Chemistry

1. Element a substance consists of one type of atom.

2. Compound a substance consists two or more types of elements that
are chemically bonded together(molecule or ions).
3. Atom smallest neutral particle of an element.
4. Molecule (Under Element) a neutral particle consists of similar non-metal atoms
which are covalently-bonded.
5. Molecule (Under Compound)- a neutral partical consists of different non-metal
atoms which are covalently-bonded.
6. Ion Positively or negatively charged particles which are formed from metal or non-
metal atom.
7. Diffusion- It occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of
another substance.
8. Isotopes atoms of the same element with same proton number but different
nucleon numbers.
9. Relative atomic mass of an element RAM based on carbon-12 scale is the mass of
one atom of the element compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
10. Relative molecular mass of an element = the average mass of one atom of an
molecule/((1/12) x the mass of one carbon-12 atom)
11. Molar Mass- Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance.
12. Molar Volume of a gas Volume occupied by one mole of any gas is 24dm^3 at
room temperature and 22.4 dm^3 at STP.
13. Molecular formula Molecular formula is the formula that shows the actual
number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of the compound.
14. Empirical formula Empirical formula is the formula that shows the simplest
whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.
15. Mole Mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the
number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.( the symbol of mole is mol).
16. One mole Avogadro constant 6.02 x 10
23

17. Group (Periodic Table) The vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table
arranged according to the number of valence electron in the outermost occupied
shell are called groups.
18. Period (Periodic Table) The horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table,
consist of the same number of shells occupied with electron in an atom are called
period.
19. Valence electrons electrons that occupy the outermost shell.
20. Electronegativity-Tendency of the atom to receive electron to form negatively
charged ion.
21. Electropositivity-Tendency of the atom to release electron to form positively
charged ion.
22. Basic Oxide-Basic oxide is metal oxide that can react with acid to form salt and
water. (Na,Mg)
23. Acidic Oxide-Acidic oxide is non metal oxide that can react with alkali to form
salt and water. (Si,P,S,Cl)
24. Amphoteric Oxide-Amphoteric oxide is oxide that can react with both acid and
alkali to form salt and water. (Al)
25. Ionic bond Formed when positive ion from metal atom and negative ion from
non-metal atom is attracted by strong electrostatic forces.
26. Ionic compound consist of positive ions and negative ions which are held
by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
27. Covalent bond Formed when two or more similar or different non-metal
atoms share valence electrons between them so that each atom achieves stable
electron arrangement.
28. Covalent compound (also simple molecular structure) consists of neutral
molecules which are held by weak intermolecular forces (Van der Waals).
29. Conductor-Element that can conduct electricity at solid or molten state without
any chemical changes occur to it.
30. Electrolyte-Compounds that can conduct electricity in molten state or aqueous
solution and undergo chemical changes.
31. Non-Electrolyte-Compounds that cannot conduct electric current in any state.
32. Electrolysis-Electrolysis is a process whereby an electrolyte is decomposed to its
constituent elements when electric current passes through it.
33. Electrolytic Cell-An electrolytic cell is a set up apparatus that contains two
electrodes which are dipped in an electrolyte and produce a chemical reaction when
connected to a battery(source of electricity).
34. Anode-An electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of the battery in an
electrolytic cell .
35. Cathode-An electrode that is connected to the negative terminal of the battery in
an electrolytic cell.
36. Anions-Negative ions that are attracted and move to the positive charged
electrode(Anode).
37. Cations-Positive ions that are attracted and move to the negative charged
electrode(Cathode).
38. Inert Electrode-An electrode that acts as a conductor only and does not undergo
chemical changes.(carbon,platinum,graphite)
39. Reactive Electrode-An electrode that not only acts as a conductor but also
undergoes chemical changes.(copper,silver,nickel)
40. Electrochemical Series-Electrochemical series is an arrangement of metals
according to their tendency to release electrons to form a positive charged ion.
41. Metal Displacement Reaction-The metal which is situated at a higher position
in the electrochemical series is able to displace a metal below it from its salt
solution.
42. Voltaic Cell-A cell that produces electrical energy when chemical reactions occur
in it.
43. Alkali (base) Alkali is a base which is soluble and ionises in water to produce
hydroxide ions, OH
-
.
44. Acid chemical substance which ionises in water to produce hydrogen ions, H
+
.
45. Basicity of an acid-Basicity of an acid is the number of ionisable of hydrogen
atom per molecule of an acid molecule is an aqueous solution.
46. Bases-Bases is a chemical substance that reacts with acid to produce salt and
water only.



