Simplicial Presheaves by J.F. Jardine

journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 47 (1987) 35-87
N0rth-Holland
35
S I MP LI CI AL P RES HEAVES
J . F. J A R D I N E *
Mathematics Department, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
Communicated by E.M. Friedlander
Received 5 October 1985
Revised January 1986
i st roduct i on
The central organizational t heorem of simplicial homot opy t heory asserts t hat the
category S of simplicial sets has a closed model structure. This means t hat S comes
equipped with three classes of morphi sms, namel y cofibrations (inclusions), fibra-
tions (Kan fibrations) and weak equivalences (maps which induce l~omotopy
equivalences of realizations), which together satisfy Quillen' s closed model axioms
CM1 to CMS. This theorem is well known and widely used (see [23] and [3]).
One could reasonabl y ask for such a t heorem for the category SShv(C) of simpli-
dal sheaves on a Grothendieck site C, based on t he i nt ui t i on t hat any t heorem which
is true for sets should be true for topoi. Immediately, however, a di l emma presents
itself. On t he one hand, cohomological considerations, like the Verdier hyper-
covering t heorem, suggest a local t heory of Kan fibrations. For example, if opl r is
the site of open subsets of a topological space T, t hen a map f : X- , Y of simplicial
sheaves should be a local fi brat i on if and onl y i f each map of stalks fx: Xx--" Yx is
a Kan fi brat i on in the usual sense. On the ot her hand, monomorphi sms surely
should be cofi brat i ons, giving a global theory.
The two approaches do, in fact, yield axi omat i c homot opy theories for all
categories of simplicial sheaves. The local t heor y for the category of simplicial
sheaves on a topological space was constructed by Brown [4]; t he corresponding
global t heor y was developed slightly later by Brown and Gersten [5]. The local
theory for ar bi t r ar y Grothendieck topoi appears in [17]. The global t heor y in the
general setting is a result of Joyal [18]. The global t heory of cofibrations is part of
a closed model structure on SShv(C). The two theories are distinct, since it is not
true that every local fibration is a global fibration. The Ei l enberg-MacLane objects
/((F, n) cert ai nl y fail to be globally fibrant in general, essentially since sheaf co-
homology is non-trivial.
A point t hat all aut hors (including myself) seemed to miss up to now is t hat , in
* Supported b y N S E R C .
36 J.F. Jardine
the proofs of t he results above, it is not so much t he ambi ent topos t hat is creating
the homot opy t heory as it is t he t opol ogy of the underl yi ng site. These proofs may
be generalized to produce local and global homot opy theories for simplicial pre.
sheaves on a Grothendieck site which depend on not hi ng but the axioms for the site.
This paper presents these results. The local t heory is given in the first section; the
mai n result t here is Theorem 1.13. The global t heory appears in the second section,
culminating in the pr oof of Theor em 2.3. The correspondi ng results for simplicial
sheaves appear as corollaries of these theorems. The first two sections may seena
lengthy, but t he idea was t hat these results should be presented in a 'user-friendly,
fashion.
In retrospect, it has been intuitively obvious for some time t hat there should be
some sort of homot opy t heory for simplicial presheaves, such t hat the canonical
map from a simpliciai presheaf t o its associated simplicial sheaf is a weak equiva-
lence. Evidence for this appears in [17], in fact, and it is achieved by bot h theories.
It follows, in particular, t hat t he associated homot opy categories are equivalent.
Thus, t he local and global theories, while proveabl y distinct, describe the same
thing, rat her like the way t hat hypercovers and injective resolutions describe sheaf
cohomol ogy.
One may recall t hat a proper description of sheaf cohomol ogy requires both of
these poi nt s of view. The same is t rue of the homot opy t heory of simplicial pre-
sheaves or sheaves, as is evidenced in the third section of this paper. The basic idea
there is t o appl y the results of t he first part of t he paper to get a new description
of &ale K- t heor y and the compari son map of the Li cht enbaum-Qui l l en conjecture.
In part i cul ar, there is an i somorphi sm
K~ t_ l ( S ; Z / l ) -~ [ . , l - 2 i K / l l ] s, i>_0,
for decent schemes S and primes I not dividing t he residue characteristics of S. The
square bracket s denote morphi sms in the homot opy cat egory associated to the
category of simplicial presheaves on the &ale site dtls for S, and is the terminal
object on S Pre(dtls). K / I 1 is not at i on for one of t he mod 1 K-t heory presheaves on
dtls. This result is Theorem 3.9 of this paper; its pr oof uses t he mai n result of [281.
We t herefore obtain yet anot her description of &ale K-t heory, at least in degrees
above - 2. The point is t hat , with t he results of t he first two sections in hand, 6tale
K-t heory ma y be regarded as a generalized cohomol ogy t heor y for simplicial pre-
sheaves on 6tls. Insofar as t he mod l K-theory presheaf is defined on any of the
scheme-theoretic sites which are available for S, we are entitled, via this description,
to objects like ' f l at ' K-t heory of ' Zari ski ' K-theory. These invariants may all be
related to topos-theoretic met hods. Zariski K-t heory is t he object of study of [5].
Anot her corol l ary of Theor em 3.9 is t hat t he compari son map relating modl
K-t heory and &ale K-t heory now has a very simple description. In particular, the
Li cht enbaum-Qui l l en conjecture reduces to a ' fl abbi ness' assertion for the simpli-
cial presheaf K / I ~. The reason for t he concent rat i on on simpliciai presheaves will
S impl icial presheaves 37
become obvious to t he reader at this point. The conj ect ure itself asserts t hat t he
homotoPy groups of t he simplicial set of global sections of K / I 1 are isomorphic t o
the groups [*, ~ 2 iK / l l ] , at least in high degrees. It is t herefore i mport ant to use a
homOtopy t heor y which sees simplicial presbeaves rat her t han their associated sim-
plicial sheaves; t he canonical map from a simplicial presheaf t o its associated simpli-
dal sheaf might not induce a weak equivalence in global sections.
The third section also contains technical results which l ead t o the Godement and
Brown-Gersten descent spectral sequences for morphi sms in t he homot opy category
on SPre(6t]s). Bot h are essentially straightforward applications of well-known
tower of fibrations techniques, modul o the technical probl em t hat the inverse limit
functor on such towers might not preserve weak equivalences in the simplicial
presheaf setting. In bot h cases, one gets around this pr obl em by assuming a global
bound on 6tale cohomological dimension. This assumpt i on is becoming st andard
practice [28].
The paper closes with a result t hat asserts that generalized cohomology groups of
a simplicial scheme X over a base scheme S may be comput ed either in the homot opy
category for t he big 6tale site on S, or in the homot opy cat egory associated to t he
~tale site which is fibred over X. This result generalizes t he cohomological result of
[17] which led, in part , to a streamlined proof of Suslin' s t heorem on the K-t heory
of algebraically closed fields [26,27]. It also implies t hat Thomason' s topological
~luivariant K-t heory [30] may be interpreted as generalized simplicial presheaf
cohomology of a suitable balanced product .
1. Local t heo r y
Throughout this paper, C will be a fixed small Grot hendi eck site. SPre(C) is t he
category of simplicial presheaves on C; its objects are t he cont ravari ant funct ors
from C to t he cat egory S of simplicial sets, and its morphi sms are natural t ransfor-
mations. Recall t hat t he t opol ogy on C is specified by families J( U) of subfunct ors
RC C( - , U) of representable funct ors, one for each obj ect U of C, and t hat an ele-
ment R of J( U) is called a covering sieve. Each such R may be identified with a
subcategory of t he comma category C~ U, and so each simplicial presheaf X restricts
to a functor on each covering sieve. I define
X ( U) R = lim X ( V)
4 - - -
~: V-~ U~ R
and call this t he simplicial set of R- compat i bl e families in X ( U) . There is a canonical
~ap
rR: X ( U) -~ X( U) R
for each U and R. A necessary and sufficient condition for X to be a simplicial sheaf
that the map rR is an i somorphi sm for each U in C and each covering sieve
RCC(-, U). SShv(C) is the full subcat egory of SPre(C) whose objects are t he sire-
38 J.F. Jardine
plicial sheaves. Recall t hat the inclusion j : SShv( C) CSPr e ( C) has a left adjoint
X ~ L2X, called t he associated sheaf funct or, where t he funct or L: SPr e( C) .
SPre(C) is defined by
L( X) ( U) = lim X(U)R.
R C C( - , U) covering
The colimit defi ni ng L( X) ( U) is filtered, and so L, and hence L 2, preserves finite
limits (which are f or med pointwise). The convention is to write )(=L2(X). There
is a canonical map
fix: X ~ LX,
and LX is a separat ed presheaf in the sense t hat r/LX is a pointwise monic.
A map p: X- , Y of simplicial presheaves is said to be a localfibration i f for each
commut at i ve di agram of simplicial set maps
fq
An
, x(u)
p(U)
, Y(U)
t here is a covering sieve R C C( - , U) such t hat for each (o: V- , U in R there is a com-
mut at i ve di agram
ot ~*
Ank ' X( U) ' X( V)
~ I p(V)
An B ' Y(U) ~* ' Y(V)
In ot her words, p( U) satisfies the lifting propert y of a Kan fi brat i on, up to refine-
ment along some covering sieve. I refer t o this as a local right lifting property, so
t hat p: X- , Y is a local fibration i f and onl y if p has t he local right lifting property
with respect to all simplicial set inclusions of the f or m A~CZI n, n >0 . Of course,
/1" is the st andar d n-simplex generated by the n-simplex t., and A~ is the sub-
complex of A n which is generated by all faces of z. except dkl . . A simplicial pre-
sheaf X is said t o be locally fibrant i f t he map X~ is a fi brat i on, where * is the
terminal object of SPre(C). Explicitly, . ( U) is a copy of t he st andard 0-simplex A .
Observe t hat is also a simplicial sheaf.
I f q: Z~ W is a simplicial presheaf map which is apointwise Kanfibration in the
s e n s e t hat e a c h ma p o f s e c t i o n s q: Z(U) ~ W(U), U ~ C, i s a Karl f i br at i o n , then q
i s a l o c al f i br a t i o n ; i n e f f e c t , n o r e f i n e me n t s axe r e qu i r e d . On t h e o t he r hand, not
every local fibration is a pointwise Kan fibration. Let &Is be t he &ale site for a
locally Noet heri an scheme S. It is easy to show t hat a map p: X--, Y of simplicial
presheaves on &Is is a local fi brat i on if and onl y if each stalk map Px: X x ~ Yx cor-
responding to each geometric poi nt x of S is a Kan fibration. This is true for all
0rothendieck sites with enough ' poi nt s' or stalks. In particular, t he canonical map
t / : X~X " is a local fi brat i on for each simplicial presheaf X on &Is. (This gener-
alizes to arbi t rary sites.) But now let F be an abelian group, and let F also denote
the corresponding const ant presheaf of abelian groups on &Is- Then, for each &ale
map U~ S,
F ( U~ S) = 1-I F,
no(U)
where no( U) is the set of connected component s of U. The canonical map r/: F - - , P
is given at U~ S by t he diagonal homomor phi sm
A : F~ I- I F.
no(U)
It follows t hat A induces the canonical map
17 BF : BF--* BF
at U--* S, and so tlsF(U--* S ) is not a Kan fi brat i on if U is disconnected. The sim-
plicial presheaf BF is const ruct ed f r om F by pointwise application of the usual nerve
functor.
Let SPr e( C) f C SPre(C) be the full subcategory of locally fi brant presheaves. The
g0al of this section is t o show t hat SPre(C)f satisfies the axioms [4] and [17] for a
category of fi brant objects for a homot opy theory. This means t hat two classes of
maps in SPre(C)f are specified, namel y fibrations and weak equivalences, which
satisfy a list of axioms. This list will be written down later. The fibrations for this
theory are t he local fi brat i ons, as defined above.
The weak equivalences are harder to define, since the definition is combinatorial
and local. We must first arrange for a calculus of local fi brat i ons, in the style of
[14]. I say t hat a class ,.nt of simplicial set monomorphi sms is l ocal l y saturated if it
satisfies t he following axioms:
(1) All i somorphi sms belong to a.
(2) ~ is dosed under cobase change with respect to ar bi t r ar y maps.
(3) ~ is closed under retracts.
(4) ~ is closed under finite composi t i on and finite direct sum.
Lemma 1.1. The cl ass ~ p o f simpl icial set monomorphisms which has the l ocal l eft
~fting propert y with respect to a f i x ed simpl icial presheaf map p: X - ~ Y is l ocal l y
Saturated.
40 J.F. Jardine
Pr oof . ~tp is the collection of all simplicial set inclusions i" K o L such that, for
each di agram
ct
K , X ( U)
i l lp
L , Y ( U)
#
there is a covering sieve RCC( - , U) where, for each tp: V--, U in R, there is a
diagram
a tp*
K , X ( U) , X ( V)
L , Y ( U) , Y ( V)
Observe t hat the liftings 0, are not required to be coherent in any way. The axioms
(1), (2), and (3) trivial. To verify (4) (and to verify a lot of ot her t hi ngs)we use a
st andard r e f i ne me nt pr i nc i pl e for covering sieves. Suppose t hat R CC( - , U)is
covering, and suppose t hat S, CC( - , F) is a choice of covering sieve for each
q~: V--, U in R. Let R o S. be t he collection of all morphi sms W--, U of C having a
fact ori zat i on
W , U
\ /
V
where (p e R and g ~S~. Then the refinement principle, which is easily proved,
asserts t hat R o S~, is covering.
