Fire Sprinkler For Non-Storage Facilities PPT Presentation PDF

PSME-QCC Chapter
Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers

Quezon City Central Chapter

Caveman and Fire Destroys
McDonalds video clips.
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OXYGEN

HEAT

FUEL

is a chemical reaction.
Chemical
Reaction
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Classification of Fires (NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers)
Class A Ordinary combustible materials (wood,
cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics)
Class B Flammable liquids, combustible liquids,
petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-based
paints, solvents, lacquers, alcohols, and
flammable gases
Class C Energized electrical equipment
Class D Combustible metals (magnesium, titanium,
zirconium, sodium, lithium, potassium)
Class K Cooking appliances/media (vegetable
or animal oils and fats)
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Types of Hazard (NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems)
LIGHT or LOW - few combustibles (office, church,
schoolroom, assembly hall)
ORDINARY or MODERATE - small quantities of
combustibles capable of rapid fire growth
(mercantile storage and display area, auto
showroom, parking garage; offices and schoolrooms
that contain sufficient amount of combustible materials)

EXTRA or HIGH- combustibles whose nature or
configuration could readily support rapid fire growth and
large fire size (woodworking areas, aircraft hangar,
high-piled storage warehouse)
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Types of Extinguishment
Water
Aqueous Foam
Water Mist
Dry Chemical
Inert Gas
Halocarbon Agent
Automatic Sprinklers
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Thermosensitive device designed to react at a
predetermined temperature
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
Automatically release a stream of water and
distribute it in specified pattern and quantity over
designated areas
Designed to operate during early stages of fire
development and minimize the fires overall impact
NFPA 13 provides standardized rules for design,
installation, and acceptance testing of sprinkler
systems.
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Development of Sprinklers
Manually operated water supply on steel pipe
networks with drilled holes.
Heat-actuated device (1875) by Henry Parmelee;
the first automatic sprinkler.
Parmelee Sprinkler Neracher Sprinkler
New Grinell Sprinkler Kane Sprinkler
National Manufacturing Company Sprinkler
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Operating Principles of a Sprinkler
Heat detection is the basis of sprinkler system response.
Heat-actuation by convective heat transfer
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Types of Sprinklers
Fusible
Sprinkler
Bulb Sprinkler
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Standard Spray Sprinkler
Standard Spray Upright (SSU)
Standard Spray Pendent (SSP)
Types of Sprinklers
Recessed Sprinkler
Concealed Sprinkler
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Types of Sprinklers
Flush-type Sprinkler
Side-wall Sprinkler
Residential Sprinkler
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Types of Sprinklers
Early Supression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinkler
K = 14 (Km = 200) ESFR Sprinkler (Left) Compared to K = 5.6 (Km = 80) Standard Spray Sprinkler (Right)
Widespread use
starting 1990s for
Storage Occupancies
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Temperature Ratings, Classifications, and Color Codings
Maximum Ceiling Temperature Temperature Rating
Temperature
Classification
Color Code Glass Bulb Colors
C F C F
38 100 5777 135170 Ordinary Uncolored or black Orange or red
66 150 79107 175225 Intermediate White Yellow or green
107 225 121149 250300 High Blue Blue
149 300 163191 325375 Extra high Red Purple
191 375 204246 400475 Very extra high Green Black
246 475 260302 500575 Ultra high Orange Black
329 625 343 650 Ultra high Orange Black
Source: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
Temperature Ratings of Automatic Sprinklers
Principal Distribution Pattern of Water from SS Sprinklers
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Hypothetical Sprinkler System Installation
(Illustrating various water supply sources and system attachments)
NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection
NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
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System Types
1. Wet Pipe System (and Antifreeze)
Typical Alarm Valve
Easiest to design and install and simplest to maintain.
Contain water under pressure at all times and utilize closed sprinklers.
Shall only be applied at temperatures above 4
0
C(40
0
F).
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System Types
Alarm Check Valve - Operation
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2. Dry Pipe System
System Types
Shall only be applied at temperatures below 4
0
C(40
0
F).
Contains no water prior to system activation but is rather charged with
air or nitrogen under pressure.
Air pressure drops when one or more sprinklers open. Dry pipe valve
opens, allowing water to flow through the open sprinklers.
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3. Pre-action System
System Types
Similar to a dry pipe system except that air pressure charge is less.
Pre-action Valve holds back the water.
Supplemental detection system opens pre-action valve.
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System Types
4. Deluge System
Deliver large quantities of water over specified areas in a relatively short period of time.
Utilizes open sprinklers to protect against rapidly growing and spreading fires.
Supplemental fire detection system activates the deluge valve.
System piping is at atmospheric pressure.
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Occupancy Hazard Classification (NFPA 13)
Defining the hazard is the first step in selecting and designing the system.
Animal shelters
Churches
Clubs
Eaves and overhangs, if of combustible construction
with no combustibles beneath
Educational
Hospitals, including animal hospitals and veterinary
facilities
Institutional
Kennels

