Desigen and manfacturing of manual tube bending machine

project reported on :

Crried out in partial fulfillment of the award of bachelor of technology in mechanical
engineering in manufacturing technology specialization.

Submitted to:

department of metallurgy and production, manufacturing technology section.





submitted by ; teshome tesfaye
ketema ayele.


project advisor: ato ayele bizuneh (msc)







Defence universty college,college of engineering.
july 2012
debre zeit -ethiopia









certificate

this is to certify that this project report entiteld design and manfacturing of manual
tube bendig machine submitted to metallurgy and production departement, manufacturing
tecnology section by teshome tesfaye , ketema ayele in partial fulfilliment for the requiemnt of
award of buchular of technology in mechanical engineering with specialization in
manufacturing technology under defence university college,college of engineering.

____________________________ __________________________________

Ato ayele bzuneh (msc) let. Derege asfaw (msc)


______________________________________________

cap.hailu g/tsadik (mtech)

examine name signature


1 _ ___________________________________ ________________________

(chair person)

2 _____________________________________ ________________________

(external)

3 ___________________________________ ______________________

(internal)









abstrast



in this project we will design and manufacturing simple, light weight and very cheap price
tube bending machine .this machine can be operated by any lay man with out deep knowledge of
mechanism.
the tube bender part made from steel according to the diameter of to be bended the guider
and the dies size will also be changed accordingly.
in order to change the diameter of the tube to be bended it only needs to change the tip
of the guider ,which is trade jointed with the guider and can easily be removed and fixed.
the guider tip helps to make a smooth bending curve.
the tube is going to be supported by two small sized dies which guides the guider rod
and the bigger die will bend the selected size tube.















Acknowledgement




































table of contents
page no

Certificate

Acknowledgements

Abstract

Table of contents

List of figure and tables

chapter-one

introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Back ground

1.3 General objectives..

1.4 specific objectives

1.5 statement of problems..

1.6 scope

1.7 methodology

chapter-two

lierature survey

2.1 introduction to the bendig ..

2.2 theory of bending process

2.2.1spring back (elastic recovery) effect.

2.3 metal forming process

2.4 benging

2.4.1 benging tube and pipes

2.4.2 bending square and rectangular tubes


2.5 types of bending method

2.5.1 press bending

2.5.2 rotery draw bending

2.5.3 roll bending

2.5.4 mandrel bending.......................

2.6 bending process

2.6.1bending with mandren..

A. Rigid type.

b.flexible type mandeel

c.artculated (ball) type mandrel

2.6.2 bending without filler

2.7 type of bending machine

2.7.1 manual bending machine

2.7.2 semi-automatic bending machine
.
2.7.3 automatic tube bending machine

2.8 factors that influence the bending process.

2.8.1 wall thickness

2.8.2 method of bending

2.8.3 size of material..

2.8.4 tooling

2.8.5 internal and external lubricant

2.9 qualities of bent tubes and pipes

2.10 feasiblity study


chapter three

tube bending princeples

3.1 tube bending calculation .

3.2 selection of clamping die


chapter four

part desigen

4.1 compenents of mechanism






Chapter one
introduction to the project
1.1 introductions
today our country need high demand of equipments like house hold furniture
(beds, chair ,table, ,tv-stands and others)hospital beds, fluid pipes and other which need
tube bending machines.
this machine should be low initial cost, no need extra power without human labor
can operate by any lay man ,light in weight and portable.
this project focused on designing the manual bending machine considering to solve
above courses with the aim of initiative the investment ,through it reduce the production
time and the cost of repair.
1.2 back ground
The nearby pipe bending machine have different problems that affect productivity. Some
of these are required skilled operator ,the complexity of the machine part ,the need of
power source ,the complexity of maintainability and the time to operate the machine.
1.3 general objectives
_ to design and manufacturing of manual tube bending machine.

1.4 specific objectives
_ to manufacturing different types of fluid pipe .
_ to manufacturing different types of chair.
_to manufacturing different types of table.
_ to manufacturing of hospital beds.
_to manufacturing of tv-stands.
_to manufacturing car exhaust pipe.