Now suppose t hat there is a diagram
KI
K3
#
, X,
u)
P
Y ( U)
Simplicial presheaves 41
where il and i 2 a r e in Mp. Then t here is a covering sieve R C C( - , U) such t hat , for
each ~: V-~ U in R, there is a di agram
K1 , X(U) , X(V)
K2 p
Ks , Y ( U) , Y ( V)
There is a covering sieve S~, CC( - , V) such that, for each : W--, V in S~,, there is
a diagram
a ~* gJ*
K~ , X ( U) 2 X ( V) , X ( W)
i l I
Ks 13 ' Y( U) , , , Y ( V) ~ , , Y ( W)
This gives a choice of lifting 0~, ~, for each factorization y = ~ o ~v of each y e R o S, .
Picking one lifting 0~,w for each y shows t hat i2oil lifts locally along R o S. , and
so ~tp is closed under finite composi t i on. Mp is closed under finite direct sums,
since the covering sieves in C( - , U) are closed under finite intersection. []
The members of t he smallest locally saturated class of monomorphi sms which
contains t he inclusions ATcCA n, n >0, are called strong anodyne extensions. Stan-
dard nonsense [14, p. 61], t oget her with Lemma I . I , implies t hat all inclusions
( A I T ) U( { e } S ) CA I S , e=O, 1, (1.2)
which are induced by inclusions T CS of f i ni t e simplicial sets, are strong anodyne
extensions. One shows, following [14] again, t hat if T CS are finite, t hen t he set of
inclusions K CL of simplicial sets such t hat the induced map
( L x T) U ( K x S ) CL x S
is strong anodyne, is a locally sat urat ed class which contains all maps of t he form
(1.2), and hence all inclusions A~CA n, n >0 , giving
42 J.F. Jardine
Corol l ary 1.3. S uppose t hat K C L is a st rong anodyne ex t ensi on and T C S is an
incl usion o f f i ni t e simpl icial sets. Then the i nduced incl usion ( L T) O ( K S ) is a
st rong anodyne extension.
There is also t he more obvious
Corol l ary 1.4. Every l ocal f i br at i on has the l ocal right l ifting pr oper t y wi t h respect
to al l st rong anodyne ext ensi ons.
Now let X be a simplicial presheaf, and let K be a simplicial set. The simplicial
presheaf X K is defined at Ue C by
X K ( U) = horn(K, X ( U) ) ,
where h o m( K , X ( U) ) is the simplicial function complex.
Corol l ary 1.5. S uppose t hat K C L is an incl usion o f f i ni t e si mpl i ci al sets, and that
p: X ~ Y is a l ocal f i brat i on. Then t he map
(i * p ,)
X L ~ X K X y r y t
is a l ocal f i brat i on.
Pr oof . Use adjointness and Cor ol l ar y 1. 3. []
Observe t hat X r is a simplicial sheaf if X is a simplicial sheaf.
Let Od n be t he subcomplex of A n which is generated by all faces dil n of the
canonical simplex in. The smallest locally saturated class which contains all inclu-
sions of the f or m Od n CA n, n >_ O, also contains all inclusions K CL of finite simpli-
cial sets. It follows from Lemma 1.1 t hat all simplicial presheaf maps which have
t he local right lifting propert y with respect to all inclusions of the form OdnCd n,
n _ 0, are local fibrations. One of t he better examples of such a map is given by
Lemma 1.6. Le t X be a si mpl i ci al presheaf . Then t he canoni cal map fix: X -~ f~
has t he l ocal ri ght l ifting pr oper t y wi t h respect to al l OdnC A n, n >_0.
Pr o o f . This was proved in [ 17]. An alternative pr oof is given by observing that any
di agram
&a , x ( u )
A n , L X ( U)
Simpl icial presheaves 43
factors t hr ough a di agr am
oA" , x ( u )
A" , X ( U) R
for some coveri ng sieve R. But t hen, f or each : V--, U in R, t here is a commut at i ve
(p*
x ( u )
x(u)R
diagram
, x(v)
' X(V)~o,R
L X ( U) , L X ( V)
where ~*R is t he set of all mor phi s ms ~u: W- , V of C such t hat ~p o / is i n R.
(o*R = C( - , V), and so t he i ndi cat ed ma p r is an i somor phi sm. []
Corollary 1.7. I f p: X - ~ Y is a l ocal f i brat i on, t hen so is Lp: L x - , L Y.
Proof. Consi der t he di agram
~X
x ( u ) , L X ( U) , A~
Y ( U) , L Y ( U) , A n
r6, 13
Lemma 1.6 and t he r emar k pr ecedi ng it i mpl y t hat a lifts l ocal l y to X. Local f i br a-
tions are closed under composi t i on, by an ar gument dual t o t hat given for Le mma
1.1, and so 1/ op is a l ocal f i br at i on. Thus, by r ef i ni ng furt her, one fi nds l i ft i ngs of
to LX. []
Corollary 1.8. I f p: X ~ Y is a l ocal f i brat i on, t hen so is p: P ( ~ Y. I n particul ar, i f
X is a pr e s he af o f K an compl ex es, t hen X is l ocal l y f i brant .
44 J.F. Jardine
Le t K be a f i n i t e s i mpl i c i a l s et , an d l et X be a l o c a l l y f i br a n t s i mpl i c i al presheaf
on C. Let
K
f
: X ( U)
g
be a pai r of simplicial set maps. f is said to be l ocal l y homot opi c to g (write
f' -l oc g) i f there is a covering sieve RCC( - , U) such t hat , for each (a: V--, U in R,
t here is a di agram
f
K , X ( U)
1 1"
K x A 1 h~ , X ( V)
g
K , X ( U)
One says t hat f is locally homot opi c to g (rel L), where L C K, i f f ] ~ = g [t, and each
homot opy h~, is const ant on L.
L e mma 1.9. Local homot opy ( rel any s ubcompl ex ) o f maps K ~ X ( U) is an equiva-
l ence rel ation i f K is f i ni t e and X is l ocal l y f i brant .
Pr oof . It suffices to show t hat local homot opy of vertex maps A ~ Y ( U) is an
equivalence relation i f Y is locally fi brant . To see this, observe t hat each comma
cat egory C~ U inherits a canonical t opol ogy from the site C, and t hat i f X Iu is the
composi t e funct or
X
(C,LU)P--# C p ,S, V ----~ U ~-. V,
t hen X I v is locally fi brant if X is. Now suppose t hat t here is a di agram
L
K
t7
, x ( u )
K
and f or m the pul l back di agram
( X I v ) K / L , ( X
1
, (X
f f
v) x
v) L
of simplicial presheaves on EI U. Then f and g determine vertices of the locally
fibrant simplicial presheaf ( X [ u ) K / L , and f=loc g (rel L) if and only if the corres-
ponding vertices are locally homotopic.
Suppose that there is a covering sieve RCC( - , U) such that, for each ~p: V~ U
in R, there is a diagram
X
A , X ( U)
A1 w~, , X ( V)
A Y , X ( U)
so that x'--lo c y as vertices of X. Then t here is a covering sieve S~ C C( - , V) such
that, for each y: W--* V i n S~o t here is a di agr am
(we, So *x; - )
A 2 , X ( V)
A 2 , X ( W)
Oy,
where ( w, sotp*x, - ) is the unique map on A2 2 which sends dotz to w(ll) and dl t z to
s#*x in X ( V) . Then there is a diagram
A Y , X ( U)
d2
AI , A2 vy, ' X ( W)
/ , , ,
X
A " ' , X ( U)
46 J.F. Jardine
for each composi t e o y with (0 e R and y e S, , and so y =loc x. The transitivity is
similar. Reflexivity is trivial. []
Let Ct be a small Grothendieck site with terminal object t (like It: in C~U). Let
X be a locally fi brant simplicial presheaf on Ct and t ake a vertex x ~ X( t ) o. Let x U
be t he image of x in X ( U) under the map X( t ) - - - , X( U) which is induced by U- t
in Ct. The set of local homot opy classes of maps (An, OA n) --' ( X ( U) , x u ) has ele-
ments denot ed by [(An, Odn), ( X( U) , x v) ho c. Letting U vary gives a presheaf
n.P(x, x) ( U) := { [(A", OA"), (X(U),xv)hoc}.
It is easily seen t hat n~ ( X, x ) is separated for all n_> 1. I define n, , ( X, x ) to be the
associated sheaf of nPn(X,x), nn( X, x ) may be identified with LnPn( X,x) . Similar
consi derat i ons appl y to pat h component s; nPX is t he presheaf of local homotopy
classes of vertices, and noX is its associated sheaf.
A combi nat ori al pairing
m p" 7tPn( X,x) X/ t P( X, x) ~ rg n( X, x )
may be defined as follows. Let f and g be maps (An, OAn) - - ' ( X( U) , x u) which
represent local homot opy classes. There is a covering sieve R C C( - , U) such that,
for each ~0: V--, U in R, there is a diagram
(xv ..... xu,f, -, g)
An +l ' X ( U)
A n+l , X ( V)
w,
Then {[dnw~,]loc}0,~n is an R-compatible family, and hence defines an element
[{ [d,,w, hoc}, e n] of nn( X, x ) ( U) which is independent of the choices t hat have been
ma d e . It f o l l o ws t hat
([f]~oc, [g]loc) ~ [{ [amW~llo~}~R]
defines t he U-section component of the presheaf map m p. Appl yi ng t he associated
sheaf f unct or t o m p gives a pairing
m : n,,( X, x) nn( X, x ) "-* nn( X, x) .
The const ant map xv: ( A",aAn) ~ ( X ( U) , x u ) determines a distinguished element
e v e n, , ( X, x ) ( U) in the obvious way, and ~ *( ev) =ev for each (p: V~ U.
Pr o po s i t i o n 1.10. nn( X, x) , as def i ned above, is a sheaf o f groups f o r n>.l which
is abel ian f o r n > 2.
l~roof. Thi s will onl y be a sket ch. The i dea is t o t ake t he ar gument s of [21, p. 9]
and make t hem local. One gets away with this because onl y fi ni t el y ma ny choices
of lifts ( and hence refi nement s) ar e r equi r ed at each stage.
Suppose t hat {[X~]loc}~eR is an R- compat i bl e f ami l y in zt Pn( X, x ) ( U) for some
covering sieve R, and t hat [Zhoc is an el ement of rcPn(X, x ) ( U) . Suppose f ur t her t hat ,
for each q: V~ U in R, t here is a di agr am
A~ +I ( Xv,...,Xv,X~,-,~o*z) ~ X ( V)
An
Then t he f ami l y { [ d n w ~ ] } ~ R is R- compat i bl e and represent s t he pr oduct
[ { [x~lloc } ~ ~ R l " [[Zhocl
in ~n(S, x)(U).
Now let u, o, w: ( An, a A n ) ~ ( X ( U) , x v ) represent el ement s of n P ( X , x ) ( U) . By
successive r ef i nement , t here is a coveri ng sieve R CCt ( - , U) such t hat , for each
~: V ~ U i n R , t her e ar e c o mmu t a t i ve d i agr ams
(Xv ..... Xv, ~o*u, - , *v )
An +l ~" X ( V)
An+l
( xv .... , xv, d, w~_ l, - , q,*w)
A'~ +] ~ X ( V)
zln+l
An+ l ( xv .... ,xv,( o*u,-,~o*w)
,, ~ X ( V)
/1 n+l
48
J.F. Jardine
( X v , . . . , X v ' w~ n_ l , ~o W~O
- - , Wn +l , n+2)
Ann+ 2 , X ( V)
zl n+ 2
But t hen the di agr am
OA~ +1
N
An+l
( X V . . . . . X V, ( O'U, d n W~n + 1, dn W~n + 2)
, x(v)
commut es for each (0: V-~ U in R, and so
[ [ who~] ( [ [ o ] i o d [ [ Uhoc] )
= [ [ Wh o c ] ' [ { I d ~ w ~ - l h o c } ~ R]
= [{I dnw~n+l ]l oc}~eR]
= [ { [ d n wn~+ 2 ] l o c } ~ R ] [ [ U] loc]
= ( [ [ wh o c l [[Ol l oc]) [ [ uhoc l
in rt,( X,x) ( u) . It follows t hat the multiplication map is associative. Similar argu-
ment s give t he rest of the result. []
Each of t he sites C~U of Lemma 1.8 has a terminal obj ect , namely the identity
map 1v: U--, U, and so x ~ X ] v ( l v ) o determines a sheaf of homot opy groups
ztn(X[ u, x ) i f X is locally fi brant . A map f : X~ Y of locally fi brant simplicial pre-
sheaves is said t o be a combinatorial weak equival ence i f each of the induced maps
f , : n 0 ( X ) ~ no(Y),
f.:n.(Xlu, x)-~n.(YIu,fx), U~C, x~ X( U) o
are i somorphi sms of sheaves. Recall t hat , i f C is a site such t hat the sheaf category
Shy(C) has enough points, or stalks, t hen X is locally f i br ant if and only if each
of the stalks Xy is a Kan complex. In this case, a map f : X~ Y is a combinatorial
weak equivalence i f and onl y i f each of the induced stalk maps fy: Xy --, Yy is a weak
equivalence of Kan complexes in the simplicial set cat egory S.
proposition 1.11. S uppose given a commut at i ve diagram
g
X , Y
\ / ;
Z
of morphisms o f l ocal l y f i brant simpl icial presheaves. I f any t wo o f f , g, or h are
combinatorial weak equival ences, t hen so is the third.