Light hazard occupancies
Libraries, except large stack rooms
Museums
Nursing or convalescent homes
Offices, including data processing
Residential
Restaurant seating areas
Theaters and auditoriums, excluding stages and
prosceniums
Unused attics
Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 1)
Automobile parking and showrooms
Bakeries
Beverage manufacturing
Canneries
Dairy products manufacturing and processing
Electronic plants
Glass and glass products manufacturing
Laundries
Restaurant service areas
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Agricultural facilities
Barns and stables
Cereal mills
Chemical plants ordinary
Confectionery products
Distilleries
Dry cleaners
Exterior Loading Docks
Feed mills
Horse stables
Leather goods manufacturing

Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 2)
Racetrack stable/kennel areas, including those
stable/kennel areas, barns, and associated
buildings at state, county, and local fairgrounds
Repair garages
Resin application area
Stages
Textile manufacturing
Tire manufacturing
Tobacco products manufacturing
Wood machining
Libraries large stack room
areas
Machine shops
Metal working
Mercantile
Paper and pulp mills
Paper process plants
Piers and wharves
Post offices
Printing and publishing
Wood product assembly

Extra hazard occupancies (Group 1)
Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409, Standard
on Aircraft Hangars)
Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas
Die casting
Metal extruding
Plywood and particle board manufacturing
Printing [using inks having flash points below 100F (38C)]
Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling,
vulcanizing
Saw mills
Textile picking, opening, blending, garnetting, or carding,
combining of cotton, synthetics, wool shoddy, or burlap
Upholstering with plastic foams
Extra hazard occupancies (Group 2)
Asphalt saturating
Flammable liquids spraying
Flow coating
Manufactured home or modular building assemblies
(where finished enclosure is present and has
combustible interiors)
Open oil quenching
Plastics processing
Solvent cleaning
Varnish and paint dipping
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Hazard Categories Based on Occupancy
Occupancy Description of Occupancy Exceptions
Hazard
Category
-Apartments Lightly loaded non-storage and Libraries with stack rooms larger in HC-1
-Churches
-Concealed spaces
-Hospitals and hospital laboratories
-Hotel rooms
-Institutions
-Kitchens
-Libraries
-Meeting rooms in convention
centers and hotels
-Museums

-Nursing or convalescent homes
-Offices
-Restaurant seating areas
nonmanufacturing areas with ordinary
combustibles.

Expect fires with relatively low rates of
heat release in these occupancies.
size than defined in Appendix A;
facilities with storage of electronic and
plastic media (see the applicable
storage data sheet).

Laboratories where exposed storage
and processing of flammable liquids is
considered excessive (see the
applicable flammable liquids data
sheet).

-Unused attics
Comparatively FM Global in its Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 3-26 -Fire
Protection Water Demand for Non-storage Sprinklered Properties classifies occupancies into
four groups: HC-1 or Hazard Category-1, HC-2, HC-3 and HC-4.
Occupancy Hazard Classification (FM Global DS 3-26)
-Interior loading docks Moderately to heavily loaded areas Facilities that use hydraulic and HC-3
-Modular building subassembly
-Plastics processing and molding
-Vehicle repair garages and
assembly operations where
vehicles are repaired, tested, or
assembled with fuel in tanks
-Highway trailers, trucks, boxcars,
some mobile homes or similar
metal vehicles with combustible
interiors with the potential for
shielded fire
-Convention centers, Theaters and
Auditoriums with moderate to
with or without plastics.

Manufacturing and nonmanufacturing
facilities with higher concentrations of
combustibles or shielding of
combustibles where the fire hazard
could approach the equivalent of 1.8 m
(6 ft) high in-process storage of
cartoned unexpanded plastic
commodities.

flammable liquids (see DS 7-98).

Electronic media storage (see DS 8-9).

heavily loaded areas
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-Atriums Lightly and moderately loaded Operations involving hydraulic fluid or HC-2
-Auto parking garages
-Back stage of theaters and
auditoriums
-Boat mfg. and assembly
-Boiler buildings
-Casinos
-Clubs
-Convention centers
-Display halls
-Electronic-electrical mfg. and
assembly
-Food processing
-Gymnasiums
-Leather tanning and working
-Mercantile areas
-Metalworking
-Mineral processing
-Movie and TV studios
-Paper processing
-Retail areas
-Rubber processing
-Schools and universities
-Sports Arenas
-Theater and auditoriums
- Utility and equipment rooms
non-storage, nonmanufacturing, and
manufacturing areas with ordinary
combustibles.
flammable liquid (see DS 7-32, DS 7-29,
and DS 7-98); aluminum rolling mills
(see DS 7-64/13-28); paper machine
areas that involve inks with flashpoints
below 42
0
C (110
0
F) (see DS 7-4 and DS
7-96); aircraft hangars (see DS 7-93N).

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-Non-storage occupancies with Heavily loaded non-storage Facilities that use hydraulic and HC-4
heavily loaded areas with or
without plastics
occupancies

Expect fires with relatively high rates of
heat release in these occupancies.
flammable liquids (see DS 7-98).

