Paper Radio (Radio Broadcast)

PART I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The mention of the term radio in general is still ambiguous. First sense is:
a tool / plane to turn radio waves into sound waves / sound. Another notion being
that the radio waves are part of the electromagnetic waves. Basically, the radio can
be interpreted as a whole system of sound waves emitted from a station and can be
received by the receivers in the home, in the car, on the boat and so on. Radio is
one of the many forms of mass media that allows people to access the
information.
Radio was first discovered in !"# by $arconi radio initially serves as a
tool to convey information and news or to the interests of the state in general.
%ublic or commercial radio emerged in the "&'s. (ince the development is
growing rapidly. Radio is a comple) source of information ranging from the
traditional function, as the radio transmitter of news and information, economic
development, the popularity booster, until political and ideological propaganda
radio communication system is a communication system that does not use the
wire in the process of propagation, but using air or space as conducting material.
.& *ighlights:
+efinition Radio and history
& +efinition of Radio Broadcasting and history
, +ivision of Radio Broadcast (ystem
- (trengths and .ea/nesses of radio with other media
CHAPTR II
DI!CU!!ION
".1 D#INITION! AND HI!TOR$ O# RADIO
De%inition Radio
Radio is a technology that is used for the transmission of signals by means
of modulation and electromagnetic radiation 0electromagnetic waves1. These
waves pass and propagate through the air and can also propagate through the
vacuum of space, because these waves do not re2uire a carrier medium 0such as
air molecules1.
+efinition of 3Radio3 according to the encyclopedia 4ndonesia, namely:
delivery of information with the use of the free electromagnetic waves that have
fre2uencies less than ,'' 5*6 0wavelengths greater than mm1. .hile the term
3broadcast radio3 or 3radio3 comes from the word 3radio broadcast3 07nglish1 or
3Radio 8mroep3 0+utch1 means that the delivery of information to the audience in
the form of sound that goes in one direction by utili6ing radio waves as a medium.
According to 5overnment Regulation 9o. :: of ";;, Radio Broadcasting is a
radio transmitter that is directly addressed to the public in the form of sound and
the use of radio waves as a medium.
$eanwhile, according to the version of the Broadcasting Act 9o. ,&/&''&:
activity area of broadcast transmitters by means of transmitting and / or
transmission facilities on land, at sea or in space by using the radio fre2uency
spectrum over the air, cable, and / or other media to be accepted simultaneously
and concurrently by the community with the broadcast receiver device, which is
done regularly and continuously.
According to this definition, there are five necessary condition that must
be met to be the broadcast. These five conditions are:
. radio fre2uency spectrum
&. $eans of transmitting / transmission
,. The e)istence of the broadcast 0program or event1
-. The e)istence of broadcast receiving device 0receiver1
:. can be received simultaneously / concurrently
*ere the first term is the radio not only the difference, nor shape, but
include physical shape and radio activities intertwined and not separate from each
other. Radio broadcasting is a form of mass communication. <ommunication
through a radio broadcast to be delivered by the communicator to /ahalaya/ lot
can ta/e place in a short time and communicants will receive communications
simultaneously, although at different places and scattered. The etymology of
3radio3 or 3radiotelegraphy3 reveals that it was called 3wireless telegraphy3,
which was shortened to 3wireless3 in Britain. Radio, the prefi) meaning of
wireless transmission, was first recorded in radioconductor, the word, the
description given by the French physicist 7douard Branly in !"; 4t is based on
the verb to radiate 0in =atin 3radius3 means 3spo/e wheels, a beam of light , ray
31. This word also appears in a "'; article by =ee +e Forest, which was adopted
by the >nited (tates 9avy in "&, and became common by the time the first
commercial broadcasts in the >nited (tates in the "&'s. 0The word
3broadcasting3 itself came from agricultural term, meaning 3scattering seeds
widely3.1 Term was then adopted by other languages in 7urope and Asia. British
<ommonwealth countries still use the term 3wireless3 until the mid &'th century.