Proof. Suppose t hat g and h are combinatorial weak equivalences. Then
g,: n0(X) - ' 7to(Y) is an i somorphi sm, so t hat , for each y ~ Y( U) o, Ue C, there is a
covering sieve R such t hat , for each to: V--* U in R, there is a di agram
OA 1 (tp*y,g(x)) Y ( V)
A 1
where x e X ( V) o. Each such w,, induces an isomorphism of sheaves
( w , ) . : ~tn(Y I v, * Y ) -=- nn(YI v, g(x,)).
More generally, i f Y" is a locally fi brant simplicial presheaf on Ct and there is a
OA ]
N
diagram
A l
(x,x')
, r ' (t)
then there is an i nduced i somorphi sm
w. : rcn( Y; x ) -- rcn( Y; x ' )
which is nat ural in t he obvious sense. In effect, if U is an object of Ct and
~:(zln, aAn) -~ ( Y' ( U) ,xu) represents an element of nP( Y ' x ) ( U) , t hen there is a
covering sieve S CCt ( - , U) such t hat , for each (p: V--, U in S t here is a commut at i ve
diagram
(or, wu) *
( , d n x d ) U( Od n x A 1) , Y ' ( U) , Y ' ( V)
A n x A l
50 J.F. Jardine
where w U is the composi t e
OAn x AI pr ZI 1 w
, , Y' (t) , Y' (U).
Then { [w, dl]loc},~R is an S-compatible family in P '
o n n ( Y , x ) ( U) , and so deter.
mines an element w,[a]loc of 1 t n( Y ' , x ' ) ( U) ; w,[a]lo c is independent of the represen.
tative of [a]loc. The i nduced presheaf map
w.: z t P( Y ; x ) -* Z t n( Y' , x ' )
is monic and locally epi morphi c. Finally, observe that, for each (o: V~ U in the
original covering sieve R, t he site isomorphism (C~ U)~(q~: V--* U) = - C$ V induces an
i somorphi sm
rt n( Y ] u, y) ( t p: V~ U) = zt n( Yl v, t p*y) ( l v)
which is nat ural in Y.
Put t i ng all of the above together gives commutative diagrams
7t,,(YI u, y ) ( l v )
l t . ( Z l v, f Y ) ( 1 u )
tp*
(o*
, ~t.(Ylv, y)(~o: v ~ u )
1"
, n, , ( Z [ v, f y) ( : V~ U)
rt n( Y[ u, y) ( ~p: V~ U) = rtn( Yl v, tp*y) ( 1 v)
" ,J l ',
zt , , ( Z [ v, fy) ( q~ : V~ U) --- rt , , ( Z l v, f ~ o*y) ( 1 v)
7t,,( Yl v, q~*y)( l v)
" t
Tt,,( Z l v, f t p*y) ( 1 v)
(w~o),
( fw,,) .
rt n( X ] v,X~ o) ( 1 v)
' rt . (Yl v, gxe)(1 v) ~
, n. ( Z I e , f g x D( 1 v )
for each ~p: V--, U in t he covering sieve R. Thus, all of the maps f , are isomor-
phisms, and so f is a combi nat ori al weak equivalence if g and h are. The other cases
are trivial. []
Local fibrations between locally fibrant simplicial presheaves are characterized by
having the local right lifting propert y with respect to all simplicial set inclusions of
the form A ~ CA n, n>O. The fol l owi ng result, whi ch is t he key t o t hi s t heor y, i m-
plies t hat a map of l ocal l y f i br ant simplicial presheaves is a local f i br at i on and a
combinatorial weak equi val ence i f and onl y i f it has t he local ri ght l i ft i ng pr oper t y
with respect t o al l i ncl usi ons of finite simplicial sets; such maps will be called t ri vi al
local f i brat i ons.
Theorem 1. 12. A map p: X ~ Y bet ween l ocal l y f i br ant si mpl i ci al presheaves is a
local f i brat i on and a combi nat ori al weak equi val ence i f and onl y i f it has t he l ocal
right l i f t i ng pr oper t y wi t h respect to al l i ncl usi ons o f t he f o r m a An CA n, n>O.
0_/1 n +1
An+l
proof. A map ( A 0, OA n) ~ ( X ( U) , x ) represents t he t ri vi al el ement of rcn( X{u, x)(1 v)
if and onl y i f t here is a coveri ng sieve RCC( - , U) such t hat , for each (0: V--, U in
R, there is a di agr am
((o*a, x v, . . . , Xv)
, x(v)
It follows t hat a map p: X~ Y which has t he local ri ght l i ft i ng pr oper t y wi t h respect
to all OA" CA n, n >_ O, is a combi nat or i al weak equi val ence. Such a map is cl earl y
a local f i br at i on, by t he obser vat i on precedi ng t he pr oof of Lemma 1.6.
For t he converse, say t hat a di agr am
Od n
A
A,,
Ot
#
, x(u)
, Y(U)
has a l ocal l i f t i ng i f t here is a coveri ng sieve R C C( - , U) such t hat , for each tp: V--> U
in R, t here is a commut at i ve di agr am
(O*o ~
OA" ' X ( V)
A n ~ Y ( V)
~o,o #
52 J.F. Jardine
The idea is to show that, if p: X--* Y is a combinatorial weak equivalence and a local
fibration, then every diagram of the form D has a local lifting.
First of all, if D is locally homotopic to diagrams De having local liftings, then
D has a local lifting. In effect, there is a covering sieve R C C( - , U) such that, for
each ~" V---, U in R, there is a commutative diagram
OA"
["] OA n XA 1
A o
* #
A n d I
, x(v)
lp
, Y(V)
h~
Furthermore, one is assuming that, for each (0 in R, there is a covering sieve
Rv CC( - , V) such that, for each ~: W~ V in R~,, there is a diagram
q/*oh~odl
, x(w)
OA n
A n
, Y(W)
~ *o h~ o d I
Then there is a covering sieve R~, , vCC( - , W) such that, for each y: W" - *W in
Rv, , , there is a diagram
d o (y*q/*h, y*O~,,)
Of f ' , ( a A " x A ~ ) U( A " x O) , X ( W' )
A n dO , A n x A l " , Y ( W' )
Composing the refinements gives the claim.
Now consider the diagram
OA" ~ X( U)
!
D ( ] / p n>_l.
4,
A" , Y(U)
#
D is locally homotopic to diagrams of the form
( f f ~ , X V, . . . ,Xv)
OA" , X ( V)
I
[ p ~p : V- ~ U,
A n , Y ( V)
where x is the image of the vertex 0 of OA n. In effect, t he subcomplex A~ of OA n
contracts ont o the vertex O, and t he homot opy extends locally to a homot opy of
diagrams. But t hen a~ represents the trivial element of n, , _ l ( X[ v, X v ) ( l v ) =
~ , , _ l ( Yl v, PXv) ( l v) and so each D~ is locally homot opi c to diagrams of t he f or m
XW
OA" , x ( w )
I
9/,o ~'] [ p q/ : W --* V.
4,
a" , Y(W)
Finally, p. : nn( Xl w, Xw) - - * nn( Y l w, P( Xw) ) is a sheaf epi, and so each D~,,~ has a
local lifting. Thus D has a local lifting. The sheaf i somorphi sm p, : rtoX = ~ noY
gives the required local liftings for every vertex of Y. []
Recall [4], [17] t hat a category o f f i b r a n t obj ect s (for a homot opy t heory) is a
category f~ with pullbacks and a t ermi nal o b j e c t . , equipped with two classes of
maps, called fi brat i ons and weak equivalences, such t hat t he following axi oms are
satisfied:
(A) Given ma p s f : X~ Yand g: Y ~ Z in ~, i f any t wo o f f , g, or go f a r e weak
equivalences, t hen so is the third.
(B) The composite of two fi brat i ons is a fi brat i on. Any i somorphi sm is a
fibration.
(C) Fi brat i ons and trivial fi brat i ons (i.e., maps which are fibrations and weak
equivalences) are closed under pul l back.
(D) For any object X of ~, t here is a commut at i ve di agram
X x
s 1
/ /
X , X x X
A
where A i s t he d i a go n a l map, s i s a we a k e qu i val e n c e , a n d (do, d l ) i s a f i br a t i o n .
(E) F o r e ac h o bj e c t X o f f#, t he ma p X - , i s a f i br a t i o n .
The po i n t o f what we have d o n e s o f ar i n t hi s s e c t i o n has be e n t o pr o ve:
54 J.F. Jardine
Th e o r e m 1.13. The category SPre(C)f o f l ocal l y f i brant simpl icial presheaves on
an arbitrary Grot hendi eck site C, together with the cl asses o f combinatorial weak
equival ences and l ocal fibrations, satisfies the axioms f o r a category o f fibrant
obj ects f or a homot opy theory.
Pr o o f . Axi om (A) is Proposi t i on 1.11. The non-trivial part of Axiom (B) Was
observed in t he pr oof of Corol l ary 1.7. Local fibrations and trivial local fibrations
are defined by local lifting properties, by Theorem 1.12, and are therefore closed
under base change, giving Axiom (C). There is a commutative diagram
for each locally fi brant simplicial presheaf X, which is induced by the diagram of
finite simplicial sets
A 1
Od 1
A 0
f
i* is a local fi brat i on by Corol l ary 1.5. On the other hand, do: X "jl ~ X may be
identified with t he map (dO)*: X A' - - , X '~. This map (dO) * has the local left lifting
propert y with respect to all OAnCA n, n>_O, by adjointness, and so do is a trivial
local fi brat i on by Theorem 1.12. But t hen s is a weak equivalence by Proposition
1.11, and so Axi om (D) is verified. Axi om (E) is an assumption. []
The object X I of Axi om (D) is called a pat h obj ect for X. It is i mport ant to note
t hat the pat h object const ruct i on of t he pr oof of Theorem 1.13 is functorial and
classifies nat ur al simplicial homot opy, by adjointness. More precisely, there is a
di agram
h / / /
X
y,a I
(ao, d~)
' YxY
(f, g)
if and only if there is a diagram
X
X X A I h. , Y
X
where X dl is the presheaf which is defined by X x A I ( U) =X ( U) A 1. Let
n(X, Y) be the set hom(X, Y) in SPre(C)f, collapsed by the smallest equivalence
relation which is generated by the simplicial homotopy relation. The natu:rality of
ya' implies that re(X, Y) is the set of morphisms from X to Y of a category
nSPre(C)f, whose objects are those of the original category SPre(C)f. This cate-
gory approximates the associated homot opy category Ho(SPre(C)f) in the sense
that there is an isomorphism
[ X, Y ] - - l i m 7t(Z, Y ) ,
- . . ,
[rO: Z--' X ~ Triv J, X
where Triv~X is the full (filtered) subcategory of the comma category 7tSPre(C)f~X
whose objects consist of maps which are represented by trivial fibrations, and [X, Y]
denotes morphisms from X to Y in Ho(SPre(C)f). The naturality of 7a' implies
that the homotopy category may be approximated by 7tSPre(C)f via a calculus of
fractions (see also [4, p. 425]). The corresponding point for simplicial sheaves is cen-
tral to the cup product constructions of [17].
Theorem 1.13 implies the analogous result [17] for simplicial sheaves.
Corollary 1.14. The category SShv(C)f of l ocal l y f i brant simpl icial sheaves on an
arbitrary Grothendieck site C, together with the cl asses o f l ocal f i brat i ons and com-
binatorial weak equival ences as def i ned above, satisfies the ax i oms f o r a category
of f i brant obj ects f or a homot opy theory. Moreover, Ho(SShv(C)f) is equival ent to
Ho(SPre(C)f).
Proof. All finite limits in SShv(C) are formed as they are in SPre(C), and so X r
is a simplicial sheaf if X is. This implies the path object Axi om (D) for simplicial
sheaves. The rest of the axioms are trivial.
A map p: X--, Y of simplicial presheaves is a trivial local fibration if and only if
the maps
X A~ ( i ' p , ) , XOa~ y z P
ya4"
56 J.F. Jardi ne
are local epimorphisms in degree 0; this follows f r om Theorem 1.12. By adjointness
and Corollaries 1.3 and 1.4, this is equivalent to (i*, p , ) being a local epimorphisnl
in all degrees. On the ot her hand, the canonical map
r / , : X K-~ ~ x
induces an i somorphi sm of the sheaf associated to X K with )?K if K is finite, since
t he associated sheaf f unct or commutes with finite limits. It follows t hat the map
~ (~-*#*), ~ a~ x 1 ~
~Sd R
is a degree-wise local epi i f (i*, p , ) is, and so # is a trivial local fibration if p is. We
have al ready seen in Corol l ary 1.7 t hat the associated sheaf funct or preserves local
fi brat i ons. Every map g: X---, Y of SPre(C)f has a fact ori zat i on g = q o i, where q is
a local fi brat i on and i is ri ght inverse to a trivial local fi brat i on; this is the factoriza.
t i on l emma of [4]. Therefore, i f g is a combi nat ori al weak equivalence, then so are
t~ and r and hence g. Thus, t he associated sheaf funct or preserves combinatorial
weak equivalences, and so t here are induced funct ors
Ho(SPre(C)f) ,
A
' Ho(SShv(C)f).