Source: FM Global DS 3-26, Fire Protection Water Demand for Non-storage Sprinklered Properties.
Ceiling Construction
- Affects a sprinklers activation time and discharge pattern in terms of the depth,
spacing, and openness of the structural and other members.
(1) obstructed
(2) unobstructed
Sprinkler Characteristics Identification
Nominal
K-Factor
gpm/(psi)1/2
K-Factor
Range
gpm/(psi)1/2
K-Factor Range
dm3/min/(kPa)1/2
Percentage of
Nominal K = 5.6
Discharge
Thread
Type Thread
Type
Nominal Orifice Size
mm in.
1.4 1.31.5 1.92.2 25.0 in. NPT 6.4 1/4
1.9 1.82.0 2.62.9 33.3 in. NPT 8.0 5/16
2.8 2.62.9 3.84.2 50.0 in. NPT 9.5 3/8
4.2 4.04.4 5.96.4 75.0 in. NPT 11.0 7/16
5.6 5.35.8 7.68.4 100.0 in. NPT 12.7 1/2
8.0 7.48.2 10.711.8 140.0 in. NPT 13.5 17/32
in. NPT
11.2 11.011.5 15.916.6 200.0 in. NPT 15.9 5/8
in. NPT
14.0 13.514.5 19.520.9 250.0 in. NPT 19.0 3/4
16.8 16.017.6 23.125.4 300.0 in. NPT
19.6 18.620.6 27.230.1 350.0 1 in. NPT
22.4 21.323.5 31.134.3 400.0 1 in. NPT
25.2 23.926.5 34.938.7 450.0 1 in. NPT
28.0 26.629.4 38.943.0 500.0 1 in. NPT
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System Components and Materials
K-factor describes the size and angle for the inlet of the sprinklers orifice.
5.6 K-factor or 12.7-mm (-inch) orifice sprinkler is considered the standard orifice sprinkler
and generally serves as a benchmark against which to compare the discharge of other sprinklers
Sprinkler Discharge Characteristic
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Pipe and Tube
Pipe or Tube Materials and Dimensions
Materials and Dimensions Standard
Ferrous Piping (Welded and Seamless)
Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe
Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc Coated (Galvanized)
ANSI/ASTM A53
Specification for Black and Hot-Dipped
Zinc Coated (Galvanized) Welded
and Seamless Steel Pipe for Fire Protection Use
ASTM A795
Wrought Steel Pipe ANSI B36.10M
Specification for Elec.-Resistance Welded Steel
Pipe
ASTM A135
Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe
Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc Coated (Galvanized)
PSME -
Specially Listed Steel Pipe
Copper Tube: Concern over the failure of solder materials or the brazing materials used to join the
copper tube was expressed as being a potential failure point of the system during a fire.
Nonmetallic Pipe: Concern with plastic pipe is failure when exposed to fire and even
its possible contribution to fire growth.
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
(a) Limited for use in systems that comply with NFPA 13D; NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential
Occupancies up to and Including Four Stories in Height; and NFPA 13 (light-hazard occupancies only)
(b) Can be used in all wet pipe systems but limited for dry pipe and preaction systems
(c) Must be installed behind a thermal barrier. Note that CPVC pipe may be installed exposed if used with listed residential pipe may
be installed exposed if used with listed residential sprinklers that are installed in accordance with their listing or if used with listed
quick-response (QR) sprinklers, where the QR sprinklers are installed within 8 in. (203 mm) of the ceiling
(d) Must be joined with listed fittings or materials
(e) Not permitted to be installed in concealed combustible spaces that require
sprinkler protection
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Fittings are used in pipe and sprinkler systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections,
to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or
measuring fluid flow.
Screwed Fittings
Fittings Materials and Dimensions
Materials and Dimensions Standard
Malleable Iron
Malleable iron threaded fittings, Class 150 and 300 steel ASME B16.3
Factory-made wrought steel buttweld fittings ASME B16.9
Buttwelding ends for pipe, valves, flanges, and fittings ASME B16.25
Specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel
and alloy steel for moderate and elevated temperatures
ASTM A 234
Steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings ASME B16.5
Forged steel fittings, socket welded and threaded copper ASME B16.11
Cast Iron
Cast iron threaded fittings, Class 125 and 250 ASME B16.4
Cast iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings ASME B16.1
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Buttweld Fittings
Pipe Flanges
Mechanical Groove Coupling
OLET Fittings
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System Valves
Isolating Valve: To shut off the system.
One way or Check Valve: To limit the flow to one direction only.
Pressure Regulating Valve: To permit pressure entering part of the system to be
maintained at a certain level.
OS & Y Gate Valve
Butterfly Valve
Indicator Post and Valve
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Fire Department Connection
Swing Check Valves
Wafer Check Valve
Hose and Gate Valves
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Installation Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Systems
The basic principles of NFPA 13 concerning sprinkler system installation are as follows:
1. Sprinklers are to be installed throughout the premises.
2. The maximum allowed protection area per sprinkler is not to be exceeded.
3. Sprinklers are to be positioned to allow for timely operation and distribution.