1.5 statement of problems
The old type bending machines which used in private sectors have operational and
production problems ,some of them are to bend the tube using sand compact ,heat treating
,hammering and by using low melting point metals inside the bended tube and after
bending they melt and poured out ,and also need high leading time to production the
bending time.
1.6 scope
We aimed that our project target that to design and manufacturing simple ,easy
movable and maintainable tube bending machine and to introduce this machine by
prototype stage , after that any interested and who have a capital can produce and
distributed the tube bending machine.
1.7 methodology
We collect some data about tube bending machine from :-
_ private sectors(from merkato)
_ ethiopian air force (hydraulic shop)
_ micro organization (akaki-kaliti sector)
_ from internet
_ from dec and etaf library.








Chapter 2

Literature survey
2.1 introduction to the bending
Bending is a process by which a metal can be deformed by plastically deforming the material and
changes its shape. The material is stressed beyond the yield the strength but below the ultimate
tensile strength.
The history of pipe and tube bending process bulk to the ancient chinese civilization where they
used reeds as tube to pipe water, even in united states hollowed out trees were used earlier in
waterlines later in 1700s cast iron was used in england to form seamless pipe and all this was
manually done as there were on specialized machine that could be used for tubing process.
However, all this changes in 1920s when further innovation introduced the converter furnace
process which allowed companies to produce malleable law carbon steel as well as aircraft with
introduction of newer technology the tube bending industry received newer innovation which are
in helped in making tube bending process efficient and simple.
2.2 theory of bending process
When the metal materials are bent in cold condition at first an elastic shape alteration takes place
which is replaced by a ductile shape alteration from specific degree. If the reshaping capacity
runs down, the work piece breaks. The elastic behavior is reflected in the stress-strain diagram.
See figure below, which is determined by tensile tests.


Fig2.2.1 stress strain diagram

before the yielding point, the sample is reshaped elastically as soon as the load is relieved
the body returns to its original shape. If the applied load exceeds the elastic limit, the shape of
the sample is permanently deformed. The alterations of shape occurring when metal pipes which
are being bent are mainly determined by the material specific parameters like modulus of
elasticity and yield stress.
2.2. 1 spring buck(elastic recovery)effect
Because all material has finite modules of elasticity, plastic deformation is followed by
elastic deformation upon removal of the load .in bending, this is recovery known as spring buck.
Some spring buck occurs whenever metals are formed .spring buck is caused by the residual
stress that is a result of cold working material. For example in a simple bend, residual
compressive stress remains on the inside of the bend, while residual tensile stress is present on
the outside radius of the bend. When the bending pressure is released, metal spring buck until
residual stress force are balanced by material stiffness, which resist further strain. The most
common method used to compensate for springbuck is over bending ,in which material is bent a
sufficient amount beyond the desired angle and allowed to springbuck to the desired angle after
elastic recovery occur. Because of the uncertainty of the exact location of the neutral axis, it is
best to trial and error methods when developing close tolerance stampings. The final bend angle
after springbuck is smaller and the final radius is larger.

2.3 metal forming processes
Metal processing is remarkable of metals; their ability to flow plastically is the solid sate
without concurrently deterioration of properties. More over by simply moving the metal to the
desired shape where there is a little or no waste. Metal forming processes are classified into two
categories; hot working processes and cold working process;
In our project we will focus on cold working process. Cold working process is the plastic
deformation of metals below the re-crystallization temperature. This forming process is mostly
done in room temperature.
The major cold working processes or operation are basically classified under the following
1) bending
2) squeezing
3) shearing
4) drawing
2.4 bending
Bending is the uniform straining of material around the straight axis that lies in the neutral
plain and normal to the length wise direction of the strip metal. Metal flow takes place within
plastic rang of the metal, so that the bend retains permanent set after removal of the applied
stresses.
2.4.1 bending tubes and pipes
Tube bending is the term used for all metal forming processes that is used to form tube
and pipe. The pipe that are bent are used either in water ,for handles , petroleum pipe lines , in
power plant as free way signs and more .when a tube or pipe is bent, the wall which forms the
outside of the bend elongates and thins while the wall which forms the inside of the bend
compresses and thickens. A common objective in tube or pipe bending is to form a smooth round
bend. In this case, a bend can be formed with three basic tool s: the bend die, around which the
bend is formed; the clamp die, which grips the tube and holds it in position as the bend is
formed; and the pressure die, which forces the tube into the bend die groove so it can be formed.