47. pH ph is a scale of numbers to measure the degree of acidity or alkalinity of an
aqueous solution based on the concentration of hydrogen ions,H
+
or hydroxide
ions,OH
-
. Scale ranges from 0 to 14.
48. Strong alkali strong alkali is an alkali that ionises completely in water to
produce high concentration of hydroxide ion, OH
-
.
49. Weak alkali Weak alkali is an alkali that partially ionises in water to produce
low concentration of hydroxide ion, OH
-
.
50. Strong acid strong acid is an acid that ionises completely in water to produce
high concentration of hydrogen ion, H
+
.
51. Weak acid Weak acid is an acid that partially ionises in water to produce low
concentration of hydrogen ion, H
+
.
52. Solution solution is a homogeneous mixture formed when a solute is dissolved
in a solvent.
53. Molarity-Molarity is the concentration of solution. (g dm
-3
/ mol dm
-3
).
54. Standard Solution standard solution is a solution that its concentration is
accurately known.
55. Neutralisation - Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to
form only salt and water.
56. Salt Salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion in an acid is replaced
with metal ion or ammonium ion.
57. Qualitative Analysis Qualitative analysis of a salt is a chemical technique to
identify the ions present in a salt.
58. Alloy Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed
composition. The major component in the mixture is a metal.
59. Polymer Polymer is a long chain molecules made up of many identical number
of small repeating sub-unit called monomer.
60. Composite Materials Composite materials are structural materials that are
formed by combining two or more different substances such as metals, alloys, glass,
ceramics, and polymers.
61. Rate of Reaction- The change in quantity of the reactant or products per time
unit
62. Catalyst- A substance that changes the rate of reaction. It does not undergo any
chemical change.
63. Effective Collision- A collision between reactant particles that result in reaction
between them
64. Activation Energy, EA- The minimum energy the colliding particles must have
before collision between them can result in chemical reaction
65. Carbon Compound- A compound that contains carbon, C combined with other
elements
66. Organic Compound- A carbon compound found in, produced by, or derived from
living organisms
67. Hydrocarbon- An organic compound that contains only carbon, C and hydrogen,
H
68. Saturated Hydrocarbon- A hydrocarbon that has only single covalent bonds
69. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon- A hydrocarbon that has double or triple covalent
bonds
70. Alkane- A group of saturated hydrocarbons
71. Substitution Reaction- A reaction in which one atom replaces another atom
within a molecule
72. Alkene- A group of unsaturated hydrocarbons
73. Addition Reaction- A reaction in which a molecule adds to the two carbon, C
atoms of a double bond
74. Homologous Series- A group of organic compounds in which each member
differs from the next one in the series by a fixed unit of structure
75. Isomers- Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural
formulae
76. Isomerism- The phenomenon of organic compounds existing as isomers
77. Alcohol- A homologous series containing the hydroxyl group (-OH)
78. Hydration- A reaction in which water is added to a compound
79. Fermentation- The reaction in which yeast converts glucose, C6H12O6, into
ethanol, C2H5OH
80. Distillation - The process of extracting a substance by vaporizing it then
condensing the vapour
81. Carboxylic Acid- A homologous series containing the carboxyl group (-COOH)
82. Esterification- The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an
ester and water. The reaction is catalyzed by hydrogen ion, H+
83. Ester- A homologous series containing the carboxylate functional group
84. Oils and Fats- Natural Esters
85. Fatty Acid- A carboxylic acid that has a long chain of about 10 to 20 carbon, C
atoms. It has only one carboxyl group
86. 1,2,3-propanetriol/ glycerol- An alcohol that has three hydroxyl groups
87. Saturated Fat- Has a higher proportion of saturated fat molecules than
unsaturated fat molecules
88. Unsaturated Fat- Has a higher proportion of unsaturated fat molecules than
saturated fat molecules
89. Hydrogenation- The addition of hydrogen, H2 to the double bond between two
carbon, C atoms
90. Natural Rubber- Polymer obtained from the latex of the rubber tree

91. Redox Reaction- A reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur at the same
time
92. Oxidizing Agent- Oxidizes a substance. It is reduced in the redox reaction
93. Reducing Agent- Reduces a substance. It is oxidized in the redox reaction

94. Oxidation- A chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen, O; loses
hydrogen, H; loses electrons; or undergoes an increase in oxidation number
95. Reduction- A chemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen, O; gains
hydrogen, H; gains electrons; or undergoes a decrease in oxidation number

96. Exothermic Reaction- A chemical reaction that releases energy (in the form of
heat) to the surroundings.
97. Endothermic Reaction- A chemical reaction that absorbs energy (in the form of
heat) to the surroundings.
98. Heat of Precipitation- The energy change when 1 mole of precipitate is formed
from its ions.
99. Heat of Displacement- The energy change when 1 mole of metal is displaced
from its salt solution by a more electropositive metal.
100. Heat of Combustion- The heat given off when 1 mole of substance is burnt
completely in excess oxygen, O2.
101. Heat of Neutralization- The energy change when 1 mole of water is formed from
the neutralization between 1 mole of hydrogen ions, H+ from an acid and one mole
of hydroxide ions, OH- from an alkali.
102. Soap- The salt formed when a fatty acid is neutralized by an alkali.