Gerund (glagolski oblik sa nastavkom -ing) se obino koristi nakon sljededih glagola:

- begin, start, stop, end, continue, go on, finish -

Examples:
1. He stopped smoking after his heart attack.
2. He started writing his first novel at the age of 19.
3. The company Miele will continue monitoring its products in the future.

Gerund (glagolski oblik sa nastavkom -ing) se obino koristi nakon glagola koji opisuju
osjedaje:
- like, love, hate, enjoy, dislike, detest (mrziti), resent (prezirati, zamjerati) -
Examples:
1. They like playing football in the morning.
2. We enjoyed swimming in the river.
3. James hates going to the dentist.
4. I resent his / her being late.

Gerund se takoer koristi nakon izraza:
Do you mind / Would you mind / I don't mind / It is no use = nema smisla; It is no good = ne vrijedi; I
can't help = ne mogu a da ne; te nakon worth (vrijedi) i busy (zauzet / zauzeta):
Examples:
1. She couldn't help admiring (GERUND) their skills.
2. His paintings are worth seeing. Njegove slike vrijedi vidjeti.
3. They are busy cleaning the house.
4. Would you mind passing the salt?

Nekada se nakon prvog glagola mora koristiti INFINITIV (=oblik glagola sa TO), a ne gerund!
Examples:
1. They intend to increase prices in 2 months.
2. The boss agreed to arrange an emergency meeting.
3. James promised to finish the report by midnight.


Indirect questions & statements
Used for polite requests (ljubazni zahtjevi), or when asking about personal or sensitive information.
Examples:
1. Could you tell me what your salary is?
(Da li mi moete redi kolika je Vaa plata?)
2. Would you mind telling me how old you are?
3. Do you know when the next train arrives?

U indirektnim pitanjima (zavisno-upitne reenice), glagol stoji u potvrdnom obliku, a NE u
upitnom. Indirektna pitanja imaju isti slijed rijei kao direktne, izjavne reenice.
She bought a new car. = direct statement
Indirect questions:
Could you tell me why (when / how) she bought a new car?
Do you know why (when / how) she bought a new car?

Word order:
U indirektnim pitanjima, odmah nakon upitnih zamjenica what / which / why / how / how much /
how often / how long / where / who / what / if / whether slijedi lina zamjenica ili imenica, a NE
glagol!!!
Glagol dolazi nakon line zamjenice ili imenice!
Example:
I wonder how much this trip (imenica) will cost me.

We can also use these expressions to introduce indirect questions and statements.
Uvodne fraze koje koristimo odmah prije upitnih zamjenica za indirektna pitanja ili izjave.
1. I wonder / I can't remember / I have no idea / I'd like to know / I am not sure / I don't know
when the new job opening will be advertised.
2. Would you mind / Do you know / Could you tell me?
I have no idea what they wrote in that report.
I don't know what they wrote in that report.
Will he apply for the job?
I wonder IF (= da li) he will apply for the job.
I wonder WHETHER (= da li) he will apply for the job.
Could you tell me IF / WHETHER he will apply for the job?

Conditionals = Pogodbene reenice
If reenica + glavna reenica
Zero conditional = koristi se za izraavanje neega to je tano ili nauno dokazano
If i glavna reenica = Present Simple
Examples:
1. If you heat water to a 100 degrees, it starts to boil.
2. If it doesn't rain, the soil gets dry.
3. If I drink too much coffee, I cannot sleep.

First Conditional = Prvi kondicional
(upotreba: neto de se ostvariti ako se ispuni odreeni uvjet) Probable condition (vjerovatna
situacija)
If reenica = Present Simple
Glavna reenica = Future Tense sa WILL
Examples:
If I work harder, I will get a bonus. ILI
I will get a bonus if I work harder.
He will arrive on time if he catches the 7 o'clock train. (Stidi de na vrijeme ako stigne na voz
u 7 sati.)

