AIR POLLUTION- by Muhammad Syukri Bin Salman_B6

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SM SAINS SELAN!OR
"#ERAS$ %UALA LUMPUR
AIR
POLLUTION
Nam& ' Muhammad Syukri Bin
Salman
I" N( ' )))*)-)-)+6,
"la-- ' USA#A *).
SCIENCE FROM 1- B6 D5 E1
Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/& )
AIR POLLUTION- by Muhammad Syukri Bin Salman_B6
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Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/&
AIR POLLUTION- by Muhammad Syukri Bin Salman_B6
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Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to express my appreciation to everyone
who had assist me with my PBS Science 201 !y wishin" thank you to
my Science teacher, Puan #osellina for her "uidance in explainin" how
to do my PBS Science 201 entitled Air Pollution$
I would like to express my "ratitude to my fellow friends and my
seniors who support me to make this pro%ect$
&he special thanks are also !e "iven to my father and mother for
their effort in teachin" me how to download information from internet as
well as their moral support$ I think without their support, help and
"uidance, this portfolio will not !e a!le to meet it success$
Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/& *
AIR POLLUTION- by Muhammad Syukri Bin Salman_B6
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"(n0&n0-

Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/& .
No Subtopic Pages
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 Examples Of Air Pollutants 4
3.0 Sources of Air Pollutants 4
4.0 The effects of Air Pollution
!.0 The steps needed to pre"ent and
control air pollution 13
#.0 The $a%s to maintain clean air 14
&.0 Practise to maintain clean air 1!
'.0 (onclusion 1#
)eferences
1&
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1)In0r(du20i(n
'ir pollution is the contamination of the atmosphere !y any toxic or
radioactive "ases and particulate matter as a result of human activity$ &here are (
ma%or air pollutants such as car!on monoxide )*+,, sulphur oxides )S+, S+2, S+,,
particulates, hydrocar!ons, and photochemical oxidants$
The composition of air The average percentage of its components by volume
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Inert Gases Others !"#7%
$arbon %ioxi&e !"!'%
&here are several main t%pes of pollution and well-known effects of pollution
which are commonly discussed$ &hese include smo", acid rain, the "reenhouse
effect, and .holes. in the o/one layer$ 0ach of these pro!lems has serious
implications for our health and well-!ein" as well as for the whole environment$
+ne type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from !urnin"
fuel for ener"y$ 1iesel smoke is a "ood example of this particulate matter $ &he
particles are very small pieces of matter measurin" a!out 2$( microns or a!out $0001
inches$ &his type of pollution is sometimes referred to as .!lack car!on. pollution$
&he exhaust from !urnin" fuels in automo!iles, homes, and industries is a ma%or
source of pollution in the air$ Some authorities !elieve that even the !urnin" of wood
and charcoal in fireplaces and !ar!e2ues can release si"nificant 2uantites of soot
into the air$
'nother type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as sulphur
dioxide, car!on monoxide, nitro"en oxides, and chemical vapors$ &hese can take
part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, formin" smo"
and acid rain$
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'ir pollution can !e found !oth outdoors and indoors$ Pollution also needs to
!e considered inside our homes, offices, and schools$ Some of these pollutants can
!e created !y indoor activities such as smokin" and cookin"$ 3e spend a!out 40-
506 of our time inside !uildin"s, and so our exposure to harmful indoor pollutants
can !e serious$ It is therefore important to consider !oth indoor and outdoor air
pollution$
*1) E3am4l&- O5 Air P(llu0an0-
Tobacco Smoke
&o!acco smoke is one of the ma%or forms of pollution in !uildin"s$ It is not only
the smoker who is infected, !ut everyone who inhales the polluted air$ &here
is a very stron" connection !etween smokin" and lun" cancer$ Bronchitis is
common amon" smokers and un!orn !a!ies of mothers who smoke also
suffer from the harmful effects of smokin"$
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Exhaust Gases of Vehicles
Pollution from exhaust "ases of vehicles is reponsi!le for 706 of all air
pollution and in cities up to 406$ &here is a lar"e variety of harmful chemicals
present in these "ases, with lead !ein" one of the most dan"erous$
Combustion of Coal
&he com!ustion of caol without special precautions can have serious
conse2uences$ If winds do not !low away the poisonous "ases, they can
have fatal effects and may lead to death$
Acid rain
'cid rain is the term for pollution caused when sulfur and nitro"en dioxides
com!ine with atmospheric moisture to produce hi"hly acidic rain, snow, hail,
or fo"$ &he acid eats into the stone, !rick and metal articles and pollutes water
sources$ *oal in South 'frica is rich in sulphur and the power stations in the
8pumalan"a Province could !e responsi!le for acid rain over other areas of
our country$
.1) Sources of Air Pollutants
&here are many natural sources of air pollution such as eruption of volcanoes,
!iolo"ical decay and li"htnin"-caused forest fire$ 9aturally, the 0arth already has