Lemma 1.6 implies t hat this is an equivalence of categories. []
Any of t he classical constructions of simplicial homot opy t heory which involve
onl y finitely many solutions of the Kan extension condi t i on carry over to the locally
fi brant simplicial presheaf setting. The long exact sequence of a fibration is an
example; one constructs t he boundar y homomor phi sm locally by analogy with the
const ruct i on of [20], giving
Le mma 1.15. S uppose t hat C t is a Grot hendi eck si t e wi t h t ermi nal obj ect t. Sup-
pos e t hat p: X ~ Y is a l ocal f i brat i on o f l ocal l y f i br ant si mpl i ci al preshea~ es on Ct
and t hat x ~ X ( t ) o is a gl obal choi ce o f base poi nt f o r X . Let F x be def i ned by the
Cartesian square
i
Fx , X
[p
, ~ y
p x
Then there is a sequence o f poi nt ed sheaves
8 i , p .
"'" ' 7h( Fx, x ) ' l t l (X, x)
O i , p ,
' ~o F ~ ' n o X ; ~ o Y
Simpliciai presheaves 57
which is ex act as a sequence o f sheaves, and consi st s o f group h o mo mo r p h i s ms in
the usual range.
For Ct, X and x as i n Le mma 1.15, observe t hat t here are pul l back squares
pr d~
P X ~ X a~ ' X
X
do
~X
f 2X , P X
l
dl pr
x
, X
which def i ne t he pat h space P X and t he l oop space ~ X respectively, rel at i ve t o t he
choice of x. The n P X is t ri vi al l y l ocal l y f i br ant , and so there are i somor phi sms of
sheaves
(1.16)
7[i (X,x ) ~-. 7ti _ l (~' ~X,x),
nl ( X, x) -- ~o(~X)
i_>2,
by Theorem 1.12 and Le mma 1.15. One can show t hat 7t i ( X, x ) is abel i an for i_>2
by using t hi s fact , for t hen 7ti_l ( ~'~X,x ) has two gr oup mul t i pl i cat i ons whi ch have
a common i dent i t y and sat i sfy an i nt erchange l aw.
Now let C be ar bi t r ar y and suppose t hat Y is a l ocal l y f i br ant si mpl i ci al pr esheaf
on C. Kan' s Ex f unct or [19] ma y be used to const r uct a pr es heaf of Kan com-
plexes Ex Y and a canoni cal ma p v: Y- , Ex ~ Y.
Proposition 1. 17. The map v: Y ~ Ex ~ Y is a combi nat ori al weak equi val ence i f Y
a l ocal l y f i br ant si mpl i ci al pr e s he af on an arbi t rary Grot hendi eck si t e C.
Proof. Recal l [19] t hat v: Y - , Ex ~ Y is a fi l t ered col i mi t of maps of t he f or m
[Y-',ExY, wher e Ex is ri ght adj oi nt t o t he subdi vi si on f unct or and Y ~ Ex Y is
~duced poi nt wi se by t he last vert ex maps s d d n - ~ A n. The i dea is to show t hat
Ex Y is l ocal l y f i br ant and t hat t he ma p Y- , Ex Y is a combi nat or i al weak equi va-
lence. The r esul t t hen fol l ows f r om t he fact t hat , i f
.1"1 f2 f3
Xo , x 2 , - - .
a filtered syst em i n SPre(C)f such t hat each J~ is a combi nat or i al weak equi va-
58 J.F. Jardine
lence, t hen l i m Xi is l ocal l y f i br ant , and the canoni cal ma p
Xo -~ l i m X/
- - +
is a combi nat or i al weak equi val ence.
The i ncl usi on s dA~ c c s dd n is a st rong anodyne ext ensi on; this is implicit in
Kan' s Le mma 3.4 [19], but a less combi nat or i al pr oof ma y be given which takes
advant age of t he fact t hat s d d " is a cone on sd 0A n. It fol l ows t hat Ex preserves
local f i br e sequences, and t hat Ex Y is l ocal l y f i br ant i n part i cul ar.
It is t r i vi al to show t hat , i f X is l ocal l y fi brant , t hen X~ Ex X induces an isomor.
phi sm i n no. Suppose t hat x e X ( U) o for an obj ect U of C. Ex commut es With
rest ri ct i on t o C ~ U, and so we ma y suppose t hat C = Ct, X and x are as in the state.
ment of Le mma 1.15. Then t here is a commut at i ve di agr am of sheaf homomor.
phi sms
nl(X,x)
no( X)
, n l ( Ex X, x)
, n0(Ex ~ X)
But Ex P X - ; . is a t ri vi al local f i br at i on, by adj oi nt ness and Theor em 1.12, and so
a is an i s omor phi s m. It erat i ng t hi s procedure shows t hat all of the induced maps
l ti( X, x) - - * I t i ( Ex X, x ) , i>_ l ,
are i s omor phi s ms . []
Observe t hat Pr oposi t i on 1.17 is a t ri vi al i t y i f Shv( C) has enough points, for then
Ex ' commut es with all stalk const ruct i ons, and Ka n' s t heor em t hat X~ Ex' X is
a weak equi val ence for all Kan compl exes X ma y be j ust quot ed. This theorem had
to be r epr oved in t he cont ext above. It will become i mpor t ant when vari ous homo-
t opy cat egori es are compar ed i n t he next section. The sheaves of homot opy groups
whi ch are associ at ed to presheaves of Kan compl exes are al so very easy to describe.
Proposition 1.18. Let X be a pr es heaf o f K an compl exes on a site Ct with terminal
obj ect t, and take x ~ X ( t ) o. Let 7tnsirnP(X, x) be the presheaf o f simpl icial homotopy
groups o f X , based at x. Then t he s heaf associated to 7tnSirnp(x~ x ) is canonical l y iso-
morphi c to nn( X, x ) .
Pr oof . Cons i der t he ma p
11" 7tsnimP(X, X) - * LTlSnimP(X,x).
The si mpl i ces a, B: ( An, a An) ~ ( X( U) , x v) represent t he same element of
Lg~ir~p(X,x)(U) i f and onl y i f t hey are locally homot opi c (rel OA' ). Thus, t her e is
a fact ori zat i on of pr esheaf maps
7[nsimp (X) X) r/ , L~zsimp(x,x)
rc (X,x)
All of t he maps in t hi s di agr am become i somorphi sms when t he associ at ed sheaf
functor is appl i ed. []
2. Global t heor y
Let C be an ar bi t r ar y small Gr ot hendi eck site. The gl obal homot opy t heor y f or
the full cat egor y SPr e( C) of si mpl i ci al presheaves is essent i al l y a t heor y of cof i br a-
tions. These are easy t o define; a cofibration is a map of si mpl i ci al presheaves whi ch
is a poi nt wi se monomor phi s m. Associ at ed to any simplicial pr esheaf X on C and
x eX( U) o is a sheaf zttn P(XIv, x ) on C~U. rttn P(Xlu, x ) is t he sheaf associ at ed t o
the presheaf whi ch is defi ned by
where IX(V)[ is t he real i zat i on of t he simplicial set X ( V) , and ~Zn( [X( V) [, Xv) is t he
usual nt h homot opy gr oup of t he space [X(V)[, based at Xv = (o*(x). nt p( X[ u, X)
is a sheaf of gr oups whi ch is abel i an i f n > 2. The sheaf zt~P(X) of t opol ogi cal pat h
components is def i ned similarly. A map f : X--, Y of si mpl i ci al presheaves is sai d t o
be a topol ogical weak equival ence i f it induces i somor phi sms of sheaves
f , : t p( Xl v, x ) --- ) l ttn P(X[u, f X) , U~ C, x ~ X ( U) o ,
f *: 7[~P(X) -~ ) ~ z ~ P ( y ) .
There is a canoni cal i somor phi sm
v, x) -- . . ( s IXl Iu, x),
where S is t he si ngul ar f unct or , in view of Pr oposi t i on 1.18 and t he usual adj oi nt -
hess tricks. It fol l ows t hat f : X~ Y is a t opol ogi cal weak equi val ence i f and onl y
if the associ at ed map S i f I: S[ X [ --* S [ Y [ is a combi nat or i al weak equi val ence.
Thus, Pr oposi t i on 1.11 implies
Lemma 2.1. Given simpl icial pr es heaf maps f : X ~ Y and g: Y - ~ Z , i f any t wo o f
f, g, or g o f are topol ogical weak equival ences, then so is t he third.
A trivial cof i brat i on i: A --, B of si mpl i ci al presheaves is a map which is bot h a
fibration and a t opol ogi cal weak equivalence. We are now worki ng t owar ds a
60 J.F. Jardine
closed model st r uct ur e on SPr e( C) whi ch is based on cof i br at i ons and topological
weak equivalences. We begi n by pr ovi ng
Proposition 2.2. Trivial cofibrations are cl osed under pushout.
Pr oof . Poi nt wi se weak equi val ences are t opol ogi cal weak equi val ences, so it is
enough t o consi der any pushout di agr am of t he f or m
J
A , C
1
B , D
wi t h j a cofibration, and show t hat i' is a trivial cof i br at i on i f i is. i ' is a trivial
cof i br at i on i f and onl y i f for every di agr am of t opol ogi cal spaces of t he form
l a ~ " l , I C ( U ) l
E N I/'I
I A " I # , I D ( U ) I
t here is a coveri ng sieve RCC( - , U) such t hat , for each ~p: V-~ U in R, there are
di agrams
l a A ' , I
I ~ " 1
" ~ o ~ ~
l a A " l X I . ~ ' 1
I z r ' l x l A ' l
' I c ( v ) l
cl~*la
l i ' l
he
, I D ( V) I
/
l a ~n t
](p*] a
, I c ( v ) l
l i ' l
, I D ( V) I
h~ d I
where Cl~o*la is t he cons t ant homot opy on [(p*] a. Thi s is shown by appl yi ng
Theorem 1.12, t oget her wi t h a local simplex choice ar gument , t o t he local f i br at i on
associated t o t he map S [ i' t:S IcI --' s ID[ of presheaves of Kan compl exes.
Now t ake a di agr am of t he f or m E. Then t here is a homot opy
l a A " l
IOA"I x I A ' I ' I C ( u ) l
1 " J , i ' ,
hD
I A " I x I A I [ ' I D ( U ) I
IA"I
and a subdi vi si on [LI --IAnl (in t he classical sense [25]) such t hat , in the di agr am
I KI ~I aA" t
n F1
ILl-= IA"I
hD d I
, I c u ) l
1i'1
, I D ( U ) I
the image of t he real i zat i on [a[ of each simplex a of L is cont ai ned either in [C(U)[
or IB(U)I, where Ig[ is t he i nduced subdi vi si on of laA" I. It fol l ows t hat t he homo-
t0py lifting pr oper t y f or E may be repl aced by t he cor r espondi ng pr obl em for
diagrams of t he f or m
IKI , I c ( u ) l
E,
Ii'l
ILl B' ' I D( U) I
such t hat f l ' maps eac h [ a[ i n t o ei t her [ C( U) [ or [ B ( U) [ .
There is a sequence of subcompl exes
K = K o CK ~ C. . . CK n = L
of L, where Ki+ 1 is obt ai ned f r om K i by adj oi ni ng a simplex. Suppose t hat , for t he
induced di agr am
62 J.F. Jardine
~t
IKI , I c( u) l
E, Ii'1
IK+t #,, ' ]D( U) ]
t here is a coveri ng sieve Rc C( - , U) such t hat , for each ~p: V-* U in R, there are
di agr ams
IKI [ Aal ] C( V) l
IKil x ] h 1 ] , [D(V)[
/ o
I1 a'
I g[ ' I C( V) l
li'l
Igil h~dl ' ID(V)I
such t hat
(1) i f / ~; l a l c I B ( U) I , t he n ho , (l al I A l l ) C I n ( v ) l ,
(2) i f #/ ' l al c IC(U)l, t hen ho, is const ant on lal.
These condi t i ons are compat i bl e, since IA(U)I--IB(U)I n IC(U)I. Suppose that
K i+l is obt ai ned f r om K+ by t he pushout
OAn ' K i
A n , K i + 1
a
If P/ t a l c l c ( u ) l , t hen ho, ma y be ext ended by a homot opy hi : [Ki+I[ [Aal - '
IO(V)l whi ch is const ant on tcrl. I f #~l a[ is cont ai ned in IB(U)I but not in Ic(U)l,
t hen ho, ma y be ext ended t o a homot opy go,: Ig++ll IAll-~ ID(V)I such that
go,([a I IAII)clB(V)I. Thus , since i : A +B is a t ri vi al cof i br at i on, there is a
coveri ng sieve SO,CC(-, V) such t hat , for each qt: W+ V in So,, t her e are commuta-
tive di agr ams
I K i l xl A ' l
1
I Ki+I I [ AI [
, I c ( w ) l
Cl~*l o~
Ii'l
h~
, ID(W)I
~ d o / J ' ' ~
/ ~ I~*1 g~ dl
l~u*l 0 r
[Ki [ ' I C( W) I
IK~+~I hwd' ' ID(W)I
Composing the homot opi es h~, and [V*[ g~ along the covering sieve R o S~ solves
the local lifting probl em for the inclusion K---,Ki+ 1. []
Lemma 2.1 and Proposi t i on 2.2 al ready imply t hat t he category SPre(C), t oget her
with the classes of cofi brat i ons and topological weak equivalences as defined above,
satisfies a list of axioms which are dual to the axioms (A)-(E) of the last section,
making SPr e( C) a cat egory of cof i br ant objects for a homot opy theory. But more
is true. Say t hat a map p: X--, Y is a gl obal fibration i f p has the right lifting proper-
ty with respect to all trivial cofi brat i ons. We shall prove
Theorem 2.3. SPre(C), with the cl asses o f cofibrations, topol ogical weak equiva-
lences and gl obal fibrations as defined above, satisfies the axioms f or a cl osed model
category.