"." A BRI# HI!TOR$ O# RADIO
*ere emphasi6ed that the history of
radio in 2uestion is the history of technology
that produced radio e2uipment that uses radio
waves. Basic theory of electromagnetic wave
propagation was first described in !;, by
?ames <ler/ $a)well in his paper at the Royal
(ociety on the dynamics of the electromagnetic
field theory based on the results of the research
wor/ done between !# and !#: For the first
time, *einrich Rudolf *ert6 proved $a)well@s
theory, namely between !!# and !!!,
through e)perimentation. And he managed to
prove that RF radiation has properties of waves 0now called *ert6ian waves1, and
found that the electromagnetic e2uations could be formulated 0encapsulated1 into
the wave e2uation.
After the wor/ is commonly /nown *ert6, $arconi 5uglemo /nown as
the inventor of the wireless telegraph, began to use science to practical purposes.
$arconi was &' years old when in "!- read *ert6 7)periment in the 4talian
maga6ine. A year later he was able to accept the signs without any wires within a
mile of the source, and in !"# the distance to ! miles. .illiam abig in his boo/
3$odern %ublic 8pinion3 e)plained that in "' the shipping ways signs without
the wire by $arconi was able to be done across the Atlantic 8cean. 4nitially the
radio signal transmitted through either continuous wave data through amplitude
modulation 0A$1, and fre2uency modulation 0F$1. (hipping method is called an
analog signal. Furthermore, as the development of technology was invented the
internet, and digital signal which then changes the way radio signal transmission.
The average user is the beginning of maritime radio, which uses a radio to
send telegraphic messages using $orse code between ships and land. 8ne of the
early users included the ?apanese 9avy spy on the Russian fleet at the Battle of
Tsushima in "' 8ne of the most memorable use is when the sin/ing of the R$(
Titanic in "&, including communications between operators on the sin/ing ship
and nearby vessels to communication ground stations. Radio channel used for
communication between the command and the Army and 9avy on both sides in
.orld .ar 44A 5ermany used radio communications for diplomatic messages
when the underwater cable was cut by the British. >nited (tates delivering -
point program of %resident .oodrow .ilson to 5ermany via radio during the
war. %ress start to be carried out in the "&'s, with the popularity of radio,
especially in 7urope and the >nited (tates.4n broadcast, broadcast pointBtoBpoint,
including the phone and reBbroadcast radio programs, became popular in the
"&'s and ",'s. The use of radio in the preBwar period is to develop detection
and pelo/asian aircraft and ships by the use of radar. 9ow, the radio many forms,
including wireless networ/s, mobile communications in all /inds, as well as radio
broadcasting. Before the famous television, commercial radio broadcasts
including dramas, comedies, variety shows, and many other entertainmentA not
only news and music.
The history of broadcast media can be divided into two parts, namely the
history of broadcast media as a technological invention and the history of
broadcast media as an industry. The history of broadcast media as technological
inventions originated from the discovery of radio by engineering e)perts in
7urope and America. The history of broadcast media as an industry began in the
>nited (tates.
".& D'(OP)NT O# RADIO BROADCA!TIN* IN TH +OR(D
Radio broadcasting industry initiated by +avid (arnoff who established
aircraft manufacturer A$ radio system called R<A or Radio <orporation of
America. <overage election activities in "&' by C+CA Radio 0>(A1 is
considered as the first news broadcast e)tensively and regularly to the public.
C+CA is a radio station licensed commercial radio broadcasting founded by
Fran/ <onrad.
F$ radio broadcasting development begins when the middle of ",,,
7dwin *oward Armstrong of <olumbia >niversity managed to find a fre2uency
modulation 0F$1, the fre2uency of which is much higher than A$ radio
broadcasting 0ie from !! to '! $*61. Armstrong then demonstrated his
invention to the +avid (arnoff. But R<A was more interested in developing a
television. Armstrong then sell it to some other company. +evelopment of F$
radio was delayed because the outbrea/ of .orld .ar & and the industry is more
interested in developing a television.
The advantage of the A$ F$ are:
. <an remove 3interference3 0interference, mi)ing1 caused by weather, sun
spots or electrical appliance.
&. <an broadcast the best possible sound for sensitive ears.
,. Results clearer audio, more dynamic and low noise.
The basic principle of F$ radio broadcasting is the process of changing the
announcer sound into an electrical signal using a microphone which is then
combined with a highBfre2uency carrier signal and broadcast to a radio receiver.
Radio receiver filters out the carrier signal and the original creates electrical
analog signal, which is converted into sound energy by spea/ers. F$ broadcasting
coverage is limited by the line of sight from the top of the transmitter, the F$ is
more suited for people in the central city than in rural communities.
