that conducts nerve impulses through the nervous system.
1ucleotides %1u!leotida(
The building bloc!s of a nucleic acid, each consis-ting of a fve-carbon sugar
lin!ed to a nitrogenous base and phosphate group.
/
/bese %9endut(
3xcessively fat
/pen circulatory system %6istem peredaran terbu!a(
A type of circulatory system found in some invertebrates, such as arthropods and
mollus!s, that includes an open space %the haemocoel( in which blood directly
bathes body tissues.
/perculum %/per!ulum(
An external $ap, supported by bone, which covers and protects the gills of most
fsh.
/smoregulation %"engosmo!awalaturan(
The control of the water content and the concentration of salts in the body.
/steoporosis %/steoporosis(
A condition in which bones become porous, wea!, brittle and easily fractured
most common in elderly women.
/vulation %"engovuman(
The release of the secondary oocyte from the 9raafan follicle in the ovary.
/7one layer %>apisan o7on(
The o7one-enriched layer of the upper atmosphere that flters out some of the
sun)s ultraviolet radiation.
"
"alisade cell %6el palisad(
A cell of the mesophyll layer, -ust beneath the upper epidermis, which contains a
lot of chloroplasts.
"arasitism %"arasitisme(
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism %the parasite( benefts by feeding
on the other %the host(, which is normally harmed.
"arthenocarpy %"arteno!arpi(
The formation and development of fruit without fertilisation produces fruit
without seeds.
"assive transport %"engang!utan pasif(
<ovement of substances into or out of cells along a concentration gradient, that
is, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 1o
energy is needed for this process. ,i2usion is an example.
"athogen %"atogen(
A microorganism or organism that causes disease.
"ectoral girdle %>eng!ungan pe!toral(
The bones that form the shoulder, consisting of the clavicle %collar bone( and
scapula %shoulder blade(.
"ectoral muscles %/tot pe!toral(
The muscles that are attached to the sternum and collar bone of vertebrates.
"edigree chart %.arta salasilah(
A diagram showing genetic relationships among a set of individuals, normally
with respect to a specifc genetic trait.
"elvic girdle %>eng!ungan pelvis(
The bones that form the hips it forms a -oint with the femur or thigh bone.
"eptide %"eptida(
A chain composed of two or more amino acids lin!ed together by peptide bonds.
"eristalsis %in the digestive tract( %peristalsis(
8hythmic, coordinated contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles of the
digestive tract that moves food through the digestive tract.
"etiole %"etiol(
The stal! that connects the blade of a leaf to the stem.
"henotype %Fenotip(
Any observable or detectable characteristic of an organism.
"hloem %Floem(
The vessels that transport dissolved organic substances from the leaves to other
parts of the plant.
"hytoplan!ton %Fitoplan!ton(
.ommunity of photosynthetic microorganisms that drift or $oat in the well-lit
surface layer %euphotic 7one( in an a#uatic environment.
"lacenta %"lasenta(
A temporary organ derived from foetal and maternal tissue located in the uterus
of higher mammals it is the site of exchange of materials between the foetus
and the mother.
"lasma %"lasma(
The li#uid part of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended.
"latelet %"latlet(
A cellular fragment in blood that plays an important role in blood clotting.
"olar nuclei %1u!leus !utub(
The two nuclei in the centre of the embryo sac that are involved in double
fertilisation they fuse with a male gamete to form the triploid nucleus of the
endosperm tissue.
"ollen tube %Tiub debunga(
The tube that grows out of a germinating pollen grain. +t carries male gametes to
the ovule.
"ollination %"endebungaan(
The process in which pollen are transferred from the anther to the stigma of a
$ower.
"rimary consumer %"engguna primer(
An organism that feeds on plants or algae. Also !nown as herbivores. +n
terrestrial ecosystems, these organisms are mainly insects, rodents and
ruminants. +n a#uatic ecosystems, they are mainly 7ooplan!ton.
@
@uadrat %=uadrat(
+n ecological studies, an area of !nown si7e used to measure some property, for
example, distribution number in a population.
8
8eceptor %8eseptor(
A cell %receptor cell( or a group of cells %sensory organ( specialised to detect a
particular stimulus and initiate the transmission of nerve impulses via a2erent
neurones.
8ecessive allele %Alel resesif(
The phenotypic characteristic of a recessive allele is only expressed in the
homo7ygous condition it is not expressed in a hetero7ygote.
8e$ex action %Tinda!an re$e!s(
A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus which is not under conscious control.
8e$ex arc %Ar!a re$e!s(
The pathway ta!en by impulses in a re$ex action the pathway involves
receptors, a2erentAsensory neurones, the central nervous system, e2erentAmotor
neurones and e2ectors.
8eplication %8epli!asi(
The copying of the double-stranded ,1A molecule, producing two identical ,1A
double helices.
8h factor %Fa!tor 8h(
The antigen that determines the rhesus blood group. +t is a protein present on
the red blood cells of some people %8h-positive( but not others %8h-negative(.
The exposure of 8h-negative individuals to 8h-positive blood triggers the
production of antibodies in response to the antigens on 8h-positive blood cells.
8esponse %9era! balas(
The physiological, muscular or behavioural activity that reacts to a stimulus.
8oot hair %8erambut a!ar(
A fne pro-ection of an epidermal cell of a young root that increases the
absorptive surface area of the root.