2.4.2 bending square and rectangular tubes.
the square and rectangular tube walls are subjected to the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses at the outside and the inside of the bend when bending process takes place.
Material on the inside of the bent surface tends to expand vertically and flow horizontally along
tube face. These forces tend to draw in the vertical edges of the tube distorting the cross section
into a key stone shape. Square and rectangular sections do not lend themselves to good
transmission of clamping force between clamps and bend die. Tube tends to slide along the die at
the start of the bend. The basics of bending are the same for square, rectangular and round
material in that certain information is required to produce an accurate part

2.5 types of bending methods.
1. Press bending
2. Rotary draw bending
3. Roll bender
4. Mandrel bender.
2.5.1 press bending
The press bender one of the most basic type of bending machines available this day. It is
used mechanical force by pressing the tube against the die to bend it.
This force could be applied pneumatically or hydraulic. The machine work on cold pipes
and only work tube with one size radius.











2.5.2 rotary draw bending.
The rotary drown bender used die sets to bend tubes. These bender can be programmed to store
multiple bending jobs each of which having a varying on bending rotary .drown degree bending
are usually used for bending pipe , tube and solid for application such as lines handles ,frames
and more .

2.5.3 roll bender
roll bender gradually changes the bend radius of the pipe as the pipe pass over the roller.
There are three sets of roller in this machine usually in the pyramid form and they move in such
way so as it create force and bend the tube .
(figure 2.5,2,1) roller bending

2.5.4 mandrel bending
mandrel bending of pipe and tube is used where the bent pipe and tube are
To have absolutely the least amount of deformation possible. The pipe and tube is supported
internally with a flexible mandrel support that bends with the pipe or tube, and ensures that the
interior is not deformed. The pipe or tube is drawn through a counter bending die on to fixed
radius former die, and the whole process ensures the best possible bends. Mandrel bending of
pipe and tube is used in the manufacture of exhaust pipes, custom exhaust pipes, turbocharger
exhaust and intake tubing, dairy tubing and process tubing, heat exchanger tubing, and all
stainless and aluminum tubing where a non deformed diameter finish is critical.


Fig2.5.4.1mandrel bending
2.6 bending process
bending operations will work only in two ways. The use of mandrels(filler) or
without use of mandrels(filler). Filler is used to fill the tube with loose particles mostly sands,
which is taken shaken out the tube after finishing the bending process or use of mandrels made
of hardened alloy cast iron or steel mandrel inserted in to the tube, which is then pull out after
finishing bending in order to avoid fracture and crack during bending .
2.6.1 bending with mandrel
mandrel is a part of the tube bending assembly that provides support to the inside of the
tube in order to prevent the tube from buckling. A mandrel may not be necessary if the wall is
thick enough. There are three general types of mandrel. Thin wall tubing can be bent to small
radii with freedom from wrinkles by use of a mandrel or filler. This wall tubing or nickel alloys
can be mandrel- bend through 180 to minimum mean radius of 2d.to minimize galling of the
inside surface of tube, mandrels should be made of hard alloy bronze rather than of steel. If the
steel mandrels are used, they should be chromium plate to reduce galling.
Mandrel must be lubricant before use chlorinated oil with extreme pressure additive are
recommended for sever bending or for ease of removal water soluble lubricant are used. Any
conventional filler material such as sand, resins, and low melting alloy can be used. Sand is the
least desirable because it is difficult to pack tightly and thus can lead to the formation of wrinkles
or kinks during bending. Low melting alloy filler produce the best bends .the expansion
characteristic of this filler ensure that voids are eliminated and a sound carries is created . Alloy
filler are removed by heating the bent tube in steam or hot water. Metallic filler must not be
removed by direct torch heating .because they contain elements such as lead, tin, and bismuth
that will embitter nickel alloy at elevated temperatures.
A . Rigid type: it fits the interior of the tube, and shaped to conform to the start of the
bend .however, because they are rigid, they support the entire circumference of the tube
only as far as the point of bending not beyond the tangency of the bend .
Fig2.6.1.1 rigid type mandrel

B .flexible type mandrel they are generally of shims .this type of mandrel is sometimes
used with square tube and box section .where only few bend are needed .inserting and
removing flexible mandrel is usually difficult .most of the time they are made of rubber .