A, radio
Radio A$ 0amplitude modulation1 wor/s on the principle of radio waves
and waves modulate audio. Both of these waves have the same amplitude
constant. But this process then change the amplitude modulation wave conductor
0radio1 in accordance with the amplitude of the audio waveform. <urrently not too
much A$ radio used to broadcast commercial radio because of poor sound
2uality.
#) Radio
Radio F$ 0fre2uency modulation1 wor/s on a similar principle to the A$ radio,
namely by modulating radio waves 0conductor1 with the audio waveform. 8nly,
the F$ radio of this modulation process causes a change in fre2uency.
T-e princip.e o% /ork
The elements that must be available in a data communications, are:
. !ource (source)0 is a tool to generate the data that can be transmitted.
&. Trans,itter (sender)0 This tool is used to move and mar/ing information in
the same way as signals generate electroBmagnetic that can be transmitted over
multiple se2uential transmission system, because usually the data that has been
generated from the source system are not directly transmitted in the form of
original.
,. Trans,ission !1ste, (trans,ission s1ste,)0 is a single transmission line or a
comple) networ/ that connects between the source and destination.
-. Recei2er (recei2er)0 serves as the receiving signal from the transmission
system and incorporate them into a certain form that can be captured by the
destination.
:. Destination (destination)0 capture data generated by the receiver.
".3 HI!TOR$ O# RADIO BROADCA!TIN* IN INDON!IA
The development of radio broadcasting in 4ndonesia was initiated during
the reign of the +utch 7ast 4ndies in "&: by %rof. Comans and +r. +e 5root who
managed to ma/e radio communications using relay stations in $alabar, .est
?ava. This event was followed by the establishment of Batavia Radio Dereniging
and 94R8$. Radio broadcasting in 4ndonesia began with the development of
amateur radio that uses simple radio transmitter devices that are easily assembled.
4n "-:, 5unawan managed to broadcast the te)t of the proclamation of
4ndonesian independence by using a simple homemade radio transmitter. 4n "##,
radio broadcasts Ampera which is a means of struggleBunity unity of action in the
struggle for a new order.
8n (eptember , "-:, meeting attended by the previous leaders who
actively operates several radio stations ?apan agreed to set up Radio Republic
4ndonesia 0RR41. The meeting also agreed to choose a doctor Abdulrahman (aleh
as the first leader of RR4 common.
>ntil "";/""! in 4ndonesia carrying !;! private radio broadcasting
commercial, nonBgovernmental, with detailsBfre2uency : A$ and ,#; F$B
fre2uency. After the reform era began, wrote in his paper *inca 4% %andEaitan
38verview and =egal Aspects And Fre2uency <ritics About the 9ational
Broadcasting %olicy and 4mplications3 that up to the date of $arch :, """ has
reached ": pieces with compositionBfre2uency :'& A$ and -, F$Bfre2uency.
This position changed on $ay &;, """ to ",' At the end of *abibie@s tenure
08ctober -, """1 the number of radio stations in 4ndonesia have e)ceeded ,';'
units and RR4 "";B""! has :, units and only " units of wor/ that hold
broadcast for &- hours per day.
The number of radio stations in 4ndonesia in &''& reached !! stsiun
radio, ":F in the form of radio broadcasts of private / nonBgovernment and
government :F or RR4 radio. Appro)imately ,;F of private radio stations
operating on fre2uencies A$ and the remaining ;,F on the F$ fre2uency. 4n the
e)ample on the district Brass 8RBA only there are only four private radio
broadcasting with the fre2uency A$. After the reforms since """ were changed
into twelve with increased fre2uency to F$. (imilarly occurred in other districts
such as <irebon and 4ndramayu. 4t shows that interest in the establishment of the
radio is still 2uite high. .hile in big cities such as ?a/arta and Bandung increase
siarnya service using satellite technology and eBradio broadcasting while
maintaining conventional.
Basic Princip.es o% A) and #) Radio Recei2ers
The basic principle of A$ and F$ radio techni2ues familiar in a variety
of ways such as modulation amplitude modulation which we /now as A$,
fre2uency modulation which we /now as the F$ and the other way is the
modulation phase modulation. Radios that we use to tal/ with re/anG sehariGhariB
peer e)ample by aircraft using *F ((B modulation A$ while the plane is
commonly used D*F two meter F$ modulation.