its own air pollution loadin"$ :owever, industriali/ation or %ust everyday routines
has !ecome added !urden to the existin" air pollution loadin"$ Sources of air
pollution are as explained !elow ;-
Industrial and development activities
8alaysia<s economic "rowth is mainly !ased on its manufacturin" )especially
electronics,, chemical and ru!!er industries$ But hi"her production rates also
lead to hi"her emissions of or"anic and inor"anic "ases, chemicals and dust$
1ifferent industries emit different pollutants$ For example, the chemical industry
releases emissions that contain many nitro"en and sulphur compounds while
refineries dischar"e sulphur dioxide and hydrocar!ons$ &he metal workin"
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industry is partially responsi!le for the emissions of sulphur dioxide and lar"e
amounts of toxic dust$ :uman activities have resulted in harmful su!stances and
pollutin" emissions !ein" released into the air$ &hey endan"er our health and our
natural ecosystem, and lead to an additional "reenhouse effect$ (Text : 'Clean
Air For Our Cities, 2006, b !O" #alasia $ %er&an Tec'nical Co(
operation)
Besides emissions of toxic dust, unplanned and uncontrolled development of
industrial premises or /ones leads to noise pollution and vi!ration distur!ance$
&he use of conventional pilin" methods and the sound of exhaust fans in
factories are some of the common activities that "enerate hi"h sound level$
otor vehicles
8odern society is hi"hly dependent on motori/ed transportation such as cars,
trucks, and railways$ 8ovement of people and "oods re2uires ener"y which relies
mostly on the !urnin" of fossil fuels, thus causin" emissions and noise with
adverse local effects$
&he air 2uality of the different transport modes depends on the kind of ener"y,
en"ine technolo"y and the amount of ener"y consumed$ 3ithin the transport
sector motori/ed road traffic is the main emission source while pu!lic transport is
environmentally friendlier than passen"er cars$
In 200=, nearly 1= million vehicles were re"istered in 8alaysia, almost dou!le the
num!er from a decade a"o$ &he num!er will increase in the next few years, with
hi"her disposa!le incomes, rural-ur!an mi"ration and the lack of efficient pu!lic
transport systems$ (Text : 'Clean Air For Our Cities, 2006, b !O" #alasia $
%er&an Tec'nical Co(operation)
Po!er Generation
8ost of the ener"y is produced in conventional power plants !urnin" fossil fuels
like natural "as, oil or coal$ &he effectiveness of these power plants is a!out ( to
=0 per cent with the remainin" chemical ener"y converted into heat$
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't the moment, 8alaysia produces 476 of its electricity in conventional power
plants and 1=6 in hydroelectric power plants$(Text : 'Clean Air For Our Cities,
2006, b !O" #alasia $ %er&an Tec'nical Co(operation)
Ever"da" #outine
:ousehold contri!ute to air pollution mainly throu"h the use of ener"y that is
re2uired to run machines and electrical appliances such as refri"erators$
#efri"erators and air conditioners not only consume ener"y !ut they pollute the
environment when their coolant fluids release *hlorofluorocar!on )*F*, into the
atmosphere$ *hemicals used in houses and "ardens are also sources of pollution
as well as toxic waste$ (Text : 'Clean Air For Our Cities, 2006, b !O"
#alasia $ %er&an Tec'nical Co(operation)
$pen %urning
Burnin" of older existin" plantations for re-plantin" creates lar"e amounts of soot
particles$ &hese soot particles can !e !lown over lon" distances and are mainly
responsi!le for the ha/e that often covers the sky a!ove 8alaysia$ &hese fires
not only pollute the air !ut also destroy the rich ha!itat of the flora and fauna$
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'ir Pollution caused !y industrial activities
Smo" in !i" cities
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'ir Pollution caused !y vehicles
'ir Pollution ) 9atural and 8anufactured,
'ir Pollution )Indoor Pollution,
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'ir Pollution caused !y fire
4.0 The efects of Air Pollution
=$1 &he >reenhouse 0ffect
&he "reenhouse effect is a process !y which radiative ener"y leavin" a
planetary surface is a!sor!ed !y some atmospheric "ases, called "reenhouse
"ases$ &hey transfer this ener"y to other components of the atmosphere, and it is re-
radiated in all directions, includin" !ack down towards the surface$
Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/&
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=$2 &hinnin" +f &he +/one ?ayer
&he thinnin" of the o/one layer is mainly due to chlorofluorocar!ons
)*F*,$+nce in the stratosphere, *F* are !roken down !y ultraviolet rays$ 's a
result,the hi"hly reactive chlorine radicals )*l, are release$ &hese chlorine radicals
!reak down o/one molecules, or in a chain reaction$
Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/& *
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=$ 'cid #ain
'cid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic$ It
can have harmful effects on plants, a2uatic animals, and infrastructure throu"h the
process of wet deposition$ 'cid rain is caused !y emissions of compounds of
ammonium, car!on, nitro"en, and sulphur which react with the water molecules in
the atmosphere to produce acids$
Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/& .