Sprinklers shall be positioned to provide protection of the area consistent with the overall objectives
of the standard by controlling the positioning and allowable area of coverage for each sprinkler.
Areas of Coverage
Sprinklers under Smooth Ceilings
Area of Coverage: Multiply L and S
STANDARD SPRAY PENDENT AND UPRIGHT SPRINKLERS
L = distance between sprinkler heads
across branchlines
S = distance between sprinkler heads
along the same branchline
Sprinkler spacing dimensions should
be as square as possible.
Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Ordinary Hazard
Construction
Type
System
Type
Protection
Area
Spacing
(Maximum)
m
2
ft
2
m ft
All All 12.1 130 4.6 15
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Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Light Hazard
Protection Area Spacing (Maximum)
Construction Type System Type m
2
ft
2
m ft
Noncombustible obstructed
and
unobstructed and
combustible
unobstructed with members
less than
0.9 m (3 ft) on center
Pipe schedule 18.6 200 4.60 15
Hydraulically
calculated
20.9 225 4.60 15

Combustible obstructed with
members less
than 0.9 m (3 ft) on center
All 15.6 168 4.60 15

Combustible with members
less than 0.9 m
(3 ft) on center
All 12.1 130 4.60 15

Combustible concealed space
under a pitched
roof having combustible
wood joist or
wood truss construction
with members
less than 3 ft (0.9 m) on
center with slopes
having a pitch of 4 in 12 or
greater
All 11.1 120 4.60 parallel to
the slope
3.05 perpendicular
to the slope
15 parallel to the
slope
10 perpendicular
to the slope
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Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Extra Hazard
Construction
Type System Type
Protection Area
Spacing
(Maximum)
m
2
ft
2
m ft
All Pipe schedule 8.4 90 3.7 12
(In buildings with storage bays 7.6 m [25 ft] wide,
3.8 m [12 ft 6 in.] shall be permitted)
All Hydraulically calculated
with
9.3 100 3.7 12
density 0.25 (In buildings with storage bays 7.6 m [25 ft] wide,
3.8 m [12 ft 6 in.] shall be permitted)
All Hydraulically calculated
with
density <0.25
12.1 130 4.6 15
Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for High-Piled Storage
Construction
Type
System Type
Protection Area
Spacing
(Maximum)
m
2
ft
2
m ft
All Hydraulically 9.3 100 3.7 12
calculated with
density 0.25
(In buildings with storage bays 7.6 m
[25 ft] wide, 3.8 m [12 ft 6 in.] shall
be permitted)
All Hydraulically 12.1 130 4.6 15
calculated with
density <0.25

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Sprinklers at Pitched Roofs; Branch Lines Run Up the Slope
Thermal sensing element shall be located at a minimum
of 25 mm (1 in.) and a maximum of 300 mm (12 in.)
vertically below the underside of the ceiling.
Linear distance between sprinklers is measured along the
slope of the ceiling.
Maintain a minimum 0.9 m (3 ft) clearance between the
deflector of a sprinkler and any combustibles located below it.
Generally, minimum spacing between sprinklers in any
direction is 2.1 m (7 ft).
In any case , the maximum area of coverage of a sprinkler
shall not exceed 59.7 m
2
(196 ft
2
).
Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 102 mm (4 in.)
from a wall.
Sprinklers shall be spaced not less than 1.8 m (6 ft) on center.
Deflectors of sprinklers shall be aligned parallel to ceilings or
roofs.
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STANDARD SPRAY SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS
Sidewall sprinklers shall only be installed along walls, lintels, or soffits where the distance from the ceiling to the
bottom of the lintel or soffit is at least 51 mm (2 in.) greater than the distance from the ceiling to sidewall sprinkler
deflectors. Where soffits are used for the installation of sidewall sprinklers, they shall not exceed 203 mm (8 in.) in
width or projection from the wall.
Sidewall sprinkler deflectors (vertical type) shall be located not more than 152 mm (6 in.) nor less than 102 mm (4 in.)
from ceilings.
Sidewall sprinklers, where installed under a sloped ceiling, shall be located at the
high point of the slope and positioned to discharge downward along the slope.
Sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be located not more than
6 in. (152 mm) nor less than 102 mm (4 in.) from walls.
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Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid Obstructions to Discharge (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent)
Distance From Sprinklers
Maximum Allowable Distance of Deflector Above
Bottom of
to Side of Obstruction [A] Obstruction, mm (in.) [B]
Less than 0.30 m (1 ft) 0 (0)
0.30 m (1 ft) to less than 0.46 m (1.5 ft) 63.5 (2)
0.46 m (1.5 ft) to less than 0.61 m (2 ft) 88.9 (3)
1.52 m (5 ft) and greater 457.2 (18)
Obstruction Area To Umbrella Pattern Of Pendent And Upright Non-storage Sprinklers
Source: FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 2-0 Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers
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Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid Obstructions (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers)
Distance From Sprinklers
Maximum Allowable Distance of Deflector Above
Bottom of
to Side of Obstruction [A] Obstruction, mm (in.) [B]
Less than 1.22 m (4 ft) Not allowed
1.22 m (4 ft) to less than 1.52 m (5 ft) 25.4 (1)
2.59 m (8.5 ft) or greater 355.6 (14)
Obstruction Area To Umbrella Pattern away from the mounting of Sidewall Non-storage Sprinklers
Source: FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 2-0 Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers
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System Protection Area Limitation
Maximum Floor Area Supplied By Any One Sprinkler Riser Or Combined System Riser
Light Hazard 4,831 m
2
(52,000 sq ft)
Ordinary Hazard 4,831 m
2
(52,000 sq ft)
Extra Hazard
Pipe Schedule 2,323 m
2
(25,000 sq ft)
Hydraulically Calculated 3,716 m
2
(40,000 sq ft)
StorageHigh-piled storage

