Polyamide

a polymer containing amide groups, CO NH, bound to aliphatic or aromatic radicals

(aliphatic and aromatic polyamides, respectively) in the main chain of the mac-romolecule.
The main industrial methods for the production of polyamides are polymerization with ring
opening (mainly of lactams) and polycondensation of -aminocarboxylic acids or their esters, as
well as of dicarboxylic acids or their esters or acid halides, with diamines. Substances commonly
used for the production of polyamides include -caprolactam and -dodecalactam; adipic,
sebacic, and phthalic acids (terephthalic and isophthalic acids); hexamethylenediamine; and
phenylenediamines (para- and meto-isomers). The most widespread are aliphatic polyamides,
particularly polyhexamethyleneadipamide, polycaproamide, polyhexamethylenesebacamide, and
polydodecanamide. Among the aromatic polyamides produced industrially are poly-m-
phenyleneisophthalamide (from m-phenylenediamine and isophthalic acid) and poly-penzamide
(from paminobenzoic acid).
Most polyamides are solid, horny, crystalline white substances with crystallinity of up to 4060
percent, although some are viscous liquids (resins). The melting point of aliphatic polyamides
ranges from 150 to 260C; that of aromatic polyamides is about 400C and higher. Polyamides
are light thermoplastic polymers. Among their characteristics are the following.
(1) Good mechanical strengthfor example, tensile strength, 60120 meganewtons per sq m
(MN/m
2
), or 601,200 kilograms-force per sq cm (kgf/cm
2
), and bending strength, 70100
MN/m
2
, or 7001,000 kgf/cm
2
.
(2) Good hardness and elasticityrelative elongation of aliphatic polyamides, 100400 percent.
(3) Good wear resistance and heat resistanceVicat softening point, 160-200C for aliphatic
polyamides and 270320C for aromatic polyamides.
(4) Good chemical resistancepolyamides are stable in water and solutions of acids, alkalies,
and amines at room temperature.
Polyamides are soluble only in highly polar solvents, such as concentrated sulfuric and formic
acids, cresol, and fluorinated alcohols. They are readily processed by pressing, injection
molding, and extrusion and are worked by machine tools; the fiibers are formed from melts or
solutions.
Because of this combination of properties, polyamides are commonly used in industry, mainly in
the production of synthetic fibers and films, and also as a structural material for manufacturing
various machine parts, such as gears, bushings, and bearings.
World production of polyamides for structural purposes in 1973 was about 300,000 tons.

nylon-6,10
polyamide 6-10
(PA610)
Properties
Glass transition temperature: 50
o
C.
Melting temperature: 215
o
C.
Amorphous density at 25
o
C: 1.04 g/cm
3
.
Crystalline density at 25
o
C: 1.19 g/cm
3
.
Molecular weight of repeat unit: 282.43
g/mol.
Typical physical properties
Repeat Unit

C
16
H
30
O
2
N
2



Description
Nylon-6,10 (PA610) is semicrystalline polyamide commonly used in monofilament form in
applications such as bristles and brushes. Due to its low moisture absorption compared to other
nylons, it retains its properties better when wet.
Nylon 6,10 is another important nylon with very similar properties.
Nylon 6, 6 is made from hexa nedioic acid and 1, 6 diamin ohexane, Nylon 6, 10 is made from
decanedioic acid and 1, 6 diaminohexane.
Nylon-6,10 (PA610) is semicrystalline polyamide commonly used in monofilament form in
applications such as bristles and brushes, due to its low moisture absorption compared to other
nylons, it retains its properties better when wet.
All nylons are susceptible to hydrolysis, especially by strong acids, a reaction essentially the
reverse of the synthetic reaction shown above.
The molecular weight of nylon products so attacked drops fast, and cracks form quickly at the
affected zones,Lower members of the nylons (such as nylon 6,10) are affected more than higher
members such as nylon 12.
This means that nylon parts cannot be used in contact with sulfuric acid for example, such as
the electrolyte used in lead-acid batteries, When being molded, nylon must be dried to prevent
hydrolysis in the molding machine barrel since water at high temperatures can also degrade the
polymer.
Various nylons break down in fire and form hazardous smoke, and toxic fumes or ash,
typically containing hydrogen cyanide, Incinerating nylons to recover the high energy used to
create them is usually expensive, so most nylons reach the garbage dumps, decaying very
slowly;Some recycling is done on nylon, usually creating pellets for reuse in the industry.