4n amplitude modulation 0A$1 sound vibrations we will ride on intangible
carrier wave amplitude changes from earlier pambawa /ita.(edang/an tune with
the sound waves with fre2uency modulation 0F$1, the sound waves we will ride
on the carrier wave and varying the fre2uency of the carrier wave /ita.Rasanya
tune with the vibration of audio can also be said that the %$, audio wave riding
transversely while we are riding on the F$ audio longitudinally.
Transverse vibration is perpendicular to the direction of propagation is
longitudinal vibration is the same as the direction of propagation. Transceiver
devices are widely available in the mar/et and that we use today use these two
/inds of modulation. $ost aircraft use *F ((B modulation A$ and aircraft D*F
and >*FBGpesawat on the mar/et, using F$ modulation.
a. trans,itter A)
<hanneling information from one place to another can be done in various
ways. Rise with A$ modulation transmitter is one way to distribute information
in a radio communications techni2ue.
A$ transmitter is a transmitter that utili6es analog modulation techni2ues
namely Amplitude $odulation 0A$1, to transmit signals informasi.Blo/ general
diagram of A$ transmitter is as follows.
(ources carrier is driven by a crystal oscillator at the carrier fre2uency or
multiples below. The magnitude of the output fre2uency can be adEusted by
changing the values of = and <. cultivated constant fre2uency emitted so that the
resulting output waveform better.
Then this is followed by a buffer amplifier tuned. .ith the buffer is arranged
so that the fre2uency generated by the oscillator /onstan.(inyal information
included in this series to be mi)ed with the carrier signal. 4n the transmitter there
is a modulator circuit, which generally is a class < amplifier class < amplifier
>sing this will result in the emergence of unwanted defects in the modulation
envelope containing informasi.Celuaran signal from the RF amplifier is
transmitted through an antenna.
4. recipients A)
4n general, A$ receiver function to receive A$ modulated signal and
perform demodulation of the signal process. The first signal received by the
antenna, and then carried out the selection of the desired signal from all the
signals that can be received by an antenna. (eparated signal is then amplified to a
level that can be used. The ne)t process is the radio signal demodulation signal
separation process information from the signal carrier / carrier signal is done in
the demodulator A$ or %$ detector.
c. #) trans,itter
Fre2uencies allocated to F$ broadcasts is between !!B'! $*6, which in
this fre2uency region is relatively free of atmospheric interference and
interference both une)pected (tandard F$ broadcast channels occupy more than
ten times the width of the bandwidth 0bandwidth1 of broadcasting channels A$.
This is due to the structure of more comple) nonlinear sideband with the effects
0deviations1 that re2uires a wider bandwidth than a simple linear distribution of
sidebandBsideband A$ systems. The F$ broadcast band lies in the D*F 0Dery
*igh Fre2uency1 of the fre2uency spectrum in which the available bandwidth is
wider than the wave length of the medium 0$.1 on the A$ broadcast band.
The purpose of the F$ transmitter is to change one or more input signals in
the form of an audio fre2uency 0AF1 signals into a modulated wave in the RF
0Radio Fre2uency1 is intended as the power output is then fed to the antenna
system to be transmitted. 4n the simplest form can be separated on the F$
modulator and an RF power amplifier in one unit. Actually F$ transmitter
subsystem consists of a series of bloc/s that has its own function, namely:
a. F$ e)citer convert the audio signal into fre2uency modulated RF
already.
b. 4ntermediate %ower Amplifier 04%A1 is re2uired at several transmitters
to increase the power level to be able to handle the final RF stage.
c. %ower Amplifier at the end to raise the power level of the signal as
re2uired by the antenna system.
d. %ower supply 0power supply1 to change the input power from the A<
source voltage and current into a +< or A< re2uired by each sub
system.
e. Transmitter <ontrol (ystem to monitor, protect and give the command
for each subsystem so that they can wor/ together and deliver results
that you want.
f. RF lowpass filter diingi/an not limiting fre2uency of the transmitter
output.
g. +irectional coupler which indicates that power is being sent to or
received from the antenna system.
d. #) recei2er
has the same concept with the %$ to /now more clearly the principle of the
F$ receiver can be seen in the following figure.