Recall t hat a cl osed model category is a category d/ , together with t hree classes
of maps, called cofibrations, fi brat i ons and weak equivalences, such t hat t he fol-
lowing axi oms hold:
CM1. ~g is closed under finite direct and inverse limits.
CM2. Gi ven f : X~ Yand g: Y~ Z in ~, i f any two o f f , g or g o f a r e weak equiva-
lences, t hen so is t he third.
CM3. If f is a retract of g in the cat egory of arrows of dr', and g is a cofi brat i on,
fi brati on o r we a k e qu i v a l e n c e , t h e n s o i s f .
64 J.F. Jardine
CM4. Gi ven any sol i d a r r ow d i a g r a m
U , X
I
V , Y
of ~g, wher e i is a cof i br at i on a n d p is a f i br at i on, t hen t he dot t ed a r r o w exists
ma ki ng t he d i a g r a m c ommut e i f ei t her i or p is a we a k equi val ence.
CMS. An y ma p f of Jig ma y be f a c t or e d as
(1) f =p o i, wher e p is a f i br a t i on a n d i is a c of i br a t i on a nd a weak equivalence,
(2) f = q o j , wher e q is a f i br a t i on a n d a weak equi val ence a nd j is a cofi brat i on.
CM1 a nd CM3 ar e t ri vi al f or SPr e ( C) . The par t of CM4 t ha t is not t he definition
of gl obal f i br at i on is pr oved wi t h a t r i ck of J oya l [18]. I n ef f ect , gi ven a diagram
ot
U , X
V , Y
#
wher e p is a t r i vi al gl obal f i br a t i on ( i . e. , p is a gl obal f i br a t i on and a topological
we a k equi val ence, as usual ) a nd i is a cof i br at i on, f o r m t he di a gr a m
U
~t I x
' , X , X
1
i ' Z p
/o' 1
VUX ' Y
wher e 0 is t he canoni cal ma p, q is a t ri vi al f i br at i on, a nd j is a cof i br at i on. The~
i ' is a c of i br a t i on, so j i ' is a t r i vi al cof i br at i on. Thus , t he dot t ed a r r o w exists,
Simplicktl presheaves 6 5
rnaking the di agram commute, and CM4 is proved (modulo CM5). The pr oof of
Theorem 2.3 is t herefore reduced to provi ng the factorization axiom CMS.
The site C is ' smal l ' , so that t here is a cardinal number a such that a is larger
than the cardi nal i t y of the set of subsets PMor ( C) of the set of morphisms Mor(C)
of C. A simplicial presheaf is said t o be a-bounded if the cardinality of each
xn(U), U~C, n_>0, is smaller t han a. Observe t hat if X is a-bounded, then so is
the associated sheaf 27. The key poi nt in the pr oof of CM5(1) and Theorem 2.3 is
Lemma 2.4. A map p: X- - , Y & a gl obal fibration i f and onl y i f it has the right
lifting property with respect to aH trivial cofi'brations i: U~ V such that V is
a-bounded.
Proof. First of all, let j : A --, C be a trivial cofibration, and suppose t hat B is an
a-bounded subobject of C. I claim t hat there is an a-bounded subobject B,o of C
such that Bc B~ , c C and such t hat B~ OA ~ B~ , is a trivial cofibration. In effect,
given ~ , ~ rt i ( B( U) , BAA( U) , x ) , t here is a covering sieve RCC( - , U) such t hat
q*j,y is trivial in rt i ( C( V) , A( V) , x v) for each ~0: V--, U in R. (The relative homo-
t0py groups are topological; the real i zat i on not at i on 1-[ has been dropped for not a-
tional convenience. In addition, i can be 0. For example, zr0(B(U), B G A( U) , x) is
defined to be the quot i ent rto( B( U) ) / rto( BOA( U) ) . ) C is a filtered colimit of its
a-bounded subobjects and R is a- bounded, so t hat there is a subobject By of C
which contains B, such that the i mage y' of ~ in rti(By(U), By O A( U) , x ) vanishes
in 7[ i (By ( V) , B~, n A ( V) , Xv) for each (0: V ~ U in R. Let B 1 = U By, where the uni on
is taken over all 7~ rt i ( B( U) , BAA( U) , x ) , U~C, x ~ BAA( U) o, i>_O. Then B l is
g-bounded. Iterate t he procedure t o produce a-bounded objects
and let
BCB I CB2 C. . . ,
B , , , = U 8 , .
/_>1
Then B,o is an a- bounded subobj ect of C, and any element of zti( Bto( U) ,
B~NA(U), y) vanishes along some covering sieve, so B~ oAA- ~ B~ is a trivial cofi-
bration.
Now suppose t hat p : X - , Y has t he right lifting propert y with respect to all
~-bounded trivial cofibrations, and consider the diagram
C ~ X
A , Y
where i is a trivial cofibration. Consi der the set of partial lifts
66 J.F. Jardine
C
A
, X
P
, Y
such t hat i ' is a t ri vi al cof i br at i on and B ~ C. Thi s set is i nduct i vel y ordered. To see
t hat it is non- empt y, observe t hat A is a fi l t ered col i mi t of its a- bounded sub.
compl exes, and so t here is a pus hout di agr am
B ' NC , C
B' " , B
wher e B' is an a- bounded subobj ect of A whi ch is not in C, i " is a trivial cofibration
by t he above, and i ' is a t ri vi al cof i br at i on by Pr oposi t i on 2. 2. But t hen the same
ar gument i mpl i es t hat t he maxi mal par t i al lifts have t he f or m
C ~ A
/1 1
A ~ Y
These exist, by Zo, n' s Lemma. []
L e mma 2.5. Every simpl icial presheaf map f : X ~ Y may be f act ored
f
X , Y
\ /
Z
where i is a trivial cofibration and p is a gl obal f i brat i on.
Pr oof . Thi s pr oof is a t r ansf i ni t e smal l obj ect argument . Choose a car di nal fl > 2 a,
and def i ne a f unct or F:f l - ~ SPre(C)~Y on t he part i al l y or der ed set fl by setting
F(O) = f : X---, Y, X = X( O) ,
x ( o = l i m X ( 7 )
~, <(
for l i mi t or di nal s (,
and by requiring t hat the map X( y ) ~ X( y + 1) be defined by the pushout diagram
H io
D
iiu , llv
D D
oot l
X( y) , X( y + 1)
such t hat t he index set consists of all di agrams of the form
uo , x( r )
l
V m , Y
where the io are chosen from a list of representatives of isomorphism classes of a-
bounded trivial cofibrations. Let
X ( f l ) = l i m X ( y ) ,
---I.
and consider the induced fact ori zat i on
i(]~)
x , x(/D
Y
off. Then i( fl ) is a trivial cofi brat i on, since it is a filtered colimit of such. Also,
for any di agram
u , x( #)
~1 I p(#)
V , Y
such t hat V is a-bounded and i is a trivial cofi brat i on, the map U- , X ( p) must fac-
tor t hrough some X( y) - ~ X( f l ) , y<f l , for otherwise U has t oo many subobjects.
The result follows. []
The pr oof of CM5(2) is relatively easy by comparison. First of all, observe that,
68 J.F. Jardi ne
for each object U of C, the U-sections funct or X ~ X ( U) has a left adjoint
?u" S ~ SPre(C) which sends the simplicial set Y t o the simplicial presheaf Yu,
which is defined by
Y. ( V) : II Y.
(a: V-~ U
A map q: Z ~ X has the right lifting propert y with respect to all cofibrations if and
only i f it has the right lifting propert y with respect to all inclusions SCA~ of
subobjects of the d ~, U~ C, n_>0. One uses a Zor n' s Lemma argument on an in-
ductively ordered set of partial lifts to see this, as in the pr oof of Lemma 2.4. A
t ransfi ni t e small object argument , as in Lemma 2.5, shows t hat every map f : Y--,X
has a fact ori zat i on
J
Y ~ Z
\ S
X
where j is a cofi brat i on and q has the right lifting propert y with respect to all
cofi brat i ons. In ot her words, q is an injective resol ut i on o f f in SPre(C)~X (see als0
[15]; this is really j ust the same argument). But t hen q is a weak equivalence as well
as a global fi brat i on. In effect, q has the right lifting propert y with respect to all
inclusions n n Od u C A v, U~ C, n >_ O, so that each map of sections q: Z ( U) --* X( U) is
a trivial fi brat i on of simplicial sets. Thus, q is a pointwise, hence topological, weak
equivalence, and CM5(2) is proved.
The pr oof of Theorem 2.3 is also complete. Its argument is roughl y parallel to
t hat given by Joyal for the corresponding result about simplicial sheaves. More ex-
plicitly, a cofi brat i on (resp. topological weak equivalence) of simplicial sheaves is
j ust a cofi brat i on (resp. topological weak equivalence) in the simplicial presheaf
category. A global fibration p: X ~ Y of simplicial sheaves is a map which has the
right lifting pr oper t y with respect to all trivial cofi brat i ons of simplicial sheaves.
This is equivalent to saying t hat p is a global fi brat i on of simplicial presheaves by
the following:
Le mma 2.6. S uppose that Z is a simpl icial presheaf on C. Then the canonical map
Z ~ Z is a topol ogical weak equival ence.
Pr oof . It suffices to show t hat the map q" Z - - , LZ is a topological weak equivalence.
But
LZ ( U) = lim Z ( U) R,
R
and every element of ,(Iz(u)RI) lifts locally al ong R. On the ot her hand, if
a ~ nn([Z(U)[, x) vanishes in nn( I LZ ( U) [ , fix) , t hen a vanishes in n.( [ Z ( U) rI , xR)
for some coveri ng sieve R, and so a vanishes l ocal l y in ntn P( [ Z( U) l ,x) al ong R. It
follows t hat each i nduced map of sheaves
' 7, : Iv, t p(LZ Iv, ,Tx)
is an i somor phi sm. The ar gument for rt~) p is si mi l ar. []
Corollary 2. 7 (Joyal ). With the def i ni t i ons given above, t he category SShv(C) o f
siraplicial sheaves on an arbitrary Grothendieck site C is a cl osed model category.
pr oof. CM1, CM2 and CM3 are t ri vi al again. CM4 is a consequence of t he cor-
responding axi om for SPre(C) and Lemma 2.6. To pr ove CM5(1), const ruct a fac-
torization
X iB ' XB
Y
of a map f by defi ni ng a f unct or P : fl--*SShv(C)~ Y. The maps P(~)" 2( y) - - * Y are
defined such t hat
9 ( ( 0 = l i m 9 ( ( y)
y<(
in the s i mpl i c i al s h e a f c at e go r y i f ( i s a l i mi t o r d i n a l , a n d s u c h t hat t he d i a gr a m
) ( ( y) , ) ? ( y+ 1)
y +l ) / //~P(y+l)
Y
commutes. Her e, iy+l is a t ri vi al cof i br at i on and p ' ( y + 1) is a global f i br at i on in
SPre(C), and ~ is t he canoni cal map f r om X( y + 1) t o its associ at ed sheaf J ? ( y + 1).
Taking
& = l i m J?(y)
gives t he desi red f act or i zat i on.
. !
The cof i br at i on ly in each di agr am
. t
'Y , g' ( y + 1)
/ ' / ~y + 1)
Y
70 J.F. Jardine
is trivial by Lemma 2.6, and so ip is a trivial cofibration. On the other hand, PB has
the right lifting propert y with respect to all a-bounded trivial cofibrations, by the
choice of t he cardi nal p, and CM5(1) is proved. The pr oof of CM5(2) is similar; it
uses the fact t hat a map p : X---, Y of simplicial sheaves is a trivial global fibration
if and onl y i f it has the right lifting propert y with respect to all subobjects of all
members of t he generating family for SPre(C)~ Y. This is a detail in the proof of
CM5(2) for SPre(C). []
The results i nt roduced so far lead to specific constructions of homotopy
categories for each of t he categories SPre(C)f, SShv(C)f, SPre(C) and SShv(C).
The const ruct i ons themselves will be used later. In the meant i me, it is easy to see
t hat the associated homot opy categories are all equivalent.
Proposition 2.8. The inclusions in the diagram
SShv(C)f C SPre(C)f
N N
SShv(C) C SPre(C)
induce equivalences of categories
Ho(SShv(C)f)
1
Ho(SShv(C))
, Ho(SPre(C)f)
* Ho(SPre(C))
Pr oof . A map f : X~ Y of presheaves of Kan complexes is a topological weak
equivalence i f and onl y i f it is a combi nat ori al weak equivalence; this follows from
Proposi t i on 1.18 and the remarks preceding Lemma 2.1. Thus, Proposition 1.17 im-
plies t hat a map of locally fibrant simplicial presheaves is a topological weak
equivalence i f and onl y if it is a combi nat ori al weak equivalence, and so the vertical
functors of homot opy categories displayed above are defined.
