ABSTRACT

Drag Force In Flow Over A body test is carried out to determine the drag coefficient over the
range of velocities in the test section for hemispherical. Through the test, we can get the
parameter such as rigid rod drag force, facing up stream drag force and facing downstream
drag force. This parameter we use to find the drag coefficient and Reynolds number. We
discuss about the result. We also compare the result against publish data. The objective of this
experiment is achieved.

























Contents
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................. 5
4.0 PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................................... 7
5.0 APPARATUS: .......................................................................................................................... 8
6.0 DATA TABULATION ........................................................................................................... 10
7.0 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS ....................................................................................... 11
8.0 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 12
9.0 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 17
10.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 22
11.0 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................... 23




















List Of Figure

Figure 1 : wind tunnel ..................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2 : Rigid Rod ....................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3 : Hemispherical open end facing flow .............................................................................. 8
Figure 4 : Open end facing down stream ........................................................................................ 9
Figure 5 : Wind tunnel blower speed control.................................................................................. 9


List Of Table

Table 1: Drag coefficient of 2D body ............................................................................................. 6
Table 2 : Data Tabulation ............................................................................................................. 10































1.0 INTRODUCTION

The experiment is study about the effects of drag exist everything in daily life. Simply
driving a car across town means that you have experienced drag. The car engine must work a
little harder to against the force present with drag and get to the location on time.
Although, this drag is small and the speed at which you can walk is small, the effects still
exist. Drag or most specifically call is air drag. This phenomenon that occurs as an object
passes through a fluid. There are a few factors that determine the drag force that an object
experiences. Some of the more obvious factors involved are shape, speed, fluid medium, and
surface of an object. In some instances these factors are manipulated in order to either
minimize or maximize drag. In other cases, the drag forces must simply be known in order to
design for other parameters possibly such as engine horsepower, structural strength and many
more. Regardless of the needed for finding the drag force, the need for an accurate calculation
of this force persists.
With this in mind, we experiment with shapes, speeds, and methods in order to draw
insight on the ability to predict drag force. In this experiment, we study the effect of shapes on
drag at various Reynolds numbers and examine the validity to accurately predict drag using two
different methods.


















2.0 OBJECTIVE

To measure drag force coefficient,

over a range of velocities in the wind tunnel for

hemispherical open end facing flow and open end facing downstream.
3.0 THEORY
In fluid dynamics, drags refer to forces acting opposite to the relative motion of any
object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers or a
fluid and a solid surface. Drag forces depend on velocity.
Drag depends on the properties of the fluid and on the size, shape, and speed of the
object. One way to express this is by means of the drag equation:


Where
F
D
is the drag force,
is the density of the fluid,
v is the speed of the object relative to the fluid,
A is the cross section area, and
C
D
is the drag coefficient a dimensionless number.

The drag coefficient depends on the shape of the object and on the Reynolds number:



Where
D=diameter or linear dimension and
=the kinematic viscosity .
At low Reynolds number, the drag coefficient is asymptotically proportional to the inverse
of the Reynolds number, which means that the drag is proportional to the speed. At high
Reynolds number, the drag coefficient is more or less constant. The graph to the right shows
how the drag coefficient varies with Reynolds number for the case of a sphere.


For high velocities (or more precisely, at high Reynolds number) drag will vary as the
square of velocity. Thus, the resultant power needed to overcome this drag will vary as the cube
of velocity. The standard equation for drag is one half the coefficient of drag multiplied by the
fluid mass density, the cross sectional area of the specified item, and the square of the velocity.

Wind resistance is a layman's term for drag. Its use is often vague, and is usually used in
a relative sense

Table 1: Drag coefficient of 2D body







Generally, the drag coefficient is determined through experiments, and it depend on
parameter, such as the body shape, Re number and surface roughness.
The drag coefficient is defined as:


Where:
= the drag force, which is by definition the force component in the direction of the flow
velocity,
= the mass density of the fluid,
V= the speed of the object relative to the fluid and is the reference area.
The reference area depends on what type of drag coefficient is being measured. For
automobiles and many other objects, the reference area is the projected frontal area of the
vehicle. This may not necessarily be the cross sectional area of the vehicle, depending on
where the cross section is taken.


4.0 PROCEDURE:

1. Attach the rigid rod in the wind force. Adjust the weight balance until it is balance
2. Turn on the blower and set the control speed to 8m/s
3. Adjust the weight balance once again. Find the different between the first one and will
get the drag force.
4. Step 1 to 3 was repeated with 10m/s, 12m/s, 14m/s, 16m/s, 18m/s and 20m/s.
5. Then, step 1 to 4 was repeated using hemispherical open end facing flow and open end
facing downstream.



5.0 APPARATUS:


1. Wind tunnel

Figure 1 : wind tunnel
2. Rigid rod

Figure 2 : Rigid Rod
3. Hemispherical open end facing flow

Figure 3 : Hemispherical open end facing flow

4. Open end facing down stream

Figure 4 : Open end facing down stream
5. (1)Manometer tube (2)Switch (3)Speed control


Figure 5 : Wind tunnel blower speed control
1

2

3

6.0 DATA TABULATION


Table 2 : Data Tabulation
Velocity,

Reynolds
No.
Rigid Body
Drag
Force,

(N
)


Body Base Surface Facing
Upstream Body Diameter 60mm
Body Base Surface Facing Upstream
Body Diameter 60mm
Net Drag
Coefficient,

Drag
Force,

(N)

Net Drag
Force,

(N)

Drag
Coefficient,

Drag
Force,

(N)

Net Drag
Force,

(N
)
Drag
Coefficient,

8
30872.012
0.02 0.257 0.237 1.6131 0.07 0.05 0.3403 1.2727
10
38590.015
0.025 0.35 0.325 1.4157 0.105 0.08 0.3485 1.0672
12
46308.018
0.035 0.508 0.473 1.4308 0.15 0.115 0.3479 1.0829
14
54026.021
0.055 0.678 0.623 1.3846 0.205 0.15 0.3334 1.0512
16
61744.024
0.073 0.864 0.791 1.3459 0.27 0.197 0.3352 1.0107
18
69462.027
0.093 1.105 1.012 1.3606 0.355 0.262 0.3522 1.0083
20
77180.030
0.11 1.368 1.258 1.3699 0.44 0.33 0.3594 1.0106


7.0 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS

Sample calculation:
1. Net Drag Force,

Drag Force,

Rigid Body Drag Force,

0.2570.02= 0.237N
2. Net Drag Force,

Drag Force,

Rigid Body Drag Force,

0.07 - 0.02 = 0.05N
3. Drag Coefficient,

4. Reynolds number,Re

30872.012





















8.0 DISCUSSION

































































































































































































































9.0 CONCLUSION




















































































































































































































10.0 REFERENCES

1. M. Van Dyke, an Album of Fluid Motion. Stanford , CA: The Parabolic Press ,1982

2. F.M.White.Fluid Mechanic ,5
th
edition ,New York : Mc Graw-Hill ,2003

3. Yunus A. Cengel & John M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanic Fundamentals and Application ,
2
nd
edition ,New York, Mc Graw-Hill,2010
























































11.0 APPENDIX