A. #unction parts #) recei2er
a1 RF amplifier
The point is to strengthen the signal is very wea/ and for easy tuning of the
receiver front end system used here Band %ass Filter and increase the amplitude of
an RF signal.
b1 $i)er
$i)er is used to change the input signal from one fre2uency to another fre2uency
as output. (ometimes called fre2uencyBconverter circuit. local oscillator 0=81, a
voltageBcontrolledBoscillator 0D<81 which generates a continuous wave. $i)er
output signal includes a twoBfre2uency =8 and RF input signal, and has two
outputs obtained from the sum of the fre2uency 0RF H =8 fre2 fre21 and reduction
0=8 fre2 B RF fre21.
c1 =ocal 8scillator
=ocal oscillator is basically a RF carrier generator. The increase included in the
=8 voltage waveform. The voltage causes a change in the fre2uency of the =8.
The fre2uency of the oscillator to change fre2uency band of the input signal and
then convert it into an 4F fre2uency. The carrier fre2uency resolution can be set up
to '' /*6
d1 B%F 0Band %ass Filter1
7lectronic circuits that transmit signals within the limits of the fre2uency range,
but can wea/en the signal above or below the range of the fre/ensi.
e1 4F amplifier
The signal strength has decreased during the mi)ing process, the signal needs to
be amplified again by the 4F to restore the sensitivity of the receiver.
f1 =imiter
=imiter can be interpreted as a fre2uency discriminator implemented in the system
fre2uency setting otomati/.=imiter is a circuit that passes the signal if the power
according to the power input specifications, changes when a powerful signal
attenuation pea/ e)ceeds the power input as the result of the process of the 4F
fre2uency is high fre2uency caused ampifier amplitude changing to /eep aga
dibutuha/n amplitude remains constant string of limiter on A$ and F$ receivers.
g1 +ete/s (lope
The signal of the limiter in the filter by using a slope detection for Bringing a
slope of signal conformed to the original signal so diperolaeh audio signal is then
passed to the spea/ers so we can hear the sound indormasi.
B. Aircra%t Radio Recei2er
.or/ing %rinciple %lane Radio
4n a radio receiver system, the sound is emitted through the air from a
transmitter station was transformed into firstBimplus implus electricity. Then the
electrical impulses were amplified and inserted into the wave 0carrier1 were so
radiated by the transmitting antenna. <arrier wave in which an electric impulses
emitted into the air and has been shaped wave radio fre2uency electromagnetic
waves or RF waves.
.aves are emitted into the air, to be arrested by the receiving antenna.
After the RF wave received by the receiver 0receiver1 or modulated and converted
into electrical impulses bac/. For further electrical impulses are turned into
vibrationBgetaransuara together as we hear through noise amplifier 0spea/er1.
(o in this case, the fre2uency of the sound emitted by the transmitter
station is received by a receiver. The fre2uency of the sound 0audio1 that have
been received and processed, processed and transformed further strengthened to
be forwarded to the loud spea/er. (o what is emitted by the transmitting station
can we hear the sound e)actly as the original.
".5 DI!TRIBUTION !$!T) RADIO BROADCA!T
4f the print media such as newspapers, the news division of the room for
soBcalled 3editing3 and is considered to be important, then the distribution of radio
broadcasts is called programming time and is considered a very important thing.
3%rogramming or3 broadcast arrangement 3does not have a standard pattern. 4t
much depends on the system of government where the body was located and the
radio broadcast depends on the shape and organi6ation of the agency@s radio
broadcasts. (o, the radio broadcasting system that is determined by the
governmental system, determines the type of distribution of broadcast materials.
Basically broadcast radio systems can be distinguished as follows:
1. Radio Broadcast *o2ern,ent (*o2ern,ent O/ners-ip and
Operation Broadcasting)
Board of radio stations are owned and controlled by the government.
$anagement is handed over to one of the departments. 5overnment of the
Republic of 4ndonesia, for e)ample, placing RR4 on the $inistry of 4nformation.
Because of governmentBowned and governmentBcontrolled radio broadcasting, the
5overnment conducts its operations with the government bearing the mission.
Biayanyapun including government budget. RR4 differences of Radio
Broadcasting 5overnment is that RR4 sourcing cost of advertising. (o RR4 is no
longer a social function, but also commercially. This is confirmed by the $inister
of 4nformation +ecree 9o. " 4n "#!, however, in line with the provisions in
force, the implementation of the RR4 in the commercial field is always
constrained within the meaning of the activity and the use of the results.