The funct or Ho(SShv(C)f)~Ho(SPre(C)f) was shown t o be an equivalence of
categories in Corol l ary 1.14. The canonical map t / : X- - , . ~ is a topological weak
equivalence by Lemma 2.6. Thus, the associated sheaf f unct or preserves topological
weak equivalences and hence induces a functor on t he homot opy category level
which is inverse to the funct or Ho(SShv(C))-, Ho(SPre(C)), up to nat ural isomor-
phism. Finally, the Ex ~* funct or induces an inverse up t o nat ural isomorphism for
the funct or Ho( SPr e( C) f ) - , Ho( SPr e( C) ) , since the nat ural map X - - , Ex ~ X is a
topological weak equivalence. []
I shall st op maki ng the distinction between topological and combinatorial weak
equivalences henceforth; t hey will simply be called weak equivalences.
Let X be a simplicial presheaf, and let Z X be the simplicial abelian presheaf
vchich is obtained by applying the free abelian group funct or pointwise. It follows
from Proposi t i on 1.18 t hat there are nat ural i somorphi sms
L2 Hn( 7/ X ) -~ l tn( 7/ g, 0), n > O,
L 2 Ho( 7/ X ) _~ lto(7/ g ) ,
where L2Hn(7/X) is t he abelian sheaf associated to the homol ogy presheaf H, , ( Z X)
of the associated presheaf of Moore chain complexes. An argument given in [17],
together with Theorem 1.12, implies t hat the functor X ~ Z X takes trivial local
fibrations to weak equivalences of chai n complexes, and hence takes weak equi-
valences of locally fi brant objects to weak equivalences of chai n complexes. This
observation may be expanded in the following way:
Proposition 2 . 9 . Sup p ose that f : X~ Y i s an arbi trary weak equi val ence of
simplicial presheaves on C. Then the i nduced maps f , : L 2 H, ( Z X ) ~L2H, ( Z Y ) are
isomorphisms o f abel ian sheaves.
Proof. In the di agram
X
Y
V X
Vy
~Ex~X
Exf
~Ex y
the maps v x and Vy are pointwise weak equivalences, and hence induce isomor-
phisms of homol ogy presheaves. On t he other hand, Exf is a weak equivalence
of locally fi brant simplicial presheaves, and therefore induces isomorphisms of
homology sheaves. []
The pr oof of Proposi t i on 2.9 is a triviality, but the relation of weak equivalences
to homology in t he general context where the ambient topos mi ght not have enough
points was a probl em at one time (see [16, p. 26]; Illusie's conj ect ure is proved in
[32]). This result is t he mechanism by which sheaf cohomol ogy is related to mor-
phisms in the homot opy category [17]. For example, if F is a sheaf of abelian groups
on 6t Is, then there is an i somorphi sm
[ , , K( F , n ) ] - n .
=H~ t ( S , F) ,
where n .
Hit(S, F) is t he nt h 6tale cohomol ogy group of t he scheme S with coeffi-
cients in F, and [. , K(F, n)] denotes morphi sms from the t ermi nal simplicial presheaf
* to the Ei l enberg-MacLane presheaf K ( F, n) in t he homot opy category
72 J.F. Jardine
Ho(SPre(6t Is)). This is one of the motivating examples for the description of non.
abelian ' sheaf' cohomology which is given in the next section.
3. Flabby simplicial presheaves
The results of the previous two sections imply that there is a commutative diagram
of functors
nSPre(C)f ~ q o ( S P r e ( C) f )
S P r e ( C) f / ~ - " ~ - ' ~ 1i, ~' ' ~ 1i,
i nSPre(C) x , Ho(SPre(C))
SPre(C) ~
where nSPre(C) is the category of simplicial homotopy classes of maps in SPre(C).
It contains nSPre(C)f as a full subcategory. Moreover, the functor
i , : Ho(SPre(C)f) ~ Ho(SPre(C))
is an equivalence of categories.
It will be convenient to think of nSPre(C) as an approximation of Ho(SPre(C)),
in much the same way as nSPre(C)f approximates Ho(SPre(C)f). One is led, in par-
ticular, to consider the map on morphism sets
n, : n( X, Y ) ~ [X, YI
which is induced by the functor x. Every object of SPre(C) is cofibrant by construc-
tion, so that standard closed model category results [23] imply that x , is a bijection
if Y is globally fibrant.
I want to extend this idea a little bit. Suppose that Y is a presheaf of Kan com-
plexes on C with a global choice of base point y. I say that Y is f l abby f or X if the
maps
X, : ~ ( x, Qi Y) - *[ x , QiY] , i>O,
are isomorphisms. If C has terminal object t, then n( , , Di Y ) is isomorphic to
ni(J Y( t) I ,Y) , so that, in this case, Y is flabby for if and only if x , induces iso-
morphisms
ni ( t Y ( t ) l , y) =[ , , Di y] , i>_O.
This notion of flabbiness extends standard cohomological ideas [22]. There are
' enough' flabby simplicial presheaves; this essentially follows from the fact that
SPre(C) is a closed simplicial model category.
For si mpl i ci al presheaves U and Z, defi ne a si mpl i ci al set hem( U, Z) by r equi r i ng
that the n-si mpl i ces be si mpl i ci al pr esheaf maps of the f or m UA n - , Z , where A n
is identified wi t h a const ant si mpl i ci al presheaf. Suppose t hat j : K ~ L is an i ncl u-
sion of si mpl i ci al sets and t hat i : U-* V is a cof i br at i on of si mpl i ci al presheaves.
Then the i nduced map
( V K) U (UL )~VL
Ux L
is a cof i br at i on of SPre(C) whi ch is trivial i f either i or j is trivial, gi vi ng
Lemma 3.1. S uppose t hat p" Z - * W & a gl obal f i br at i on and t hat i : U- , V & a
cofibration o f si mpl i ci al presheaves. Then t he i nduced map
(i*, p , )
hem(V, Z) , hem( U, Z) hem( V, W)
hem(U, W)
is a f i brat i on o f si mpl i ci al sets, whi ch is trivial i f either i or p is trivial .
Corollary 3.2. I f Y is gl obal l y f i br ant , t hen Y is f l abby f o r al l X .
Proof. Any gl obal f i br at i on has t he right l i ft i ng pr oper t y wi t h respect to all maps
0fthe f or m ( AT~ ) vC( An) u, n > 0 , Ue C. In part i cul ar, Y is a pr esheaf of Kan com-
plexes, so t he st at ement of t he corol l ary makes sense. But t hen t he ma p
d" Od"
Y - ' Y is a f i br at i on by Le mma 3.1, so t he fi bre 2nY is gl obal l y f i br ant as
well. []
It also fol l ows f r om Le mma 3.1 t hat hem( X, Y) is a Kan compl ex i f Y is gl obal l y
fibrant. If y is a gl obal choi ce of base poi nt for Y as above, t hen t here is an
isomorphism
ten(hem(X, Y) , y ) ~ rt( X, 0 n Y ) ,
so that t he homot opy groups of hem( X, Y) may be i dent i fi ed, in t hi s case, wi t h sets
of mor phi sms IX, O n Y] i n t he homot opy cat egory. A cheap consequence is t hat
[Z, OnW] is a group for n_> 1, whi ch is abel i an for n_>2 where it makes sense,
namely i f W is gl obal l y f i br ant or i f Z and W are bot h l ocal l y f i br ant . Le mma 3.1
may also be used to show t hat every local f i br at i on sequence
F , X
P
~g ....... ). y
with y l ocal l y f i br ant gives rise to a l ong exact sequence
74 J. F. Jardi ne
-.- --, [z, ~X] -~ [z, ~ Y] ~ [z, F] -~ [Z, X] ~ [Z, Y].
In effect, Y--, and then p may be replaced up to weak equivalence by global libra.
tions. This works because every gl obal fibration is a pointwise and hence local fibra.
tion. Finally, it should be observed t hat the model which is used in the proof of
Corol l ary 3.2 for ~ 2 nY is defined by a pullback di agram
D n y , y~"
1
, . yOA"
instead of the iterated const ruct i on ~. - - QY. This creates no difficulties, since
.. QY is a globally fi brant obj ect which is weakly equivalent to ~ n y . The point
is t hat any funct i on space model for ~ 2 nY will do.
Hencefort h, suppose t hat S is a scheme which has a Zariski open cover S = 0 Ui
by Noet heri an schemes Ui. Suppose furt her that U i has a number -IVy which bounds
the &ale cohomological dimension f or / - t or si on sheaves on all &ale patches V~ Ui,
where I is a prime which does not divide any of the residue characteristics of S. This
will hold, for example, i f t he/ - t or s i on Galois cohomol ogy of all residue fields of
Ui has a global bound on cohomol ogi cal dimension [28,1]. This list of assump-
tions, while highly technical, is usual l y met in practice. It seems to be exactly the
device t hat is needed to deal with towers of fibrations in SPre(~t Is)- The fact that
the t opos of sheaves on 6t Is has enough points is not quite enough.
Let X be a presheaf of Kan complexes on 6t Is such t hat all of the sheaves
n n ( X I v, x), U+S 6tale, are anni hi l at ed by I in some range n >K , and such that X
is locally connected in the sense t hat n0( X) = , . The examples t hat I shall concen-
t rat e on are the simplicial presheaves K / I l, K / I 2, . . . which appear in the modlK-
t heory presheaf of spectra K / I = { K / I , K / I l, ... } on ct Is.
The basic phi l osophy behind t he construction of K / I is, first of all, to produce
a presheaf of spectra K= { K, K 1, ... } such t hat KI ( u ) is weakly equivalent to
BOP( U) for each U--+S in ~t Is, where P(U) is the category of vector bundles on
the scheme U, and O is Qui l l en' s O-construction [24]. This can be done by applying
the F-space techniques of [21] t o t he pseudo-category of aut omorphi sms of P on
6t Is (see also [31]). The weak equivalence at U is nat ural in U up to coherent
homot opy. One also finds, in [21], a method for showing t hat K has the structure
of a presheaf of ring spectra. The mod I Moore spectrum yt has a ring spectrum
structure for >3, and so the pr esheaf of spectra K A Y I has a presheaf of ring
spectra structure in t hat range (see the appendix of [28]). yt is self-dual, so
Spani er - Whi t ehead duality implies t hat there is a pointwise stable homot opy equi-
valence KA Y/--+hom.(YI, K), where the nt h object hom, ( Y 1, K ) n of the presheaf
of funct i on spectra may be identified with the simplicial presheaf hom. (YJ, Kn+2),
and Y2 / is the cofibre of mul t i pl i cat i on by 1 on the circle. I define K / I n=
iloin,(Y2/, Kn+2). This model for K / I is a presheaf of connective D-spectra. In par-
ticular, its presheaves of stable homot opy groups may be identified with presheaves
of homotopy groups of its constituent simplicial presheaves.
AnY simplicial presheaf Y on 6tls has associated to it a presheaf of cosimplicial
spaces
p, p* Y ~ p, p*p, p* Y ~ ...
This is the Godement resolution for Y [22, 28]. It is the standard cosimplicial object
which is assigned to the adjoint pair of functors
p *
SPre(6t Is) ~ s Ge m( S ) ,
P ,
where the objects of S Gem(s) consist of families of simplicial sets {Zx} , indexed by
the geometric points x: Sp(g2x)--*S of S. p* is all of the stalk functors, collected
together, so that p ' Y = { Yx}, where
Yx = lim Y (U).
U
Sp(g'2x) ) S
x
p,{Zx} may be defined by
P*{Z x}( U--*S ) = H l-I
Sp(~x) x - - ) S U
Sp(Qx) ' ) S
y
It is easily checked that p* is left adjoint to p, .
The simplicial presheaf G( Y) is defined to be the homot opy limit
hol i m( ( p, p*) nY)
n
of the above cosimplicial diagram in the sense of [3]. To simplify the notation, let
G" Y = ( p, p, ) ny,
and denote the corresponding cosimplicial object on SPre(6t Is) by G*Y. Then, in
the notation of [3],
G(Y) = Tot II*G*Y,
where [I*G*Y is the cosimplicial object with
76
I-I nG*Y = 1-I
io-* it ~ ""--'i~
~ BA,,
J.F. Jardine
G o(Y)
such t hat d is t he category of finite ordinal numbers. There is a canonical map
Y - - , G( Y ) which is induced by the augment at i on of G*Y.
Proposi t i on 3.3. Under the condi t i ons on the simpl icial presheaf X and on the
underl ying scheme S given above, G( X ) is gl obal l y f i brant and the map X ~ GO()
is a weak equival ence.
Pr oof . We show t hat G( X ) is globally fi brant by proving t hat the functor G takes
local fibrations to global fibrations. The funct or ( p. p*) " takes local fibrations to
global fi brat i ons, by adjointness and t he fact t hat global fibrations are local fibra-
tions. In general, if f : X~ Y is a nat ural t ransformat i on of functors I~SPre(C)
defined on a small cat egory I such t hat each map f ( i ) : X ( i ) - , Y(i), i e I, is a global
fibration, t hen the induced maps
i _i n+l X (f,s) ,i i n+1 Y M nH , x, n>_O,
Mnl'] * y
are global fi brat i ons, where M" I - I *X is the subobject of
n
[I I I ' x
i =0
consisting, in each degree, of (n + 1)-tuples (x0, . . . , x , ) such t hat sixj =s j - ix i if i<j .
The map s: I-[ "+ 1 X- ' *Mnl - I *X is defined by s( x ) = (sx, . . . , s"x) , as in [3]. The fact
t hat (f, s) is a global fi brat i on is proved by analogy with the corresponding result
for diagrams of simplicial sets. One shows t hat , for the di agram
U (aB) ' l -I " + I x s ' M" I - [ *X
1
v , I I " +' Y ' M " I I * Y
(y~) s
with i a trivial cofi brat i on, the dot t ed arrow exists making the diagram commute.