(as defined in NFPA 13) and storage covered by other
standards
3,716 m
2
(40,000 sq ft)
In buildings of light or ordinary hazard occupancy, 65 mm (2 in.) hose valves for fire department use shall be
permitted to be attached to wet pipe sprinkler system risers.

The minimum size of the riser shall be 100 mm (4 in.) unless hydraulic calculations indicate that a smaller size riser
will satisfy sprinkler and hose stream allowances.

Each combined sprinkler and standpipe riser shall be equipped with a riser control valve to permit isolating a riser
without interrupting the supply to other risers from the same source of supply.
Exception No. 1: The floor area occupied by mezzanines shall not be
included in the above area.

Exception No. 2: Where single systems protect extra hazard, high-piled
storage, or storage covered by other NFPA standards, and ordinary or
light hazard areas, the extra hazard or storage area coverage shall not
exceed the floor area specified for that hazard and the total area
coverage shall not exceed 4,831 m
2
(52,000 sq ft).
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Design Considerations for Automatic Sprinkler Systems
1. PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD basically uses a prescribed schedule that specifies the
number of sprinklers that can be supplied by a given size pipe.
The pipe schedule method shall be permitted only for new installations of 465 m
2
(5,000 ft
2
)
or less or for additions or modifications to existing pipe schedule systems sized according to
the pipe schedule
The pipe schedule method shall be permitted for additions or modifications to
existing extra hazard pipe schedule systems.
PIPE SCHEDULES
Light Hazard Pipe Schedule
Steel Copper
25 mm (1 in.) 2 sprinklers 25 mm (1 in.) 2 sprinklers
100 mm (4 in.) See TABLE 11.01 100 mm (4 in.) See TABLE 11.01
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Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule
Steel Copper
200 mm (8 in.) See TABLE 11.01 200 mm (8 in.) See TABLE 11.01
Number of Sprinklers Greater Than 3.7 m (12 ft) Separations
Steel Copper
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Extra hazard occupancies shall be hydraulically calculated.
Extra Hazard Pipe Schedule
Steel Copper
25 mm (1 in.) 1 sprinkler 25 mm (1 in.) 1 sprinkler
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Water Supply Requirements for Pipe Schedule Sprinkler Systems
Occupancy
Classification
Minimum
Residual
Pressure
Required
Acceptable Flow
at Base of Riser
(Including Hose Stream Allowance)
Duration
in
kPa psi L/min gpm Minutes
Light hazard 103.42 15 18922839 500750 3060
Ordinary
hazard
137.90 20 32175677 8501500 6090
Where inside hose stations are planned or are required, the following shall apply:
(a) A total water allowance of 189 L/min (50 gpm) for a single hose station
installation shall be added to the sprinkler requirements.
(b) A total water allowance of 378 L/min (100 gpm) for a multiple hose station
installation shall be added to the sprinkler requirements.
(c) The water allowance shall be added in 189 L/min (50 gpm) increments beginning
at the most remote hose station, with each increment added at the
pressure required by the sprinkler system design at that point.
Hose connection's supply pipes shall not be connected to any pipe smaller than 65 mm (2 in.) in diameter.

This table is limited to installations no larger than 464.7 m
2
(5,000 ft
2
).

The flow is a minimum, and in the case of light-hazard occupancy, that flow must be made available at the base of the
system riser at a pressure of 103.4 kPa (15 psi) plus the pressure that is necessary to reach the highest sprinkler.

