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Section 32 32 00
Geosynthetic Retaining Walls (Temporary Wire Wall
Speci!ication !or Wel"e" Wire #acing an" Geosynthetic $se" as Soil Rein!orcement in
%echanically Stabili&e" 'arth Retaining Structures
() G'N'R*+
()( S',T-.N -N,+$/'S
A. Geosynthetic to provide reinforcement for mechanically stabilized earth retaining structures. The
primary function of the geosynthetic is reinforcement.
()2 R'+*T'/ S',T-.NS
A. Section 02 50 00 - Site emediation
!. Section 0" #$ "% - Site &reparation &erformance e'uirements
(. Section %" 00 00 - )arth*or+
()3 $N-T PR-,'S
A. ,ethod of ,easurement- !y the s'uare foot .or s'uare yard - as indicated in contract documents/
including seams0 overlaps0 and *astage.
!. !asis of &ayment- !y the s'uare foot .or s'uare yard - as indicated in contract documents/
installed.
()0 R'#'R'N,'S
A. AAS1T2 Standards
". T0##-"0-34 - &article Size Analysis of Soils
2. T0$0-00-34 - 5etermining the &lastic 4imit and &lasticity 6nde7 of Soils
%. T0$$-"0-34 - The ,oisture-5ensity elations of Soils 3sing a 5.5lb .2.5 +g/ ammer and
a "2in .%05 mm/ 5rop
8. Standard Specifications for 1igh*ay !ridges
5. ,2##-09 Standard Specification for Geote7tiles for 1igh*ay Applications
9. &99-"0 : 5etermination of 4ong-Term Strength of Geosynthetic einforcement
!. American Society for Testing and ,aterials .AST,/-
". 5"2% - Standard Terminology elating to Te7tiles
2. 52;9 - Test ,ethod for 6dentification of <ibers in Te7tiles
%. 58%58 - &ractice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
8. 58%55 - Test ,ethod for 5eterioration of Geote7tiles from )7posure to 3ltraviolet 4ight
and =ater .>enon-Arc Type Apparatus/
5. 588%$ - Terminology for Geote7tiles
9. 585$5 - Test ,ethod for Tensile &roperties of Geote7tiles by the =ide-=idth Strip
,ethod
;. 58;5$ - &ractice for 5etermining the Specification (onformance of Geosynthetics
#. 58#;% - Guide for 6dentification0 Storage0 and 1andling of Geote7tiles
$. 55292 - Test ,ethod for )valuating the 3nconfined Tension (reep !ehavior of
Geosynthetics
"0. 55%2" - Test ,ethod for 5etermining the (oefficient of Soil and Geosynthetic or
Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic <riction by the 5irect Shear ,ethod
"". 599%; - Standard Test ,ethod for 5etermining the Tensile &roperties of Geogrids by the
Single ib or ,ulti-ib Tensile ,ethod
"2. A#2 : Standard Specification for Steel =ire0 &lain and (oncrete einforcement
!. ?ational (oncrete ,asonry Association .?(,A/ - 5esign ,anual for Segmental etaining =alls0
Second )dition0 "$$;.
(. Geosynthetic esearch 6nstitute-
". G6-GT9 - Geote7tile &ullout
2. G6-GT; - 5etermination of the 4ong-Term 5esign Strength of Geote7tiles
%. G6-GG8 .b/ - 5etermination of the 4ong-Term 5esign Strength of <le7ible Geogrids
8. G6-GG5 - Test ,ethod for Geogrid &ullout
5. G6-GG; - (arbo7yl )nd Group (ontent of &)T @arns
9. G6-GG# - 5etermination of the ?umber Average ,olecular =eight of &)T @arns !ased
on a elative Aiscosity Aalue
5. <ederal 1igh*ay Administration .<1=A/
". <1=A SA-$9-0;" - ,echanically Stabilized )arth =alls and einforced Soil Slopes
5esign and (onstruction Guidelines
2. <1=A SA-$9-0;2 - (orrosionB5egradation of Soil einforcements for ,echanically
Stabilized )arth =alls and einforced Soil Slopes
). American Association for 4aboratory Accreditation .A24A/
<. Geosynthetic Accreditation 6nstitute .GA6/ - 4aboratory Accreditation &rogram .4A&/.