Second Conditional (upotreba: neto bi se ostvarilo kad bi se ispunio odreeni uvjet)
Improbable condition (nevjerovatna situacija)
If reenica = Past Simple
Glavna reenica = present conditional (would + osnovi oblik glagola u prezentu)
Examples: If he listened more, he would be a better manager.
If he had money, he would travel around the world. (Kad bi imao novca, on bi putovao po svijetu.)
They would be successful, if they worked harder. (Oni bi bili uspjeni kada bi radili vie.)

Third Conditional (upotreba: neto bi se bilo ostvarilo da se ispunio neki uvjet)
unfulfilled condition (neostvarena situacija u prolosti)
If reenica: Past Perfect
Glavna reenica: Past conditional (would + present prefect)
Examples: If I had been more careful, the accident would not have happened. (Da sam bila
opreznija, nesreda se ne bi dogodila.)
He would have caught cold, if he had jumped into the cold water. (On bi se prehladio, da je
skoio u hladnu vodu.)
























Narrative Tenses
Past Perfect
Tvorba:
Prolo vrijeme glagola TO HAVE (tj. Koristi se oblik HAD) + past particip glagola (3. kolona glagola)
Examples: He had destroyed his cell phone.
Prevod: Bio je unitio svoj mobitel.
She had forgotten about that movie. = Bila je zaboravila na taj film.

PAST PERFECT se upotrebljava:
1. za radnju koja se desila prije neke druge prole radnje:
She suddenly realized that she had lost her camera. = Odjednom je shvatila da je bila izgubila
fotoaparat.
When I called him on the phone he had already left.
He had made the cake before we arrived. = Bio je napravio kola prije nego to smo mi stigli.

2. u vremenskim (zavisnim) reenicama uz AFTER:
- After (= nakon) we had reached the top we began to feel tired.
- His friends tried to help him after he had lost all his money.

3. Nakon izraza I WISH = kamo srede da, IF ONLY = kad bi barem; AS IF = kao da
Ovim izrazima se izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti.
I wish I had known them before. Kamo srede da sam ih poznavala / poznavao ranije.
If only I had been more careful. Da sam barem bila / bio opreznija/-i.
He pronounced English as if he had never heard anybody speak English before. = Izgovarao je
engleski kao da nikada prije nije uo nekoga kako govori


PASSIVES
Pasiv se koristi kada elimo naglasiti da se radnja vri na subjektu (imenici ili zamjenici u
reenici). Dakle, subjekat nije vrilac radnje!

Example:
Aktivna reenica: They sell this car in Switzerland.
Pasivna renica: This car is sold in Switzerland.
Active: The brothers Wright constructed the first plane.
Passive: The first plane was constructed by the Wright brothers.

Active Passive
Present: I teach I am taught
Present Cont: I am teaching I am being taught
Past: I taught I was taught
Past Cont.: I was teaching I was being taught
P.Perfect: I have taught I have been taught
Future: I will teach I will be taught

Pasivne glagolske oblike mogu tvoriti samo prelazni glagoli, tj. glagoli nakon kojih moe
slijediti objekat.

Tvorba pasivnih oblika:
Vrijeme glagola TO BE ili TO HAVE koje nam je potrebno za zamjenicu ili imenicu u reenici +
past participle glagola (3. kolona glagola)
Upotreba pasivnih oblika:
1. Ako je subjekat u aktivnoj reenici nepoznat ili nije vaan, tj. Ako je objekat vaniji od
subjekta.
Active: Someone stole our neighbour's car (OBJEKAT) last night.
Passive: Our neigbour's car (SUBJEKAT) was stolen last night
Active: They will take the boy (OBJEKAT) to the hospital.
Passive: The boy (SUBJEKAT) will be taken to the hospital.

2. Nekada je potrebno spomenuti ko je vritelj radnje u pasivnoj reenici. To se izraava sa
prijedlogom BY:

This book was translated by Shelley.
(Ovu knjigu je preveo Shelley).
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.

3. Pasiv se upotrebljava za opise procesa ili procedura.
Examples:
The seeds are ground into a fine powder.
Finally, spinach and cheese are rolled into a home-made fillo dough (domada jufka).
Coca Cola bottles are sealed in the factory.