S CHEVALIER - P roj ec t Engi neer - Hydroplus I nternati onal
S T CULSHAW - Area Manager - Hydropl us I nternati onal J P .FAUQUEZ - P r si dent - Hydr opl us I nternati onal SYNOPSIS. The Hydropl us f usegates c an be ut i l i z ed for i nc reasi ng li v e storage c apac i ty of dams w i t h ungated spi l l w ays and/ or f or i mprov i ng spi li w ay safety w i thout sac ri fi c i ng storage c apac i ty they are designed to rotate ( ti lt) in succession w hen th rservoir lev! reaches predetermined l v ations thereby preventing. t h flood f rom ov ertoppi ng t h dam. This paper discusses v aryi ng approac hes i n th use of t h System to solv e th problem of safety w orldw i de i nc l udi nu th Dov e St one r serv oir i n th North West of Enul and. I NTRODUCTI ON. Under normal c ondi t i ons fusegates inc rease th , ac tiv e storage area of r serv oirs The l ab yr i nt h w ei r c onf i gur at i on allow s for increased disc harge at low er heads t han c onv ent i onal spi llw ays The fusegate design allow s for th fusegates to ov erturn dur i ng hi gh or extrme flood ev ents thereby allow i ng more flow t hrough th spi l i w ay Thse Systems c an increase th ac tiv e storage of a r serv oir and inc rease t h di sc harge c apac i ty for extrme ev ents so t hat th design flood may pass w i t hout ov ertoppi ng th exi sti ng dam and thus reduc ing or ei i mi nat i ng t h need for increasing th dam height THE CONCEPT. The Hydroplus system c onsi sts of one or more adj ac ent but i ndependent fusegate uni t s resti ng on t h ov erspi ll si ll and held i n plac e solely by grav i ty forces. The f usegates are ov ertopped by moderate floods In case of larger floods. some l ments are ov rturned by r ot at i ng ab out lugs loc ated at th dow nstream edge of t h si l l The numb er of uni ts ac ti v ated aw ay i s graded to sui t th hydrogrnph of th par t i c ul ar expec ted flood and matc h th requi red disc harge flow Eac h uni t sits f reei y on a c onc rte slab c emented i nt o th crest and c onsists of three parts * The f auc k et i t o p par t ) made of steei or rei nforc ed c onc rte w i th c an be giv en a l ab yr i nt h shnpe to i nc rease th ov erspill length so that moderate floods c an be di sc harged w i t h a rel ati v el y small head on th l i p. * The b ottom c hamb er base made of steel or rei nf orc ed concrte. * The w ei l a f unnel l ed c ondui t i nto th c hamber w hi c h begi ns to f i l l for a giv en r serv oi r lev el Wells are set at di f f rent l v ati ons. The rservoir as an asset. Thomas Telford. London, 1996 CHEVALIER ETAL 133 When r serv oir level reaches a given l v ation, w ater flow s through th well i nto th c hamber Pressure b ui lts up in th bottom chamber and w hen suf c i ent v ertical upl i f t lias been mobiiiz ed, th fusegate rottes about th abutment block s located at th dow nstream edge of th sill. The triggering system is very prcise and leav es an ample safety margin until th rservoir level reaches th predetermined l v ation ac tiv ating a given lment. The fusegate on th spi i lw ay crest is ac ti ng in three diff rent ways depending on headw ater level * As part of th dam. as long as th rservoir level does not exceed th fusegate buc k et top edge * as a w eir, w hen hendw ater level is hi gher than th fusegate top edge but lower than th predetermined level causing th fusegate to overturn * As a "fuse" or a regular spiilw ay gte w hen headw ater reaches thi s predetermined level and triggers th upli f t Once th flood lias receded. th ov erturned f usegate is si mply li fted bac k on th sill or replaced w ith an identic ai new uni t if seriously damaged E.xtensiv e theoreti c al research has been c onduc ted on fusegate performanc e when spilling and rotating and thorough model testing programs were performed to v alidate th matli emati c al approac h Testing of fusegates was performed at th Tennessee Vailey Authority f ac i li ti es at Norris (Tenn ). Thse tests v ali dated very precisely th behav iour of th Hydroplus fusegates under v arious c irc umstanc es and c ondi ti