fig2.6.1.2 flexible type mandrel fig 2.6.1.3 boll mandrel
C. Articulated (ball) type mandrel: this kind of mandrel include boll mandrel and
various other shaped mandrels that are used in which the same way as boll mandrels.
2.6.2 bending without mandrel or filler .
When bending without internal support, the dies should be slightly smaller than those
used for bending with a mandrel or filler .this way is suitable for and pipes that have a
wall thickness greater than 7% of the outside diameter or for large radius bends.
2.7 types of bending machine
According need of investment there are different types of bending machine those are:
1. Manual bending machine
2. Semi automatic bending machine
3. Automatic bending machine.
2.7.1 manual bending machine
The original method of manual bending begin with human power .although bending a
tube by hand is very economical, it is not conductive to higher productive to higher
production rate, quality repeatability . Operation of this machine requires that the
operator place the tube in the tooling area at the proper bend position ,actuate the tooling
in to position, and physically ,pull the machine mechanism to produce the bend. Basic
machines have a single dial, gage or adjustable stop which serves as guide line to
produce a desired angle of bend. When more than one bend per part is to be produced,
the operator must index the part to the next bend point and repeat the process to the
desired second bend angle .
The advantage of basic manual tube bending machine are :
a. low initial investment
b. Simple to operate
c. Short lead time for machine and tooling
d. Portable
e. Relatively rate to operate.
The disadvantage of basic manual tube bending equipment are :
A. Maximum operator interface require
B. Limited capacity
C. Standard outside diameter of tube and tooling is limited
D. Difficult to produced complex part of shape
E. Accuracy and repeatability is in question.
As general rule, hand benders are best utilized:
A lower volume.
B. Short runs.
C. Small diameter
D. Basic part configuration
E .low labor rate
2.7.2 semi automatic bending machine
for this discussion, we will characterize semi-automatic tube benders as
fundamental hydraulic or electrical motor powered tube and pipe bending machines. The
most basic semi automatic benders have degree of bend stop(s) connected to the control
panel. stops are either a physically set limit switch or electronic relay logic system.
These machines can require manual positioning of the tooling or provide powered tool
positioning via the control panel. The operator actuates the cycle via push button and the
machine bends the tube to the present angel and the machine bends the tube to the
present angle. After the bend is made, the operator physically indexes the part forward to
the next be4nd position, actuates the return sequence and repeats the process.
Significant advantages of these machines are
a. Increased capacity
b. Less physical interface
c. Suited for higher volume
d. Standard machines are more accurate
e. Capable of more difficult applications
Disadvantages of semi automatic bending machines are
a. Requires skilled operator
b. Accuracy and repeatability sometimes can be a problem
c. Difficult to automate
d. Limited part complexities
e. Labor input directly effects accuracies and production rates
2.7.3 automatic tube bending machines
mostly automatic tube bending machines are called cnc bending, which are compute
numerical controlled tube benders. Modern computer technology is linked with servo-
mechanical control offers an excellent method for controlling the three bending axis. Cnc bender
mechanics operate very similar to the other draw bending methods the difference is that servo
derives control the distance between bend and plane of bend. A carriage/collecting system is
standard equipment .tooling movement and sequencing, part storage data, and other items are
controlled by the computer automatically.
Advantage of cnc tube bending are:
a. Maximum accuracy and repeatability
b. Low labor input
c. High degree of control
d. Quick change over
e. Versatility
f. Complex part capability
Disadvantages of cnc tube bending
a. Capital expenditure
b. Requires computer skill
c. May need water, air or electrical
d. Need high maintainability
2.8 factors that influences the bending process
there are many factors that influence bending process. Some of the problems are
buckling or folding. Buckling is the a deformation that happens to a tube surface suppose to be
straight after being bent, the tube undergoes a non uniform deformation, fracture or cracking is
the major concern in any bending which are directly related with ultimate stress of the material.
Some of the factors which affects which affect the bending process are:
1. Wall thickness
2. Method of bending
3. Size of the material
4. Tooling
5. Internal and external lubricants
2.8.1 wall thickness

the thickness of the tube is one of the important factors in the bending process. Large
thickness can be bent without the fear of fracture or cracking on the other side tube which
have small thickness must be felled with sand or loose particles such as mandrel to avoid
buckling or cracks. As shown bellow in the table. If thin-walled pipes are bent to small
radii, the material on the inside of the bend is pressed back behind the line of tangent, where
it is no longer supported by the bend die and therefore susceptible to wrinkling this problem
is wiper die. As shown in the fig. Below