". Radio Broadcast !e,i *o2ern,ent (Pu4.ic Broadcasting
Corporation)
4t is a public company 0public enterprise1 under the supervision of a
corporation 0corporation1 that are free 04ndependent1 but bound by a charter to
carry out the public interest to broadcast across the country. Radio broadcasting
corporation based organi6ations to form a charter that applies to the period 0' to
&: years1 which may be e)tended again. 4mplementation is led by a board of
directors which is overseen by a board called the 3Broad of 5overnors3 consisting
of representatives of the government and %arliament. Advieory programming
assisted by <ouncil. For the continuity of the broadcast, the radio owner free dues
0lisence fee1. *er life is the most corporation largely by contributions from the
radio, and only a small fraction is obtained from own businesses such as
publishing, performance, and so forth. Businesses in the form of advertising is not
Eustified. 4n the meantime censorship of broadcast content is not done by the
government, because the will of the people and the interests of the 5overnment
has been assured by the 3Broad of 5overnors3 earlier, which consists of
representatives of the government and %arliament.
&. Radio Broadcast Pri2ate (Pri2ate nterprise Broadcasting)
%rivate radio broadcasting entity is owned by individuals and commercial
nature. .ith government license, fee for survival derived from advertising and
persponsoran event 0sponsored programs1. 4n the >nited (tates private radio
broadcasting has an e)tensive networ/, such as 9B<, <B(, AB<, and $B(. 4n
accordance with the >nited (tates government system, the broadcast radio entity
has complete freedom, within the meaning of the word does not recogni6e the
sensor. This does not mean that management does not /now national
responsibility and social responsibility. Their responsibility is to their own
consciousness or conscience alone is by itself responsible nationally and socially.
The third system is to determine the distribution of radio stations to
broadcast material produced and presented to the listeners. 4n general there are
two methods of classification of broadcast materials adopted by the bodies of
radio stations in the world
".6 !trengt-s and +eaknesses o% RADIO
o As the elements of the communication process, in this case as the mass media,
radio broadcasts have different characteristics and properties of the other mass
media. <learly different from a newspaper that printed media, as well as the films
are mechanical optic. .ith television, if there is any similarity in the nature of
electronics, there is a difference, the audial nature of radio, television audiovisual.
o The advantage of radio broadcasts for the communicant is rela)ed nature.
%eople can enEoy the radio broadcast while eating, ta/ing a nap, while wor/ing,
even while driving a car. 9ot so with the other mass media.
o Because of its auditory, to be heard, more easily convey the message in the form
of an interesting way.
o Among the events that riveting musical messages conveyed to the listener.
Radio is a source of comple) information ranging from the traditional function, as
the radio transmitter of news and information, economic development, booster
popularity, to the political and ideological propaganda. For radio listeners are
friends, means of communication, means of imagination, and information
providers.
I Radio 4ts only one direction 0oneBway traffic communication1.
I <ommunication only from the communicator to the communicant.
<ommunicators do not /now responses communicant.
I The wea/ness of the radio combined with another character, the 3glimpse hear3.
The message to the audience only briefly, so sound so lost.
I =isteners who do not understand or would li/e further e)planation, may not as/
the announcer to repeat again.
CHAPTR III
CONC(U!ION
Radio is a comple) source of information ranging from the traditional
function, as the radio transmitter of news and information, economic
development, the popularity booster, to political propaganda and ideology. For
radio listeners are friends, means of communication, means of imagination, and
information providers.
4n 4ndonesia, the radio as a medium of media associated with local needs.
$ass communication media which only has scale locality of a particular region in
contrast to television and film national scale.
The development of radio in 4ndonesia starting from the +utch colonial
era, ?apanese occupation, independence, and the new order. Radio broadcast is
referred to as 3The Fifth 7state3 or have the power of the five, the function of
social control, providing information, entertain, educate and conduct persuasive.
Radio media presence can not be separated from technological innovations
that made $arconi. The use of this medium affects many aspects of life,
especially in social and economic fields. >ser community as a radio technology
continues while the emergence of radio technology that is broadcasting.
Radio adaptable and often the presenting form /ehebatanya broadcast
3live3 0live1, does not re2uire film processing, no need to wait for the printing
process. 7ven at this moment the radio is used as a medium of education that uses
concepts and facts.