The existence of 0 amount s to the existence of 0p in each di agram
U
V
ct#
X(i o)
/ / ~ I f
/ / 6 B
/
/
, Y(i o)
7B
corresponding to a non- degenerate si mpl ex fl " io---~il ~ . . . ~ i n of BI . I f g Z---' W is
a map of cosi mpl i ci al obj ect s i n SPre(C) such t hat each i nduced ma p
Zn+ l ( g,s) wn+ l
Mn Z , n > 0 ,
MnW
is a global f i br at i on, t hen t he map of t ot al obj ect s Tot(g)" Tot(Z)---, Tot ( W) is a
global f i br at i on. In effect, one shows t hat t he dot t ed arrow exists i n each di agr am
C
A A ' Z
1
/
i x l 0/ / g
/
/
B A ' W
#
where i" A ~ B is a trivial cof i br at i on of si mpl i ci al sets and z / i s t he cosi mpl i ci al
object n ~ A" of [3], by i nduct i vel y const r uct i ng maps
Oi : B x A i - - - ~ Z i, O<_i<_s,
of t runcat ed cosi mpl i ci al obj ect s. 0 s+l is t he dot t ed arrow i n t he di agr am
( BOA s+i) [,.J ( A A s+l , z s +l
AxOAS+IjI / os+l/'1/~ t (
~. i g,s)
/
/
/
I *
B x A s+l , W s+l x Ms z
Msw
where the hor i zont al arrows are i nduced by 0 i, 0 < i<-s. Thi s proves the i ni t i al
claim, since GO( ) = Tot I-I *G*X.
To show t hat X ~ G ( X ) is a weak equi val ence, it is enough t o suppose t hat t here
is a global bound on/ - t or s i on &ale cohomol ogi cal di mensi on f or al l schemes U ~ S
&ale over S, since the pr obl em is l ocal f or t he Zari ski t opol ogy on S. The tower of
pointwise (in fact , global) f i br at i ons
"'" ~ Tot2 I-[ *G*( X) ~ Tot 1 1-I *G*( X) ~ Tot 0 I I *G*( X) ~
gives rise to a pr esheaf of Bous f i el d- Kan spect ral sequences on & Is, with
E~'t ~ HS ( rr~ imP( G*X) ) ~ ~ t_ sFs 0), t >_s>O,
since rr~ imp( G*X) =G*( rtt( X) ) is t he Godement resol ut i on of rot( X) (see Proposi -
tion 1.18). F s is the fi bre over a gl obal choi ce of base poi nt i n X of t he ma p
Tots [ I *G*X ~ T o t s _ 1 I I *G*X. The choi ce of base poi nt ma y be suppressed, by t he
connectedness assumpt i on on X. There is, i n part i cul ar, a commut at i ve di agr am
78 J.F. Jardine
/
7[~imP(X)
7~i mp(GS) = 7r~imp(Tot [ - [ *G*X)
E ' t ~ - - ~/F0 (1)= x~imP(Tot0 H * G' X) (1)
in t he not at i on of [3]. But nt ( S ) i s/ -t orsi on for t sufficiently large, and/-torsion
cohomol ogi cal dimension is globally bounded, so there is a number N such that
E] ' t ( u ) = 0 for s>_ N and all Stale patches U---}S of S. Then the derived long eXact
sequences of presheaves
"'" ---} X~ impF(l) -"} 7tsimPTotn H * a * ( s ) (1)
---} :r(simPTtn- 1 H *G*( X) (l)'--~a ~simlPF(l-) 1 "--~""
and the lim I short exact sequences imply t hat t here are poi nt wi s e isomorphisms of
4- - -
presheaves
7~simp/2./S~ ~ .~simPT,~,
i u , --O-N-IH*G*(X) (1), i_>l
and an inclusion
:ff~)imp G ( X ) C 7~)imPTOtN _ l H *G*( X) (l)-
But stalkwise
(.rrsimPF(1) ~ - Us [9. //T, (Xl ?))x,
" ~ t - s s / x~' e t ~, ,
which groups vanish i f s > 0. Moreover, X is locally connected, and so the maps
rtsimPTOtN 1 I I *G*(X) 0) ~ rtsimPTt0 H *G*(X) (1)~ r t i ( x )
induce isomorphisms of sheaves for i_> 0. []
It is likely t hat there is a closed model structure, at least, on the category of
cosimplicial objects in SPre(C), for arbi t rary sites C. The usefulness of such a thing
woul d appear to be const rai ned by the observation t hat it is not clear t hat the inverse
limit funct or for towers of fi brat i ons preserves (stalkwise) weak equivalences. The
probl em is a common one; inverse limits cannot be commut ed with filtered colimits
in general. This is the issue t hat is skirted above by using t he global cohomologieal
di mensi on assumption. It comes up also in t he st udy of Post ni kov towers.
Suppose again t hat t he simplicial presheaf X on 6t Is and the underlying scheme
S sat i sfy t he assumptions preceding Proposi t i on 3.3. X has associated to it a
pr esheaf of Post ni kov towers
... --, P2 X---, pI x - . . , PoX - - , ,
~vhich is defined pointwise according to the recipe which appears in [20]. Choose
a global base poi nt x for X. Then t he fibre F, over x of the fi brat i on P, , X- - , P, , _ i X
is a presheaf of Kan complexes, with
(TgSnimp(g), i = n,
lzsimp (Fn) ~ ( 0, i ~ n .
BY ' st andard t echni ques' , F n is weakly equivalent to the Ei l enber g- MacLane
presheaf K ( rtsimp( x) , n) (this is trivial if n =0; if n = 1, use the canonical map
X- - , BG( X) t o t he nerve of the fundament al groupoi d [14, p. 76]; in higher degrees,
use the Hurewicz map [28, 5.52]). One would like, at least, to be able to recover
[,, 2ix] f r om t he cohomol ogy of with coefficients in the sheaves zt,,(X) by using
the Post ni kov t ower for X in the usual way, and it can almost be done.
Recall t hat t he fibre sequences
F.- - - , P, , X p---,
give rise to long exact sequences
"'" "-* [*, 2i+ 1Pn- 1 X ] ~ [ *, f 2 i Fn ] ~ [ *, 2 i p n x ]
[, , i
--~ ~ P n _ I X I ~ . . . " *[ *, P n X ] - - *[ *, P n _ I X ] .
Recall al s o t hat t he mo s t e f f i c i e n t wa y t o c o n s t r u c t t he l o n g exac t s e qu e n c e i s t o
replace t he o r i gi n al f i br e s e qu e n c e u p t o weak e qu i va l e n c e by a f i br e s e qu e n c e
Op
GF, ---, GP,,X-----~ GP, _ I X ,
of globally fi brant simplicial presheaves such that Gp is a global fi brat i on. Then the
10ng exac t s e qu e n c e a bo ve i s t he o r d i n ar y l o n g e xac t s e qu e n c e whi c h i s a s s o c i a t e d
to the fibre sequence
hom( , , GF n) ~ hom( , , GP n X ) ~ horn(*, GPn - 1 X )
of s i mpl i c i al s et s . Thi s t el l s us what t o d o i n gen er al , n a me l y t o r e pl ac e t he o r i gi n al
tower u p t o we a k e qu i val e n c e by a t o we r
"'" ~ GP2 x ~ G P 1 X ~ G P o X ~ *
of gl o bal f i br a t i o n s o f gl o ba l l y f i br an t o bj e c t s . The n o n e i s e n t i t l e d t o a
Mu s f i e l d - Kan s pec t r al s e qu e n c e f o r t he t o we r o f Kan f i br at i o n s
-.- --* hom( , , GP 2 X ) - * hom( , , GPI X ) ~ horn(, , GPo X ) -~ , .
The inverse limit of the t ower is hom( , , l i m G P i X ) . The non-trivial part is
therefore to demonst rat e
Lenanaa 3.4. Under t he above assumpt i ons on X and S , t he map
80 J.F. Jardine
X---, lim GPi X
<---
i
is a weak equival ence.
Pr o o f . Consi der the fibre sequence
GFn ~ GPn -~ GPn- 1"
The r est r i ct i on GFn [t: of GF n t o 6t Iv is globally f i br ant for each ~0 : U~ V in 6t[s"
To see t hi s, observe t hat t he rest ri ct i on funct or has a l eft adj oi nt
tp: : SPre(~t ] v ) ~ SPre(6t Is)
(ext ensi on by O) which is defi ned by
~0! Y( y: V ~ S ) = I_[ r(~v)
g/
V ~ U
S
It is appar ent f r om t he def i ni t i on and Theor em 1.12 t hat ~ preserves pointwise
weak equi val ences. It follows t hat Ex may be used t o show t hat (o~ preserves all
weak equi val ences of simplicial presheaves. But t hen p., preserves trivial cofibra.
t i ons, and so t he rest ri ct i on f unct or preserves gl obal fi brat i ons, by adjointness.
It fol l ows t hat t here are i somor phi sms
rti(GFn( U), X) ~- [*, Qi GFn ] U]U
for i_> 0, and so t here are pr es heaf i somor phi sms
n - i .
(Her ( U, ztn( X,x) v) , O<_i<_n,
l ti( GFn( V) , x) =
" l
( 0, ot herwi se.
The hypot heses i mpl y t hat t her e are positive i nt egers N and M such that
H~ ( U; rcn( X,x) l u) =O for k>_N, n_>M and all U--,.S in 6t[s. Thus, for each i_>0,
t here is a suffi ci ent l y large n > i such t hat t he map
7t s l i p (li+_m G P n ( X ) ) ~ ~si mp ( G e n ( X ) )
is an i s omor phi s m of presheaves. But t he map of presheaves
7[simp ( X) --. 7[simp G P n ( X )
i nduces a s heaf i somor phi sm by const r uct i on, and so t he map
7[si mP( X) "-~ 7tsimP(li._m GPn( X) )
induces a s heaf i somor phi sm. [ ]
The a r gu me n t f o r L e mma 3. 4 i s e s s e n t i al l y d u e t o B r o wn an d Ger s t en [ 5] . Here,
as i n o p. c i t . , i t i s t he ke y s t ep i n t he pr o o f o f
corollary 3. 5. S uppose that the simpl icial presheaf X and the underl ying scheme S
are as above. Then the Post ni k ov t ower o f X induces a Bousf i el d- K an spectral
sequence, with
ES, t ~ rd2 s-tt~ . 7zs( X) ) = [ . , ff2 t- sx] , t>_s>_O.
1 -----l~et t,o,
This is t he Br own- Ger s t en spectral sequence for t he 6tale t opol ogy on S. Recall t hat ,
by quite a di f f er ent met hod, we const r uct ed a presheaf of spect ral sequences for t he
oodement r esol ut i on G( X) of X. Since G( X) is gl obal l y f i br ant and X- - >G( X) is a
weak equi val ence, t aki ng global sections of this pr esheaf of spect ral sequences gives
Corollary 3. 6. With the assumptions on X and S above, the Godement resol ution
G(X) o f X determines a spectral sequence, with
E~'t=-H~t(S; nt ( X ) ) = [ *, f 2 t - sX] , t>_s>_O.
The spect ral sequences of t he corol l ari es above are cohomol ogi cal descent spect ral
sequences f or t he i nvari ant s [. , 2 ix] , i>_ 0, det ermi ned by t he simplicial pr esheaf
X. In par t i cul ar , i f X is t he mod l K- t heor y presheaf K / I 1, t hen a st r ai ght f or war d
application of Cor ol l ar y 3.6 gives a spectral sequence, wi t h
E~ 't ~ n s t ( s ; g t - 1 ( - ; Z / l ) ) = [*, Qt - S K / l l ],
since rciK/11 ( U) = Ki_ l (U; Z / l ) for i _> O.
Suppose now, t hat t he fol l owi ng list of condi t i ons hol ds f or t he scheme S:
(3.7) S is separat ed, Noet her i an and regular. 1 / l ~ ~ s, and (l/(~-l)~ ~s i f
l = 2. S has finite Krull di mensi on, and a uni f or m bound o n / - t o r s i o n
6tale cohomol ogi cal di mensi on of all resi due fields. Each resi due field
of S has a Tat e- Ts en fi l t rat i on.
Let ( be a pri mi t i ve l t h r oot of uni t y. Recall [7,28], t hat t here is an el ement
tOeKE(Z(l-l); Z / l ) whi ch base changes t o i f - 1 in K2( !_1) ( 7/ ( l -1,( ) ; 77/ 1) , where
fl eKE(Z( l - i , O; Z / l ) is t he Bot t el ement , fl is defi ned in such a way t hat it rest ri ct s
to ( e Tot ( Z / l , KI(Z(1-1, ()). Mul t i pl i cat i on by to det er mi nes maps of si mpl i ci al
presheaves
(3.8)
K / I m W, QnK / l m t2nw, Q2 nK / l m ~2nt'o,...
where n = 2 ( l - 1). The filtered col i mi t of this system in t he cat egory SPre(6t is) is
the ruth obj ect K / l ( 1 / f l ) m of t he mod l Bot t periodic K- t heor y presheaf of spect r a
K/ l ( 1/ fl ) . The not at i on reflects t he fact , locally, i nvert i ng to coincides with i nvert i ng
/t. In par t i cul ar , by t he Gabber - Gi l l et - Thomas on ri gi di t y t heor em [13,11], t he
maps in (3. 8) are weak equi val ences of simplicial presheaves when m= 1.