ons. Also. Ice has been th subj ec t of sp c ifie research at th Insti tute for Mari ne Dynami c s of th Nati onal Researc h Counc il, in St J ohn's, Canada and at th Sc i enti f i c Research I nst i t ut e of Energy Struc tures, in Moscow, Russia Water inlet Ballast Drain hole Underface Abutment block Water is spilling overthe crest 34 / THE RESERVOIR AS AN ASSET Water inlel Ballast Underface Drain hole Abutment block The inlet stack admits water Water inlet \ Ballast Underface Abutment block The fusegate tips off FUSEO'ATE CONFIGURATIONS. The fusegate System may form a labyri nth or straight crest to th weir. 1 - Labyrinth Crest Fuseuates A buc k et shape is used to form a labyri nth crest capable of overspilling a nappe quivalent to 30 - 150% of th fusegate height. The buck et is open at th upstream side An ali gnment of buc k ets forms a labyrinth crest w hich allow s moderate floods to spill w i th a reduced head on th crest. The developed length of th l ab yri nth is approximateiv three times that of a concrte sill length. The buck et height is commonly 1m to 6.5m, depending on th clients needs. 2 - Straight Crested Fuseuates There are three types of straight-crested fusegates : Emergenc y Fiisegntes are designed to ov erttirn before or j ust after being overtopped. They are used as bac k -up to conv entional gtes in th event of very large floods or gte mai f unc t i on. They may be 1m to 10m in height. CHEVALIER ETAL /35 Intense Cold Env i ronment Fiisegates are designed to be very stable and their upstream face are shaped and f i ni shed to reduce ice loading, fric tion and abrasion. Hi gh ff ends Fusegates are designed to w ithstand hi gh heads on th fusegate crest They are c onstruc ted to obtai n th best discharge coefficient and may be large (20m w ide) and c apable of remai ni ng stable w hen spilling under a head of up four times thei r height Oversptlllxg crest D/S abutment btock / SUe abtamta bleck Dotonstream Concrte stU V/S seai stnp Upstream view of abyrinth crest ftisegate Drain boles Pressure cbamber Base Bottom view of labyrinh crest fusegate 36 / THE RESERVOIR AS AN ASSET CASE STUDES. Case I Lussas Dam in th South-Central France provides irrigation water for agric ulture on th Lussas pi ai n The dam is an earth construction 19.5m high The spilhvay is situated on th left bank and is 36m in length. The runo/F pattern is governed by sudden. heavy storms on th relativelv large catchment (26.2 k m) vvhich accounts for a large design flood. The spiTlway vvas modified and th fusegates i nstalled in two summer months of 1991 to increase th rservoir storage c apac ity. The rservoir was successfully filled in time for crop irrigation soon after. During a flood in th w i nter of 994 one fusegate ov erturned at th correct w ater l v ation and w as replaced soon after for th rservoir to f i ll for th next crop season. * - New storaue capacity 420,000 cubic mtres * -Si l I length" " 35m * - New spilhvay capacity 250 c ubic mtres per second * - Fusegate number 10 * - Fusegate height 2.15 mtres * - Fusegate w i dth , 3 5 mtres * - Slorage increase 30% * - Spilhvay c apac i ty increase 15% Case 2 The Wanak bori pic k -up Weir in Guj arat State in India w as bui lt to collect w ater to irrigate two hundred thousand hectares of agricultural land Subs quent constructions of several dams upstream resulted in higher flood control and so reduced by 2 mtres th \v ater head av ailable at th weir No c onv entional method was cost effectiv e to restore th requested head on th 678 m long spilhv ay. The Hydroplus solution consisted in th i nstallati on of thirty three straight crested high overspill concrte fusegates tw o meter high and tw enty mtre long. The first fusegate ti l t for a flood of about 20 000 cubic mtres per second \v hic h correspond to a 6 mtres overspill over t h fusegates. * - New storage capacity 8-4.000,000 cubic mtres * - Sill length ~ 675 mtres * - New spilhvay capacity 4~ .000 mtres per second * - Fusegate number 33 * - Fusegate height 2 mtres * - Fusegate w idth 20 mtres * -Storage increase 