8oot nodule %1odul a!ar(
A swelling on the root of a legume or other plants that consists of cortical cells
%cells of the cortex( inhabited by nitrogen-fxing bacteria.
8oot pressure %Te!anan a!ar(
A force that pushes water and dissolved minerals up from the root into the xylem
vessels in the stem.
6
6aprophytes %6aproft(A 6aprotrophs %6aprotrof(
/rganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, that get their nutrients by brea!ing down
organic wastes and dead organisms. Also !nown as decomposers.
6cientifc method %=aedah saintif!(
A system in which a problem is identifed, a hypothesis is made and tested
through experimentation or additional observation, relevant data are gathered,
and fnally a conclusion is drawn.
6cientifc name %1ama saintif!(
The name of an organism formed from the two smallest ma-or taxonomic
categories B the genus and the species.
6clerenchyma %6!leren!ima(
"lant cells with walls thic!ened by cellulose and lignin forms the wood of many
trees.
6curvy %6!urvi(
A defciency disease caused by lac! of vitamin . in the diet.
6econdary consumer %"engguna se!under(
An organism that feeds on primary consumers. Also called carnivores.
6ex chromosomes %=romosom se!s(
A pair of chromosomes containing genes that determine the sex of an individual.
6ex-lin!ed gene %9en terang!ai se!s(
A gene located on a sex chromosome.
6ic!le-cell anaemia %Anemia sel sabit(
A genetic disease caused by a gene mutation which
alters the structure of haemoglobin the abnormal haemoglobin distorts the red
blood cell into a sic!le shape and reduces the amount of oxygen that is carried to
tissues thereby causing anaemia.
6ino-atrial node %1odus sino-atrium(
The specialised neuro-muscular tissues in the heart that act as a pacema!er.
6!eletal muscles %/tot rang!a(
<uscles which are attached to the s!eleton they contract to bring about
movement.
6timulus %8angsangan(
Any change in the external or internal environment of an organism.
6tro!e %6tro!(
An interruption of blood $ow to part of the brain caused by the rupture of an
artery, or the bloc!ing of an artery by a blood clot. >oss of blood supply leads to
rapid death of the area of the brain a2ected.
6ymbiosis %6imbiosis(
A close interaction between individuals of di2erent species over an extended
period. 6ymbiosis includes parasitism, mutualism and commensalism.
6ynovial $uid %*endalir sinovia(
The clear $uid present in -oints that acts as a lubricant.
T
Taxis %pl. taxes( %Ta!sis(
The directed movement of an entire organism %as opposed to part of an
organism( towards or away from a stimulus such as heat, light, gravity or
chemicals.
Taxonomy %Ta!sonomi(
The science by which organisms are classifed into hierarchically arranged
categories that re$ect their evolutionary relationships.
Tertiary consumer %"engguna tertier(
A carnivore that feeds on other carnivores %secondary consumers(.
Tertiary structure %6tru!tur tertier(
The complex, three-dimensional structure of a single peptide chain.
Thorax %Tora!s(
4. +n insects, it is the segmented region between the head and the abdomen to
which structures used in locomotion %wings and legs( are attached.
5. +n mammals, it is the area above the diaphragm which includes the heart and
the lungs within the rib cage.
Trait %Trait(
3ach variant of a characteristic.
Transect %Transe!(
+n ecology, a line, a strip or a profle for counting and mapping.
Translocation %Translo!asi(
The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.
Transpiration %Transpirasi(
The loss of water rapour from the plant to the atmosphere. +t occurs mainly in
the leaves through stomatal pores.
Tropism %Tropism(
A directional growth response shown by part of a plant in response to a unilateral
stimulus.
Tube nucleus %1u!leus tiub(
The nucleus in the pollen tube that guides the direction of growth of the pollen
tube.
?
?ltrafltration %?ltraturasan(
The process in which hydrostatic pressure causes water and small, dissolved
molecules to flter out from the blood plasma in the glomerulus into *owman)s
capsule of the nephron.
C
Cariation %Cariasi(
The di2erences between individuals of a species.
Cector-animal vector %Cector haiwan(
An organism that carries disease-causing organisms %pathogens( from one living
thing to another. For
example, certain mos#uitoes are vectors for the malaria parasite.
Cein %Cena(
A vessel that carries blood to the heart.
Centricle %Centri!el(
A lower chamber of the heart that receives blood from the atria and pumps it into
the arterial system.
Certebra %Certebra(
6mall, uni#uely shaped bones that articulate with one another to form the
vertebral column.
Cesicle %Cesi!el(
A small, membrane-bound sac within the cytoplasm.
Cillus %pl. villi( %Cilus(
A fnger-li!e pro-ection of the inner wall of the small intestine that increases the
surface area for absorption of soluble food material.
Cirus %Cirus(
A non-cellular, parasitic particle that is composed of hereditary information %,1A
or 81A( surrounded by a protein coat. A virus multiplies within a cell of a living
organism %the host(.
&
&ylem vessel %Cesel xilem(
A vessel that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to other
parts of a plant.
'
'east %'is(
?nicellular fungi that reproduce by budding.
D
Dooplan!ton %Dooplan!ton(
1on-photosynthetic, microscopic animals which feed on abundant phytoplan!ton
that exist in the a#uatic environment.
Dygote %Digot(
The diploid cell that is produced when two haploid gametes fuse during
fertilisation.

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