Thomason' s descent t heor em (the mai n result of [28]) assert s t hat t he map of
82 J.F. Jardine
presheaves of spectra induced by the maps
g / l ( 1 / i ~ ) m ~ G( K / I ( 1 / fl ) m)
is a poi nt wi s e stable homot opy equivalence in the sense t hat it induces stable
homot opy equivalences
K / l ( 1 / ~ )m ( U) ~ G( K / I ( 1 / fl ) m ) ( U)
for all U~ S in & ]s. A periodicity argument shows t hat this is equivalent to the
statement t hat the map
K / l ( 1 / f l ) l ~ G( K / I ( 1 / fl ) l )
is a pointwise weak equivalence of simplicial presheaves.
Consider t he di agram
K / I 1 ~ g' 2 nK / l I , I ' 2 2 nK / l I , . . .
G( K / I 1 ) , G( I 2 " K / I l ) , G( K 2 2 n K / l I )
)
The bot t om hori zont al maps are weak equivalences of gl obal l y fibrant simplicial
presheaves, and are t herefore pointwise weak equivalences. There are several ways
to see this. One could, for example, use an adjointness argument to show that each
section funct or takes trivial global fibrations to trivial fibrations of simplicial sets,
and hence preserves weak equivalences of globally fibrant objects. The argument in
Proposi t i on 1.17 now implies t hat there is a commutative di agram of weak equi-
valences
K / I 1 ' lim Q k nK / l i = K / l ( 1 / f l ) 1
e, "N
G(lim ~ k nK / l I ) = G( K / I ( 1 / f l ) l )
G( K / I ~ ) , l i m G( g 2 k nK / l ~ ) [G(e,)
G( ~ k n K / l I ) )
But the maps G( e . ) and z are weak equivalences of globally fi brant objects, hence
pointwise weak equivalences, and e is a pointwise weak equivalence by Thomason's
descent t heorem. In conclusion, we have
Th e o r e m 3.9. S u p p o s e t hat t he s c he me S sat i sf i es t he condi t i ons o f (3.7). Then there
are i s omor phi s ms
Simpficial presheaves
[*,QiK/ I]]=K/ Ii_](S)(1/ fl ), i>_O.
83
The groups K/ I ,( S ) ( 1 / p) are t he st abl e homot opy groups of t he gl obal sections of
the presheaf of spect ra K/ I(1/ ~). It follows [29] t hat t he gr oups [, , QiK/I1] coin-
cide with t he &ale K- gr oups K/et_ I(S; Z / I ) i f i - 0 .
The existence of t he i nduced i somor phi sms
[,,Qi+3K/II ] _ et .
- - K] +2( S , Z/ I ) , i>_0,
can be pr oven much mor e di rect l y i f S is defi ned over an al gebrai cal l y closed
field k, by using Fr i edl ander ' s ori gi nal defi ni t i on of &ale K- t heor y [8] and
the rigidity t heor em. In t hat case, t here is a weak equi val ence of Q3K/ll wi t h
the const ant simplicial sheaf F*hom.(YEt, t2S[BQP(k)I) on t he simplicial set
hom.(Y2 t, -2SIBQP(k)I). Thi s simplicial set is weakly equi val ent t o hom.(YEt, BU),
by rigidity agai n. On t he ot her hand, Ket 2( s; Z / l ) is defi ned t o be t he filtered
colimit
li m [ no V, f2 i ho m, ( Y 2 t, BU)]
of homot opy classes of maps of simplicial sets, indexed over t he representable ob-
jects [lr]: V--** in t he cat egor y Tr i v~. whi ch corresponds t o SShv(& ]s)f. A hyper-
covering V of t he scheme S is, af t er all, not hi ng but a r epr esent abl e trivial local
fibration V- - , , in $Shv(& Is)f. 1to is, in this case, t he Verdier f unct or , so ' Verdi er
duality' implies t hat t he fi l t ered col i mi t above is i somorphi c t o
li m
---9.
V ~ r epr es ent abl e
Tr i v ~.
zt( V, / " *g2 i hom, ( Y2 l, BU)).
The represent abl e obj ect s in Tr i v~. are cofi nal , by an Ar t i n- Ma zur style ar gument
e t .
[2, Ch. 8], and so K]+2(S, Z/1) coi nci des wi t h t he mor phi sm gr oup
[ *, F *(2 i hom, ( Y2 l, BU)]
in Ho(S S hv(&
[*,
Is)f)" Thi s mor phi s m gr oup coincides with t he mor phi s m gr oup
F * Q i h o m , ( Yzl, B U ) l
in Ho( SPr e( &]s) ) , and t hus wi t h [.,I2i+3K/ll], as claimed. One expects t hat a
variant of t hi s ar gument can be pr oduced t o handl e t he mor e gener al defi ni t i on of
Kgt(x; Z / l ) of a simplicial scheme X which is given in [6]. The key will be t o t hi nk
about local coeffi ci ent s appr opr i at el y.
Anot her t hi ng to observe is t hat t he st at ement of Theor em 3. 9 is best possible in
some sense. One defi nes t he general i zed cohomol ogy group Hi ( , , K / l ) of t he ter-
minal obj ect in SPr e( & Is) wi t h coeffi ci ent s in the pr esheaf of spect r a K / l by
Hi ( , ; K / l ) =l i m [*,Qn+iK/ln]
n
for i e Z. Then H* ( , ; K/ I ) has a gr aded ri ng st ruct ure, since K/ I is a pr esheaf of ri ng
84 J.F. Jardine
spect ra. Mor eover , Hi ( . ; K / l ) coincides wi t h K / l i( S ) ( 1 / fl ) for i > - 1 by Theorem
3.9. But Hi ( , ; K / I ) =O i f i < - N, where N is a gl obal bound on /-torsion co.
homol ogi cal di mensi on f or 6t Is; this is pr oved by l ooki ng at t he descent spectral
sequence of Cor ol l ar y 3.6 f or [, , 2iK/ln], wi t h n>N. In fact , i f S is a Smooth
compl et e curve over t he al gebrai cal l y closed field k, t hen t here is an isomorphism
H-2(*, K / l ) = 7/ / l ,
whereas
H ( . ; K / I ) -~ K / l o( S ) ( 1 / f l ) = Y_/I Y_I.
Thus, one does not expact t o fi nd Bot t peri odi ci t y in Hi(*; K / I ) for i < - 1 in
general.
I claim, nevertheless, t hat H* ( . ; K / l ) is a good descri pt i on of mod l 6tale K-
t heor y for t he scheme S. The defi ni t i on has been made wi t h respect to the 6tale
t opol ogy on S, so t hat one coul d pr oper l y r ename t he i nvar i ant H*( S ; K / l ) . The
presheaves K / I i are, mor eover , defi ned for all of t he Gr ot hendi eck topologies that
one usual l y associates wi t h S, so t hat one is ent i t l ed t o gr oups of the form
H~ar(S; K / l ) (which we ' know' about [5]) for t he Zari ski t opol ogy on S, and to
gr oups H~ ( S ; K / l ) for t he fl at t opol ogy. The const r uct i on ma y also be promoted
t o t he big 6tale site (Sch I s)et f or S, and to t he fi bred 6tale site whi ch is associated
t o a simplicial scheme X.
Suppose t hat X is a si mpl i ci al S-scheme whi ch is l ocal l y of fi ni t e t ype over S,
meani ng t hat X is a si mpl i ci al obj ect of t he big site (Sch ]s)et- Then X represents a
simplicial sheaf on (Sch ]s)et- I define groups H~ ( X; K / l ) by
= 2 K / I ]s, i~ 7/ , H~ ( X; K / l ) li_.m[X, ,,+i n
by anal ogy wi t h t he def i ni t i on of Hi ( *; K / l ) whi ch is given above. In this case,
[X, f2 n+iK/ l n] s means mor phi s ms in Ho( SPr e( ( Sch ]s)et))- One coul d, of course,
defi ne cor r espondi ng i nvar i ant s H~ ( Y; K / l ) for any si mpl i ci al pr esheaf Y on
(Sch ]s)et- On t he ot her hand, t he rest ri ct i on K / I Ix of t he mod l K- t heor y presheaf
on (Sch ]s)et t o the fi bred 6tale 6t Ix is weakl y equi val ent t o t he mod I K-theory
pr esheaf on 6t Ix- This const r uct i on appar ent l y gives anot her i nvar i ant He*t(X; K/l),
defi ned by
H/ t (X, K / l ) = H~ ( . ; K / l ) = l i m[. , 2 n + i K / l nl x .
The fol l owi ng result i mpl i es t hat H~t(X; K / l ) is i somor phi c t o H~ ( X; K / l ) :
Th e o r e m 3. 10. S uppose that S is a locally Noetherian scheme, and that X is a
simpl icial S -scheme which is l ocal l y of finite type. S uppose that Y is a simph'cial
presheaf on (Sch Is)et. Then there is an isomorphism
[X, YI s = [*, Y l x l x .
proof. Recal l t hat Y Ix is def i ned by
Ylx(U+X.)= Y( U--,X,, -*S) ,
where Xn- *S is the S-st ruct ure map for t he scheme X, of n-simplices of X. Thi s
functor is exact , so it preserves t ri vi al local fi brat i ons and hence weak equi val ences.
We may t her ef or e assume t hat Y is a gl obal l y f i br ant obj ect of SPre((Sch ]s)et). In
that case, [X, Y]s is i somor phi c to n0hom(X, Y). horn(X, Y) is t he t ot al space of
the cosimplicial space
homs( X,, Ym), n, re>O,
which is const r uct ed by usi ng homomor phi s ms of SPre((Sch [s)et). Thi s cosi mpl i ci al
space is f i br ant in t he sense of [3]. In effect, t he mat chi ng space MPhoms( X,, Y,)
is the si mpl i ci al set homs( DXp+l ,Y,) , where DXp+ 1 is t he subpr esheaf of
degeneracies in Xp+ 1. Thus, i f p : Y- *Z is a global fi brat i on, t hen showi ng t hat t he
map
homs( Xp+ l, Y,) (P*'S)~ homs(Xp+ l, Z , ) x MPhoms( X,, Y,)
MPhoms( X,, Z , )
is a f i br at i on of simplicial sets amount s t o observi ng t hat t he pr esheaf i ncl usi ons
(A ' DXpI ) U (A nkXXp+l )c(anXp+l )
(A~ DXp+ I)
are poi nt wi se anodyne ext ensi ons.
Now let 1 x be t he simplicial pr esheaf on 6t Ix whi ch is represent ed by X [17].
More explicitly, t he pr esheaf I x. of n-simplices of l x is represent ed by t he 6tale
map l x : X , - *X , . There is an i somor phi sm of cosi mpl i ci al spaces
homs( Xn, Ym)= h mx ( l x., Ym Ix),
where homx( l x, , Ymlx) is homomor phi s ms in SPr e( 6t l x) . In par t i cul ar , t he
cosimplicial space on t he ri ght is f i br ant ; its t ot al space is hom( l x, Y ]x)- The
theorem is pr oved i f we can show t hat t he canoni cal map
7t0hom(1x, Yl x) --Tt( l x, Yl x) -*[ l x, YI x]
is an i somor phi sm, since t he map I x- - ' * is a weak equi val ence. In ot her wor ds, we
want to show t hat Y Ix is f l abby for 1 x under t he assumpt i on t hat Y is gl obal l y
fibrant.
Choose a t ri vi al cof i br at i on i : Y [ x *Z , where Z is gl obal l y f i br ant on ~t Ix. The
presheaf rest ri ct i on f unct or W~ W Ix. al ong t he i ncl usi on 6t Ix, C 6t Ix is exact and
has a left adj oi nt which preserves i ncl usi ons, poi nt wi se weak equivalences and t ri vi al
local f i br at i ons (see [17, 3] and t he pr oof of Lemma 3.4). Thi s is al so t r ue for
restriction al ong t he f unct or 6t Ix, - *( Sch Is)et which is defi ned by
86 J.F. Jardine
(see [10, p. 16]). It follows t hat bot h restriction funct ors preserve global fibrations,
so t hat , for each n, the induced map
i ] x . : Y l x . =Y I x [ x . ~ Z I x .
is a weak equivalence of globally fi brant objects, and is t herefore a pointwise weak
equivalence. But then the map
i . : hom( l x. , Ym Ix) ~ hom( l x. , Zm)
of fibrant cosimplicial spaces is a weak equivalence, and t hus induces an iso-
morphi sm
rtohom(1 x, Y ]x)~- rt ohom(l x, Z).
rtohom(1 x, Z) may be identified with [Ix, Y I x] x, and so the theorem is prov-
ed. []
Theorem 3.10 generalizes Theorem 3.2 of [17]. It also implies that there is an
i somorphi sm
(3.11) [ X, ~ n K / l 1 ]s -- ~znholim GK 1 / I ( Xr)
r
i f S and the simplicial S-scheme X are as in the statement of the t heorem and
GK / I ! is a globally fibrant model for K / I 1 in SPre(6t Ix)- It follows t hat the equi-
variant topological K-groups (really G-groups) of [30] may be comput ed in this way.
I f X is an S-scheme with an action by an algebraic group H over S, subject to the
usual constraints [30], then there are isomorphisms
(3.12) [ EHXX, g2nK/II]s~G/ltn _Pl(H,X), n_>0,
H
since the groups G/lt, P(H, X ) are defined via the ri ght -hand side of (3.11). Observe
t hat the l eft -hand side of (3.12) is, once again, a very general object.
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journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 47 (1987) 35-87

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