The pipe schedule method shall be permitted for use in systems exceeding 464.7 m
2
(5,000 ft
2
) where the flows
required in the table above are available at a minimum residual pressure of 344.8 kPa (50 psi) at the highest elevation
of sprinkler.
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Acceptance Requirements
Hydrostatic Test
Maintain 200 psi (13.8 bar) pressure without loss for 2 hours.
Systems normally subjected to system working pressures in excess of 150 psi
(10.4 bar) shall be tested at a pressure of 50 psi (3.5 bar) in excess of system
working pressure.
Systems Operational Test
Waterflow detecting devices including the associated alarm circuits shall be flow
tested through the inspector's test connection and shall result in an audible
alarm on the premises within 5 minutes after such flow begins and until such
flow stops.
The automatic operation of a deluge or preaction valve shall be tested in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Deluge and Preaction Systems Test
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2. HYDRAULIC DESIGN/CALCULATION METHOD
Density/Area Curve Source: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
Minimum area of 139.4 m
2
(1,500 ft
2
) for light- and ordinary-hazard occupancies and
232.3 m
2
(2,500 ft
2
) for extra-hazard occupancies.
Match selected area to a corresponding discharge density
as shown in the Density/Area curve above.
PSME-QCC Chapter



Number of Sprinklers =
System Area of Operation, A

Area of Coverage by a Sprinkler, S
Q = A x Density
TABLE 13.01 Water Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply Duration
Requirements for Hydraulically Calculated Systems
Occupancy
Inside Hose
Total Combined Inside
and Outside Hose
Duration
(minutes) L/m gpm L/m gpm
Light hazard 0, 189, 379 0, 50, or 100 379 100 30
Ordinary hazard 0, 189, 379 0, 50, or 100 946 250 6090
Extra hazard 0, 189, 379 0, 50, or 100 1893 500 90120
Flow from the Sprinkler:
Water Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply Duration
Number of Sprinklers
PSME-QCC Chapter



Room Design Method
The water supply requirements for sprinklers only shall be based upon the room that
creates the greatest demand.
(1) For areas of sprinkler operation less than 139 m
2
(1,500 ft
2
) used for light and
ordinary hazard occupancies, the density for 139 m
2
(1,500 ft
2
) shall be used.

(2) For areas of sprinkler operation less than 232 m
2
(2,500 ft
2
) for extra hazard
occupancies, the density for 232 m
2
(2,500 ft
2
) shall be used.
Hydraulic Design information Sign
The installing contractor shall identify a hydraulically designed sprinkler system with a
permanently marked weatherproof metal or rigid plastic sign secured with corrosion-resistant
wire, chain, or other approved means. Such signs shall be placed at the alarm valve, dry pipe
valve, preaction valve, or deluge valve supplying the corresponding hydraulically designed area.
The sign shall include the following information:
(1) Location of the design area or areas
(2) Discharge densities over the design area or areas
(3) Required flow and residual pressure demand at the base of the riser
(4) Occupancy classification or commodity classification and maximum
permitted storage height and configuration
(5) Hose stream allowance included in addition to the sprinkler demand
(6) The name of the installing contractor.
PSME-QCC Chapter



Hanging and Bracing of Water-Based Systems
Common Types of Acceptable Hangers
In general, the hanger components are
expected to support five times the
weight of the water-filled piping plus a
load of 114 kg (250 lb) at any point of
piping support.
PSME-QCC Chapter



TABLE 14.01 Maximum Distance Between Hangers (m)
Nominal Pipe Size (mm)
20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200
Steel pipe except
Threaded lightwall
N/A 3.66 3.66 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57
Threaded lightwall
steel pipe
N/A 3.66 3.66 3.66 3.66 3.66 3.66 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Copper tube 2.44 2.44 3.05 3.05 3.66 3.66 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57
CPVC 1.68 1.83 1.98 2.13 2.44 2.74 3.05 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Ductile Iron Pipe N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4.57 N/A 4.57 N/A 4.57 4.57
The distance between a hanger and the centerline of an upright sprinkler shall not be less than 76 mm (3 in.).

The unsupported length between the end sprinkler and the last hanger on the line shall not be greater than 0.9 m
(36 in.) for 25 mm (1 in.) pipe, 1.2 m (48 in.) for 32 mm (1 in.) pipe, and 1.5 m (60 in.) for 40 mm (1 in.) or larger
pipe.

The cumulative horizontal length of an unsupported armover to a sprinkler, sprinkler drop, or sprig shall not exceed
610 mm (24 in.) for steel pipe or 305 mm (12 in.) for copper tube.

Sprigs 1.2 m (4 ft) or longer shall be restrained against lateral movement.
PSME-QCC Chapter



TABLE 14.02 Hanger Rod Sizes
Pipe Size Diameter of Rod
mm in. mm in.
100
Up to and
including 4
in.
9.5

125 5 12.7
150 6 12.7
200 8 12.7
250 10 15.9
300 12 15.9
Longitudinal bracing must be provided for all feed and
cross mains at maximum 24.4 m (80 ft) intervals. The last
brace must be within 12.2 m (40 ft) of the end of the
main.

Lateral bracing must be provided for all feed and cross
mains, and for branch lines with diameters 65 mm (2
in.) and larger, although 65 mm (2 in.) branch line
starter pieces are not required to be braced if they do not
exceed 6.1 m (12 ft) in length. The traditional maximum
brace spacing of 12.2 m (40 ft) still applies, but in
situations involving high lateral forces or heavy branch
lines, the maximum spacing may need to be reduced.