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Sources, ealth and !elfare "fects for #riteria Pollutants.
Pollutant $escri%tion Sources ealth "fects !elfare "fects
"arb(n
M(n(3id&
8"O9
"(l(rl&--$
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m&n0al al&r0n&--$
h&ar0 a00a2k$
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di-&a-&-$ im4air&d
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-m(/1
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9
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in ;a0&r :a4(r
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and in0&ra20
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manu5a20ur& (5
-ul5uri2 a2id
and -m&l0in/ (5
(r&- 2(n0ainin/
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;h&&=in/$ 2h&-0
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(5 br&a0h$ lun/
dama/&1
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5(rma0i(n (5 a2id
rain$ :i-ibili0y
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R&ddi-h br(;n$
hi/hly r&a20i:&
/a-1
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and (0h&r
indu-0rial$
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in5&20i(n-$ irri0a0i(n
(5 0h& lun/ and
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5(rma0i(n (5
-m(/$ a2id rain$
;a0&r >uali0y
Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/& +
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2(mm&r2ial$
and r&-id&n0ial
-(ur2&- 0ha0
burn 5u&l-1
r&-4ira0(ry
-ym40(m- 8&1/1$
2(u/h$ 2h&-0 4ain$
di?2ul0y br&a0hin/91
d&0&ri(ra0i(n$
/l(bal ;armin/$
and :i-ibili0y
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O=(n& 8O
.
9 !a-&(u-
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and 2&r0ain
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(0h&r air
4(llu0an0- in 0h&
4r&-&n2& (5
-unli/h01
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irri0a0i(n$ 2(u/hin/$
r&-4ira0(ry 0ra20
4r(bl&m-$ a-0hma$
lun/ dama/&1
Plan0 and
&2(-y-0&m
dama/&1
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&l&m&n0
M&0al r&<n&ri&-$
l&ad -m&l0&r-$
ba00&ry
manu5a20ur&r-$
ir(n and -0&&l
4r(du2&r-1
An&mia$ hi/h bl((d
4r&--ur&$ brain and
kidn&y dama/&$
n&ur(l(/i2al
di-(rd&r-$ 2an2&r$
l(;&r&d IB1
AC&20- animal-
and 4lan0-$
aC&20- a>ua0i2
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indu-0ri&-$
;indbl(;n du-0$
;((d -0(:&-1
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4(i-(nin/$
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dama/&1
51) The ste%s needed to %re&ent
and control air %ollution
'ir pollution has many disastrous effects that need to !e cur!ed$ In order to
accomplish this, "overnments, scientists and environmentalists are usin" or testin" a
variety of methods aimed at reducin" pollution$
In many countries in the world, steps are !ein" taken to stop the dama"e to our
environment from air pollution$ Scientific groups study the dama"in" effects on
plant, animal and human life$ &egislative bodies write laws to control emissions$
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Educators in schools and universities teach students, !e"innin" at very youn" a"es,
a!out the effects of air pollution$
&he first step to solvin" air pollution is assessment$ #esearchers have investi"ated
outdoor air pollution and have developed standards for measurin" the type and
amount of some serious air pollutants$
Scientists must then determine ho$ much exposure to pollutants is harmful$
+nce exposure levels have !een set, steps can !e undertaken to reduce exposure
to air pollution$ &hese can !e accomplished !y re"ulation of man-made pollution
throu"h le"islation$ 8any countries have set controls on pollution emissions for
transportation vehicles and industry$ &his is usually done to throu"h a variety of
coordinatin" a"encies which monitor the air and the environment
&here are two main types of pollution control$
Input control involves preventin" a pro!lem !efore it occurs, or at least limitin" the
effects the process will produce$
Five ma%or input control methods exist$ People may try to restrict population "rowth,
use less ener"y, improve ener"y efficiency, reduce waste, and move to non-pollutin"
renewa!le forms of ener"y production$ 'lso, automo!ile-produced pollution can !e
decreased with hi"hly !eneficial results$ +utput control, the opposite method, seeks
to fix the pro!lems caused !y air pollution$ &his usually means cleanin" up an area
that has !een dama"ed !y pollution$ Input controls are usually more effective than
output controls$ +utput controls are also more expensive, makin" them less
desira!le to tax payers and pollutin" industries$