100% * - Spilhvay capacity increase nil Case 3 Caillaouas Dam is at an alti tude of 2.170 mtres in th French Pyrnes, f t is a masonry structure at th end of small but very deep natural Iak e. Three straight crested fusegates hve been installed. to improve dam safety. A flap gte lias also been installed to discharge moderate floods. The fusegates give The extra capacity to discharge th design flood. The combination of a flap gte and fusegates pr sents t h two-fold adv antage of good control of th CHEVALIER ETAL 1 37 rservoir level Because of th area in \v hic h th dam is located, th fusegates were transported and i nstalled by helic opter The op ration nianuai for th c lient i nc ludes requirements for ic e c ondi ti ons * - Storage c apac i ty 25,400.000 cubic mtres * - Sill length 7 4 mtres * - New spilhv ay capacity 29 3 cubic mtres per second * - Fusegate nurnb er 3 * - Fusegate hei ght 1 5 mtres * - Fusegate w i dth 1 6 mtres * - Storage increase nil * - Spilhvay capacity increase 1 90% Case 4 The Shongw eni Dam i s loc ated i n Kw a Zul u i n Natal i n th Repub li c of South Africa. The dam was ori gi nally b ui l t in th 1920's, th ungat ed spilhv ay w as 1 26 mtres The ori gi nal design flood w as rated at 1 ,250 c ubic mtres per second Alter inspection in 1988 th design flood was re- evaluated at 5.000 cubic mtres per second The new safety requirements w ere not satisficd for tw o reasons. ( a) th dam struc ture w as inad quate and (b) th spilhv ay c ould not disc harge th re-ev aluated design flood. The c l i ent examin e! f our alternati v es but settled on low eri ng th spilhv ay by 8 mtres The spilhv ay w as eut bac k 7 9 mtres and ten 6 5 mtres high fusegates w ere installed The resuit was that th rservoir level was lowered only by 1 4 mtres The first fusegate is designed to tip for a flood that occurs every 240 years Each fusegate weight was some 120 tonnes and since th cablew ay sa te w ork i ng load w as 5 tonnes t h st r uc t ur al design had to be adapted to meet th w eight l i mi t at i on * - Storage c apac i ty 6,600.000 cubic mtres * - Sill length 126 mtres * - New, spilhv ay capacity 5.000 cubic mtres per sec * - Fusegates number 1 0 * - Fusegate hei ght 6 5 mtres * - Fusegate w i dth 9 73 mtres * - Storage increase nil * - Spilhv ay capacity increase 235% Case 5 The Mc Clure Dam located in New Mexic o. USA is an earth struc ture w i th a max i mum head of 38 6 mtres and a crest length of 234 mtres The dam w as bui lt m th l^j O' s and raised three time in 1936. 1947 and I98S In 1988 th 17 mtres spilhv ay was rec onstmc ted Wi t h tw o other grav i ty dams, Mc Clure supplied domestic w ater to th city of Santa Fe unti a large c rac k w as f ound in th f oundati on of Tw o Mi le dam I n February 1995. th operator w as allow ed by th State authori ti es to transf er th w ater ri ghts to McClure dam In April 1995, eight steel fusegates were installed on th Ogee crested sill The Hydroplus concept had successfully increased liv e rservoir storage capacity by 0 62 li m' and spilhvay discharge c apac i ty by 8 per cent * - Storage c apac i ty 3.820.000 c ub i c mtres * - Sill l enut h 17 3 mtres 38 / THE RESERVOIR AS AN ASSET * - New spiliw ay c apac ity 507 cubic mtres per sec * - Fusegate numb er 8 * - Fusegate hei ght 2. 15 mtres * - Fusegate w i dth 2. 13 mtres * - Storage inc rease 500 acre-feet * - Spi li w ay c apac i ty inc rease 8% Case 6. The Dove Stone Dam is an earth struc ture si tuated under Saddlew orth Moor 8 k m east of Oldham in Lanc ashi re. Calc ulati ons and 1:21 mode! tests i ndi c ated that th exi sti ng b el l mouth in th rservoir c ould pass approxi matel y 160 cumecs The requi red discharge for th PMF being approxi mately 300 cumecs an aux i l i ar y spi li w ay w as required to meet safety c ri teri a Three fusegates w ere i nstal l ed i nt o th new 9.8 mtre w ide auxi li ary spi li w ay The fusegates are designed to ti l t off th spillv v ay 0.53, 0.58 and 0 63 mtres abov e th l i p of each fusegate respectiv ely. The fusegates are designed to rotate in suc c ession betw een th 1 in 10,000 years flood ev ent and th P MF thereby prev ent i ng th flood f rom ov ertopping th dam. * - Storage c apac i ty 5,050,000 cubic mtres * - Sill length 9 8 mtres * - New spi li w ay c apac i ty 282 c ubic mtres per sec * - Fusegate numb er 3 * - Fusegate Hei ght 2. 