the wiper die is a form part, which is mounted inside the bend behind die and has a
sharpen edged end, which is placed in positive fit into the pipe groove of the bend die and
pushed to the line of tangent is avoided, this minimizing wrinkling. However, if wrinkles
have already been formed, they cannot be eliminate after bending .bending is impossible
below the bending limit determined by stretching and it comes to work piece failure as a
result .the bending limit due to wrinkling separate the range, where the bending with
mandrel (and wiper die ) is possible .and within the range pipe can be bent without mandrel
.the large ratio of outside diameter to the wall thickness of the pipe and the smaller ratio of
bending radius to the outside diameter shows wrinkles while bending .bending round
,square or rectangular material involves stretching the outside diameter of the bend and
compressing its inside diameter .consequently ,a big wall thickness allows a tighter bend
radius and more material stretch ability with less distortion


2.8.2 method of bending
this is a key factor in controlling distorting .a correct to chosen procedure can help to
produce consistent ,tolerance and accurate parts .generally ,smaller material requires rotary
draw bending or compressing bending ,which can incorporate wiper dies and mandrels
inducting and incremental bending should be used with larger material bent to a large radius
,material size and amount of bending important factor for determine the bending method .in
many case ,there is no better factor than experience .many training artisans know what is
required to produce an acceptance product.
2.8.3 size of material.
large material bent to a smaller radius has a greater chance to distort than smaller
material bent to a large radius. Design and planning necessary to solve bending problems
before they arise.
(table 2.8.1.1 size of material and bent radius relationship).
Tube
Type
Tube
(dia,/size)
(mm)
*clamp
Size
(mm)
Radius crl(centre line radius)
(set-up costs apply)
(mm)

0 12.7 60 20

0 15.88 45 31.75

0 19 45 47.5

0 22.2 60 45

0 25.4 60 50 63.5 62

0 28.6 50 89

0 31.8 75 101

0 38.1 95 95

0 25.4x25.4 60 87
*minimum distance between bends depends on bend orientation ,clamp size and degree of bend

2.8.4. Tooling.
After the parts have been designed ,the method of bending has been chosen ,and procedure
to bend within proper tolerance should be established .the machine must be setup with a
proper tool ,which is based on design condition, tooling that includes bend die ,clamp block,
follower or slide block ,mandrel and wiper die .

2.8.5 internal and external lubricants.
The main important of lubricant is to decease the friction between tools and material to be
bent .when friction is reduced material flow smoothly through the bending equipment ,and
allows the machinery to perform its design operation efficiently .
(table 2.8.5.6 selection of tube bending lubricant).
brand type used for
2.9 qualities of bent tubes and pipes
The quality is characteristic that a product or service must have. For example, product must be
reliable and useable .the most important qualities are the ones that customer want .the product
quality can be judged either by material or attributive quality characteristic. If you look at bent
pipe shape, you can judge the product as good if neither collapses on the cross section, cracks,
wrinkles, bulges nor any similar faults can be detected. Metric quality properties are being angle,
straight lengths, wall thickness, oval shape or roughness of the surface. Given tolerance ranges as
a precondition allow separation of the pipes in good products or rejects according to these
properties.
2.10 feasibility study
in order to know whether a proposed project is financially feasible or not, a financial
feasibility study needs to be conducted. This project is going to know how pipe bending process
affects the overall production of pipe bending machine industries. We have selected ethiopian air
force hydraulic shop which found in debre-ziet town, the other reason for selecting etaf
hydraulic shop , the number of labors and machines which are involved in pipe bending process
and capability of production, and also this shop is very convenient for observation and collecting
Tower oil
(312)927-6161
Oil

Water soluble oil used for
steel,aluimium,& non
ferrous.part#4100
Irmco
(847)864-0255

Gel



Water soluble gel type paste,used
for steel, aluminum ,&non
ferrous.part#460-80a
Houghton international
(610)395-8440
Heavy oil Non water soluble oil used for
stainless steel .part# how-to-
draw3005

data because of the cooperation of management and labors. To show how the number of labors
and machines are integrated together to perform the bending process is shown by the following
table.
Table 2.10.1 number and wastage of employer.