*urrent air pollution control efforts are not all hi"hly effective$ In wealthier countries,
industries are often a!le to shift to methods that decrease air pollution$ In the @nited
States, for example, air pollution control laws have !een successful in stoppin" air
pollution levels from risin"$ :owever, in developin" countries and even in countries
where pollution is strictly re"ulated, much more needs to !e done$
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61) Th& ;ay- 0( main0ain 2l&an air
&he >reenhouse effect
Build the factories far from the house
Build tall chimney
&hinnin" of the o/one layer
reduce the usa"e of refri"erators, air conditioners and vehicles
&urn of the li"hts and the faucet when not in use$
'cid #ain
&ry to reduce, reuse, and recycle as often as you can
&ry not to !urn a fire as often as you usually do
61) Pra20i-& 0( main0ain 2l&an air
Formin" and implementin" a car pool will reduce the num!er
of cars, there!y, preventin" air pollution !y cuttin" down the use of fossil fuels$

Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/& 6
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3henever possi!le, try to travel !y pu!lic transports$ &his helps
in two ways, prevents air pollution and increases pu!lic income$

If you are "oin" to a near!y place, "o !y walkin" or use !icycle,
instead of usin" your vehicle$ &he o!%ective is to minimi/e the use of fuels, as far as
possi!le$

Switch off the li"hts, fans, air conditioners, televisions, and other
appliances, when not in use$ Aou can also share a room with others when the air
conditioner or fan is on, instead of switchin" them on in every room$
71) "ON"LUSION
+ne of the !i""est reasons that we can have poor air 2uality is from fuel !urnin"
cars and factories$ If we want to have cleaner air then we can pass laws that will
demand that the factories have to pass certain 2uality test or they cannot operate$
'lso we need to have !etter emissions with our cars and it is possi!le within a short
period of time to "et cars to emit /ero emissions$ By doin" this we will !e a!le to
improve air 2uality and it will make our o/one layer !etter as well$
Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/& 7
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#emem!er that we need to have "ood air 2uality to survive and if we make some
chan"es with our vehicles and our factories then we can create an environment
where we can have clean air and reverse "lo!al warmin"$ :elp to make these
chan"es possi!le and live in a world that we can !e proud of$ 3e can do some
everyday thin"s that will help the environment$ 8ake sure that you only have li"hts
on in the room you are in$ 'nother easy way to help is to plant a tree in your yard or
to "et involved in a tree plantin" pro"ram$ Buy pump !ottles instead of aerosol cans
or you can car pool to school or work$ &here is no reason why you should have to
drive alone when you know a!out 10 people who are "oin" to the same place you
are every sin"le day$ 1rive slower, this may seem like an odd one !ut the faster you
"o the faster your en"ine works, the more fuel it uses and the more "ases that are
!ein" put into the air$ Bust !y drivin" the speed limit or five under you can help to
save the environment$
's we know air is the most important need of livin" thin"s$ 3hen it !ecomes
polluted, the life of humans, plants and animals will !e in dan"er$ 'ir pollution means
the presence of harmful su!stances in the air which impure our environment$ 'ir
Pollution "ives rise to serious health ha/ards and responsi!le for various types of life
threatenin" diseases$ :ence it is utmost important that proper attention should !e
"iven in controllin" and minimi/in" those activities which causes this pollution and
also appropriate restriction should !e put in place in usin" those means which
contri!utes towards it$ So, save our environment from any pollutions that can
dama"e livin" thin"s life$
'"("'")#"S
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http;CCwww$articles!ase$comCenvironment-articlesChelp-clean-up-
air-pollution-can-we-improve-air-2uality-!y-reducin"-pollution-
55=121$htmlDix//0u1B/e0E7
Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/& ,
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http;CCwww$doe$"ov$myCmsCcontentCpunca-punca-pencemaran-
udara
http;CCen$wikipedia$or"CwikiC>reenhouseFeffect
http;CCen$wikipedia$or"CwikiC'cidFrain
http;CCen$wikipedia$or"CwikiC+/oneFdepletion
http;CCwww$!u//le$comCarticlesCways-to-prevent-air-
pollution$html
http;CCwww$tutorvista$comC!iolo"yCconclusion-on-air-pollution
Muhammad Syukri bin Salman_)))*)-)-)+6, _SM Sain- S&lan/(r Pa/& *)