Risers shall be supported by riser clamps or by hangers
located on the horizontal connections within 610 mm (24
in.) of the centerline of the riser. Riser clamps supporting
risers by means of set screws shall not be used. Riser
clamps anchored to walls using hanger rods in the
horizontal position shall not be permitted to vertically
support risers

PSME-QCC Chapter



Private Fire Service Mains
A private fire service main is that pipe between a source of water and the water supply side of the first
above ground connection to a sprinkler or standpipe system.

Minimum pipe size of 150 mm (6 in.) is recommended. Pipe shall be designed to withstand a system
working pressure of not less than 10.3 bar (150 psi). If the main does not supply hydrants a pipe size of less
than 6 in. (150 mm) may be used if:
a) hydraulic calculations have determined that the main will supply the total
demand at the appropriate pressure and
b) the main size shall be at least as large as the riser. Future needs and hose
stream flows also should be taken into consideration.
Yard Hydrants
PSME-QCC Chapter



TABLE 15.01 Description of Pipe and Joints
Material
1

Cast
2
and
Ductile Iron
Steel Asbestos
Cement
Plastic
Polyethylene Polyvinyl
Chloride
(PVC)
Fiber
reinforced
Composite
Standard
3

(ANSI/AWWA)
C110/A21.10
C150/A21.50
C200 C400 C901 C900 C950
Working
pressure
See Factory
Mutual
Research
Approval Guide
Reference:
C110/A21.10
C150/A21.50
See C200
Also Data
Sheet 2-8N,
Installation of
Sprinkler
Systems
(NFPA)
Class 150
150 psi (1035
kPa, 10.3 bar)
Class 200
200 psi (1380
kPa, 13.8 bar)
See Factory Mutual Research
Approval Guide
Reference: AWWA Standard
Joint type Approved
push-on,
standardized
mechanical,
ball and
socket, poured
lead bell and
spigot
Welded,
threaded,
Flagged,
Approved
Grooved
couplings
Approved
push-on cast
iron
Butt fusion or
Approved
adapters
Push-on, bell
and spigot,
cast iron or
Approved
materials
Approved
using solvent
cement,
push-on
cast iron
Restraint
4
Approved, rods
and clamps,
thrust blocks
Not necessary Thrust blocks Thrust blocks
1
Acceptance of pipe, joints and fittings that are not Approved is based on satisfactory experience and conformity to specifications of recognized
engineering bodies. Cast and ductile iron, steel, and asbestos cement pipe are acceptable on that basis.
2
Cast Iron Standards, C106/A21.6 and C108/A21.8 withdrawn in 1982 and 1979 respectively. Ductile iron pipe has replaced cast i ron.
3
AWWA: American Water Works Association. ANSI: American National Standards Institute, Inc.
4
Thrust blocks are the preferred method of restraint.
Source: FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 3-10 Private Fire Service Mains
PSME-QCC Chapter



TABLE 15.02 Area of Bearing Surface of Concrete Thrust Blocks
Pipe Size
mm (in.)
90 Bend or 14 Bend
m
2
(ft
2
)
45 Bend or 18 bend
m
2
(ft
2
)
Tees, Hydrants,
Caps, Plugs
m
2
(ft
2
)
100 (4) 0.2 (2) 0.2 (2) 0.2 (2)
150 (6) 0.5 (5) 0.3 (3) 0.4 (4)
200 (8) 0.7 (8) 0.5 (5) 0.6 (6)
250 (10) 1.2 (13) 0.7 (7) 0.8 (9)
300 (12) 1.7 (18) 0.9 (10) 1.2 (13)
350 (14) 2.3 (25) 1.3 (14) 1.7 (18)
400 (16) 3.0 (32) 1.7 (18) 2.1 (23)
Areas in this table were derived using 225 psi (1551 kPa, 15.5 bar) water pressure and 2000 lb/ft
2
(96
kPa, 1 bar) soil resistance. This is
typical of sand and gravel with clay. For other soils, multiply the table values by the following factors:
Soft clay 4 Sand and gravel cemented with clay 0.5
Sand 2 Shale, hardpan 0.4
Sand and gravel 1.3
Note: Wide variations of bearing load capacity may be encountered within each
soil type.
Source: FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 3-10 Private Fire Service Mains
Bearing Thrust Block
PSME-QCC Chapter



Steel Suction Tank Open-Top Concrete Tank with Attached Pump House
Fixed Water Storage Supplies for Fire Protection
PSME-QCC Chapter



Ground-Level Tanks
Elevated Tanks
Ground-level tanks that either provide a suction supply for an adjacent fire pump or act as gravity tanks to
provide sufficient water pressure for the fire protection system are the most common type in areas where
seismic protection is required.