We have prepared nylon 6,10 nanocomposites using functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes
and our interfacial in situ polycondensation method. The specific functional groups
(CH
2
)
n
COCl [n = 4 and 9] on the sidewalls of SWNT were designed to covalently link
nanotubes to the nylon matrix via alkyl segments. The composites with functionalized SWNT
show significant improvements in tensile modulus, strength, and toughness relative to nylon and
nylon modified with nonfunctionalized SWNT. The alkyl linkages at the SWNT/nylon 6,10
interface contribute significantly to improving the toughness of the composites

9008-66-6 Poly(hexamethylene sebacamide)
(Nylon 6/10)
product Name Poly(hexamethylene sebacamide) (Nylon 6/10)
Synonyms -; Nylon 6/10; Poly(hexamethylene sebacamide);
Molecular Formula (C
16
H
30
N
2
O
2
)mult
CAS Registry Number 9008-66-6
Molecular Structure




Name Nylon 6,10
Polymer Class Aliphatic Poly(amide)s
Polymer Code NYLON610
Glass transition temperature T
g
323 K
Melting temperature T
m
506 K
Temperature range of
experimental heat capacity data
230 323 K (crystalline phase)
323 590 K (amorphous state)



The aim of this study was to explore and elucidate the possibility of employing an aliphatic polyamide
6,10 (PA 6,10) synthesized by a modified interfacial polymerization process as a novel rate-modulated
monolithic matrix drug delivery system. A PlackettBurman experimental design was used to
synthesize 14 different PA 6,10 polymers using the interfacial polymerization process of synthesis
comprising the monomers namely hexamethylenediamine and sebacoyl chloride and the solvents
namely hexane (nonpolar phase) and deionized water (polar phase). This process was modified by
variations in stoichiometry of monomers, volume ratios of solvents as well as solvent phase modification
using cyclohexane and sodium hydroxide for the nonpolar and polar solvent phases, respectively. The
micromechanical parameters of the newly synthesized PA 6,10 variants were elucidated in terms of the
matrix resilience (MR), matrix hardness and deformation energy, in which case matrix hardness and
deformation energy were expressed as second-order polynomial hydration rate constants. The effect of
changes in pH of the hydration media on these parameters was also explored as part of the
characterization process. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
were used to correlate the effect of synthesis variables on the micromechanical behavior PA 6,10 and its
subsequent ability to impact drug release. The micromechanical values revealed that all independent
formulation variables had a significant influence on the responses. Furthermore, the applied statistical
model was utilized in selecting a combination of reaction variables to produce optional
physicomechanical properties. The MR was selected for optimization among other parameters since it
had a prominent effect on matrix integrity as well as drug release. The one-way analysis of variance,
comparison of experimental versus fitted data, the R
2
and P-values as well as the DurbinWatson
statistic indices were used in ascertaining the accuracy of the model. The rate-modulating drug release
ability of synthetic aliphatic PA 6,10 was explored to direct the optimization using a higher resolution
BoxBehnken statistical design. Constraints were set to obtain levels of independent variables that
optimized the physicomechanical properties and the mean dissolution time fixed at eight hours.


Property Value
Dimensional Stability
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 6 - 10 10
-5
/C
Shrinkage 1 - 1.3 %
Water Absorption 24 hours 0.4 - 0.6 %
Electrical Performances
Arc Resistance 120 sec
Dielectric Constant 3 - 4
Dielectric Strength 16 - 26 kV/mm
Dissipation Factor 400 10
-4

Volume Resistivity 14 10
15
Ohm.cm
Fire Performances
Fire Resistance (LOI) 23 - 27 %
Flammability UL94 V2
Mechanical Properties
Elongation at Break 150 - 300 %
Flexibility (Flexural Modulus) 1 - 2 GPa
Hardness Rockwell M 1 - 50
Hardness Shore D 60 - 85
Stiffness (Flexural Modulus) 1 - 2 GPa
Strength at Break (Tensile) 50 - 65 MPa
Strength at Yield (Tensile) 50 - 65 MPa
Toughness (Notched Izod Impact at Room
Temperature)
70 - 999 J/m
Young Modulus 1 - 2 GPa
Physical Properties
Density 1.09 - 1.1 g/cm
3

Radiation Resistance
Gamma Radiation Resistance Fair
UV Light Resistance Fair
Service Temperature
HDT @0.46 Mpa (67 psi) 160 - 175 C
HDT @1.8 Mpa (264 psi) 80 - 85 C
Max Continuous Service Temperature 80 - 150 C
Others
Thermal Insulation (Thermal Conductivity) 0.21 W/m.K

Applications Key performances
Electrical markets

Insulators
Good insulating properties
Heat resistance
Flame retardant




Strengths Limitations

Low moisture absorption polyamide

Lower brittle temperature than PA 6 or
PA 6,6

Good abrasion resistance

Good chemical resistance

Stronger than PA 11 and PA 12

Low coefficient of friction

Good electrical insulating properties

High resistance against high energy
radiation (gamma and X-rays)


High mold shrinkage

High cost compared to other low water
absorption polyamides

Attacked by strong mineral acids and
absorbs polar solvents

Proper drying before processing is
needed


General information

Drying before processing is highly recommended.