N0 Position
of
employee

No of
employee
/shift/machine
No of
machine
No
of
shift
Wage/person/day(birr) Total no
of
employee
Total
wage/day(birr)
1 Lead
labor
1 1
1
80 1 80
2 Labor 1 50 1 50
total 2 130



As it has seen from the above table the air force pays an average of 46,800 birr per year to the
labor and this figure does not include over time bonus .fro the above table there is one machine
of pipe bending and in one shift there are two labors : one is the operator and the other one
which are helping the operator .in this shop the work hours are 8 .the tube or pipe has different
long and is cut in the required length by using hand saw .the processes of grinding takes place
for making smooth end of the pipes therefore the tube is ready to be bent at any specific degree
of angle. This bending machine can bend 60 pieces per day . The shop bent the pipes for fitting
hydraulic ,air, fuel ,and oil lines and they work with big concentration and because of the above
cases they bent small amount of tubes per day.





chapter three
tube bending principle
3.1tubebendingcalculation
the material that is used for households and furniture woke is c-30 mild steel.
It is used for cold formed parts, tube for automobile parts, bicycles and
furniture.
The yield stress of c-30 is

of =

=ultimate stress= 570n/mm

2

=60% 570= 342n/mm

2

Applied bending stress by the machine on tube should be between the yield and
ultimate stress. Using binding equation we can calculate the minimum bending
force needed to bend the tube.
=

where, for hollow tube z=

and z=

Where, z=section modulus
D=outside diameter
D=internal diameter
The bending machine is designed for different sizes of tubes. The minimum size of
pipe diameter is 12.7mm and thickness 1.24mm and maximum size of pipe diameter
is 44.45mm and thickness 2.4mm.
In order to get the maximum amount of bending force, we have selected the
maximum pipe size diameter.

=44.45mm
d=40mm
Z=

= 2967.98mm3
Then m=

z=342 2967.98 m=1015nm

To get the maximum amount of force
Assume l=25mm (minimum length)
M=f=l
F=m/l
F=1015nm/25mm=40.6kn


3.2 selection of clamping die
take the maximum force is 40.6 during bending process the maximum
bending reaction force is 40.6kn
Clamping die are, a

A=

40.6, where d=44.45
A=

40.6 = 2835mm
2
In order to protect collapsing a pipe during clamping process use car mans formula,
collapsing pressure pcl, is given as follows:
For maximum diameter pipe
Pcl=658.6(t/d)-14.5
When t/d>0.03
2.4/44.45=0.054>0.03
Then pcl =658.6(0.054)-14.5
Pcl =21.06n/mm2

To determine maximum clamping force fc
Fc =pcl*a =21.06*2835mm
Fc= 59.7kn
Fore minimum diameter pipe
D=12.7mm
T=1.24mm
T/d= 1.24/12.7 =0.098>0.03
Then
Pcl=658.6(0.098)-14.5
a=clamping die area
pcl=50.04n/mm
2
a= d/2*40.6


To determine maximum clamping force fc a=(12.7/2)*40.6=809.5mm
2

Fc=pcl*a
fc=50.04n/mm
2
*809.5mm
2

fc=40.51kn
from the above result the 40.6kn bending force result 40.6kn reaction force .this
reaction force cannot cause collapsing the minimum size diameter and maximum diameter
size pipe .therefore we can select 40.6kn force for adjustable thread guide selection.
Thread clamping
Strength of the joint is proportional to the tightening torque. This torque can be applied
manually, pneumatically or hydroulically etc.
For applying the torque manually, the following force can be taken.
table the results strength testes(from astme)
Event force Source
Minimum Maximum Mean
Grip 236
191
236
783
671
699
494
431
467
A
B
C
Right grip 295

830 562 D
Left grip 277 748 513 D
Back lift 726
599
866

2576.4
2250
2472
1651
1429
1669
A
B
C
Leg lift 1460 4590 2799 D
Arm push 181 2105 1143 D


The hand force(q1) in hand operated clamping shouled not exced 150n.
Clamping force calculated from formula (with out formula)
Working done in turning the arm=lifting the weight,q
fx(2l)=qx pitch
fx(2d)=qxd tan
Q

Where q=clamping force in n.
d=pitch diameter of the thread(mm)
f=applied force in n.
maximum tightening torques obtained with knob and handles of various configuration.






L ,mm

M.n ,cm
80
100
120
140
700-850
800-950
900-1100
1000-1300






























chapter four
part design
4.1 components of mechanism





.








---------------------selection of thread guider
A= d
2 /4=

p=50kn/1257mm
2



chapter four
part design







4.1 components of mechanism