The four main seismic considerations are as follows:
1. Flexibility of pipe connections to tank. two flexible couplings on the pipe should be provided between the
tank and the pump. One should be as close to the tank wall as possible and the other within 0.6 m (24 in.) of the
pump.
2. Anchorage of the tank and foundation to prevent horizontal and vertical displacement. Ground-level tanks
should be anchored for seismic protection for the appropriate seismic ground motion. Anchorage and
foundation design details are best provided and/or reviewed by a qualified structural engineer.
3. Clearance around pipe penetrations through pump house or other structural walls. At least 50 mm (2 in.)
clearance should be provided on all sides of piping that passes through structural walls or other fixed structures.
4. Proper steel thickness near base of tank to avoid elephant footing. In areas with a high probability of
strong ground motion, unanchored tanks may have significant vertical and horizontal displacements.
Elevated tanks, where the tank body is mounted on legs or a pedestal, are less common in areas where seismic
protection is required. Because of the complexity of any seismic analysis for this type of tank, a qualified structural
engineer can best handle seismic analysis and design.
PSME-QCC Chapter



Tank Capacities
TABLE 16.01 Common Sizes of Steel Pump Suction Tanks
m3 * gal m3 * gal
190 50,000 950 250,000
290 75,000 1100 300,000
380 100,000 1500 400,000
475 125,000 2000 500,000
575 150,000 3000 750,000
750 200,000 4000 1,000,000
*Figures rounded off as approximations from nominal customary American tank sizes.
Tanks should be designed and installed according to NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for
Private Fire Protection, which gives full requirements for construction materials, loads, unit
stresses, details of design, foundations, accessories, and workmanship. Welding of towers should
conform to code requirements for welding in building construction. The volume of suction
storage should be sufficient to supply the pump or pumps at 150 percent of the pumps rated
capacity for the required duration of the water demand. This is normally 1 to 4 hours.
Aboveground, underground, or fire well tanks filled with potable water are recommended for
supplying fire pumps.
PSME-QCC Chapter



Centrifugal Fire Pumps
The NFPA standard on fire pumps is NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
Fire Protection (hereinafter referred to NFPA 20).
Listed horizontal and vertical fire pumps are available with rated capacities from 95 to 18 925 L/min
(25 to 5000 gpm). Pressure ratings range from 276 to 2758 kPa (40 to 394 psi) for horizontal pumps
and 517 to 3448 kPa (26 to 510 psi) for vertical turbine pumps. Listed centrifugal fire pump designs
include horizontal-end-suction, vertical in-line, split-case (horizontal and vertical shaft), and vertical-
turbine types.
Volute Casing and Impeller Horizontal Shaft, Single-Stage Centrifugal Pump

PSME-QCC Chapter



Vertical Turbine Fire Pump
TABLE 17.01 Summary of Centrifugal Fire Pump Data
Pump
Rating
(L/min)
Minimum Pipe Sizes
Suction
*
Discharg
e*
Relief
Valve
Relief
Valve
Discharge
Mete
r
Devi
ce
Number
and
Size of
Hose
Valves
Hose
Head
er
Supp
ly
95 25 25 20 25 32 1 40 25
189 40 32 32 40 50 1 40 40
379 50 50 40 50 65 1 65 65
568 65 65 50 65 80 1 65 65
757 80 80 50 65 80 1 65 65
946 90 80 50 65 90 1 65 80
1,136 100 100 65 90 90 1 65 80
1,514 100 100 80 125 100 2 65 100
1,703 125 125 80 125 100 2 65 100
1,892 125 125 100 125 125 2 65 100
2,839 150 150 100 150 125 3 65 150
3,785 200 150 150 200 150 4 65 150
4,731 200 200 150 200 150 6 65 200
5,677 200 200 150 200 200 6 65 200
7,570 250 250 150 250 200 6 65 200
9,462 250 250 200 250 200 8 65 250
11,355 300 300 200 300 200 12 65 250
13,247 300 300 200 300 250 12 65 300
15,140 350 300 200 350 250 16 65 300
17,032 400 350 200 350 250 16 65 300
18,925 400 350 200 350 250 20 65 300
*Actual diameter of pump flange is permitted to be different from pipe diameter.
PSME-QCC Chapter



The characteristic curves (Figure 17.04) of a horizontal-, centrifugal-, or vertical-turbine-type
pump are as follows:

1. Total head versus discharge (ft of head or psi of pressure versus gpm)
2. Brake horsepower versus discharge
3. Efficiency versus discharge (water hp/input hp versus gpm)
FIGURE 17.04 Typical Centrifugal Fire Pump Characteristic Curves

PSME-QCC Chapter



Location and Housing of Centrifugal Fire Pumps
Fire pumps are preferably housed in buildings of fire-resistant or noncombustible construction.

Even when the climate is so mild that there is no danger of freezing, sufficient enclosure is needed to
protect against dirt, corrosion, and tampering.

A dry location above-grade is preferred.

Pump rooms should be large enough to facilitate easy access to all equipment and devices for
inspection, testing, and maintenance.

Fire pumps are located as close as possible to those areas where protection is most important.

In some large properties, it may be necessary to have water supplies at more than one point to obtain
the most favorable distribution system.
PSME-QCC Chapter



Typical Fire Pump Installation
PSME-QCC Chapter



PSME-QCC Chapter



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