15 mtres * - Fusegate w i dth 3 23 mtres * - Storage increase Nil * - Spi li w ay c apac i ty inc rease 42% CONCLUSI ON. Hydroplus Fusegate Systems are being used Worl dw i de i nc ludi ng th Uni ted Ki ngdom, Chi na. South Ameri c a. Uni t ed States of Americ a, parts of Afric a and South East Asia and areas of Europe The System has prov ed and establi shed ils v ersati li ty in appl i c at i on, in th use of materials. methods of c onstruc ti on and logistics The Hydroplus Fusegate System j s a method by w hic h dam safety and/ or storage c apac ity c an be ac hiev ed in a cost effec ti v e manner. REFERENCES. Lemp rire F., Bessire C ( 1992) Hydropl us submersi ble fusegates for surfac e spilhv ays. Modi f i c at i on of dams to ac c omodate maj or floods Tuei f t h Annual USCOLD Lec ture S ries, Fort Worth, Texas. Lemp rire. F.(1992) Ov erspi ll fusegates. Water Pow er & Dam Construc ti on.. Bessire C. (1992) Hydropl us submersi ble flisegates for surface spiliw ay. I nt er nat i onal Symposium on Dams and Extrme Floods, Granada Spai n, Tomo I, Topic A : Design CHEVAUERET4L/39 Lemp ri reF (1992) New solution to improv e Spillw ays of existing or Future Arch Dams I nternati onal Symposium on arch dams, Hohai Univ ersity, Nanj i ng, Chi na Proceedings of th Symposi um P hilippe M, Wi nton J ( 1992) Ov erspill fusegates ANCOLD, 1992 Conf renc e on dams, New South Wales, Australi a, R cent dev elopments in dams Engineering Conf rence papers Brenac J L. (1993) Hydropius fusegates ESHA Info N 9, European Small Hydro Assoc iation Fauquez . J P ( 1 9 9 3 ) Hydroplus, th fusegates pri nc i ple. I nternati onal Conf rence, Hydropow er, Energy and th Env i ronnement, Stoc k holm - Proceedings Lemp rireF (1994) Enlarging th capacity of existing dams. Structural Engi neeri ng I nternati onal , SEI Volume 4, Numb er 2 Falvey H T, Snell E F A , Rayssiguier J (1994) Inc reasi ng Shongw eni dam discharge c apac ity w i th a Hydroplus fusegate System. Dam Safety Modi f i c ati on and Rehab i l i t at i on Fourteenth Annual USCOLD Lec ture Sries, Phoenix, Ari z ona Snell E . F A . Walf ord B and Gibbons (1994) F J G Shongw eni to hv e record fusegates Internati onal Water Power & Dam Construction Trissler M and Craw ford C (1994) Installation of a fusegate System at Shongw eni dam Hydropow er and Dams Hak i n VV D , Trissler M ( 1994) Use of fusegate System to improv e safety at Shongw eni dam I nt er nat i onal Commi ssi on on Large Dams Ei ghteenth Congress on Large Dams, Durban Falvey H T, Treille P hi li ppe (1995) Hydraulic s nnd Design of Fusegates J ournal of Hydrauli c Engi neeri ng Vol 121, N 7, ASCE. USA. Sik ora J , Ferns L. Bailey F , Gav i llet M (1995) Mc Clure dam spillw ay modific ations w i th fusegates Proceedings of 1995 Annual Conf rence of th Association of State Dam Safety OITicials, Atlanta. Georgia, USA Lemp rireF (1995) Cost effectiv e improv ements in fill dam safety Hydropow er & Dams Gulati T (1995) Augmenti ng c anal capacity through application of Hydroplus Fusegates at Mahi proj ect of Guj arat International R&D Conf renc e, Water & Energy 2001, Needs Dev elopment Uti li sati on, New- Delhi, Indi a, Proceedinas Water Ressources. Volume II 40 / THE RESERVOIR AS AN ASSET RayssiguierJ (1995) Hv dropi us Fusegate A substantial contribution to inc reasing dam storage c apac i ty Symposi um "Water in East Africa, frenc h technologies, Nairobi Kenya, Proceedings of th Symposium Ai t AJ Ia A (1995) Fsegates c ontri bute to dam safety Internati onal Water Poxver & Dam Construc tion Yong.Liu (1995) Appli c ati on of Hv dropius fsegates in flood-diversion areas of Huai he river basin Hydropow er & Dams Gulati T (1995) Atigmenting c anal capacity through application of Hydroplus Fsegates at Mahi proj ec t of Guj arat. Hydropow er & Dams