G. ?ational Transportation &roduct )valuation &rogram .?T&)&/
1. 6nternational Standards 2rganization .6S2/ : $00"-200#
()1 /'#-N-T-.NS
A. ,inimum Average oll Aalue .,AA/- &roperty value calculated as typical minus t*o standard
deviations. Statistically0 it yields a $;.; percent degree of confidence that any sample ta+en
during 'uality assurance testing *ill e7ceed value reported.
()2 S$3%-TT*+S
A. (ontractor shall submit construction dra*ings and design calculations for the retaining *all
system prepared and stamped by a &rofessional )ngineer registered in the state of the proCect.
The engineering designs0 techni'ues0 and material evaluations shall be in accordance *ith the
AAS1T2 Standard Specifications for 1igh*ay !ridges. The construction dra*ings and design
calculations shall include0 at a minimum-
a. =all profiles0 including the grading at the top and bottom of the *all0 the physical elevations
of the top and bottom of the structure to be retained and the elevations and lengths of
Geogrid Soil einforcement. Sufficient *all profiles *ill be included to ade'uately cover the
variation of design heights encountered along the length of the *all.
b. A *all plan0 including geometry for curved *all lengths0 the pro7imity of any e7isting or
proposed surcharges0 structures or utilities that may effect *all construction or performance0
and all discharge points for the Subsurface 5rainage System .if re'uired/.
c. 5etails for fences0 traffic barriers or other similar items.
!. Submit Duality (ontrol items as follo*s-
". (ertification- The contractor shall provide to the )ngineer a certificate stating the name
of the manufacturer0 product name0 style number0 chemical composition of the filaments
or yarns and other pertinent information to fully describe the geosynthetic. The
(ertification shall state that the furnished geosynthetic meets ,AA re'uirements of the
specification as evaluated under the ,anufacturerEs 'uality control program. The
(ertification shall be attested to by a person having legal authority to bind the
,anufacturer.
2. Duality Standards- The contractor shall provide to the )ngineer the manufacturerFs
Duality (ontrol &lan along *ith their current A24A0 GA6-4A&0 and 6S2 $00"-200#
certificates.
()4 5$*+-T6 *SS$R*N,'
A. ,anufacturer Dualifications-
". The geosynthetic manufacturer shall have all of the follo*ing credentials-
a. Geosynthetic Accreditation 6nstitute .GA6/ - 4aboratory Accreditation &rogram .4A&/
b. American Association for 4aboratory Accreditation .A24A/
c. 6S2 $00"-200# Duality ,anagement System
!. The geosynthetic manufacturer shall have a GA6-4A& accredited laboratory at the
location of production capable of performing the AST, tests as outlined in the
specification.
()7 /'+-8'R69 ST.R*G'9 *N/ :*N/+-NG
A. Geosynthetic labeling0 shipment0 and storage shall follo* AST, 58#;%. &roduct labels shall
clearly sho* the manufacturer or supplier name0 style name0 and roll number. Geogrid shall be
mar+ed *ith product type and tensile strength orientation continuously along entire roll edge.
!. )ach geosynthetic roll shall be *rapped *ith a material that *ill protect the geosynthetic from
damage due to shipment0 *ater0 sunlight0 and contaminants.
(. 5uring storage0 geosynthetic rolls shall be elevated off the ground and ade'uately covered to
protect them from the follo*ing- site construction damage0 precipitation0 e7tended ultraviolet
radiation including sunlight0 chemicals that are strong acids or strong bases0 flames including
*elding spar+s0 e7cess temperatures0 and any other environmental conditions that may damage
the physical property values of the geosynthetic.
2) PR./$,TS
2)( %*N$#*,T$R'RS
A. Ten(ate Geosynthetics Americas
%95 South 1olland 5rive
&endergrass0 GA0 3SA %059;
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2)2 %*T'R-*+S
,aterials shall be manufactured in ?orth America.
A. einforcement Geosynthetics-
". The geosynthetic shall be manufactured *ith fibers consisting of long-chain synthetic
polymers composed of at least $5 percent by *eight of polyolefins or polyesters. They
shall form a stable net*or+ such that the filaments or yarns retain their dimensional
stability relative to each other0 including selvages.
2. The geosynthetic shall meet the re'uirements of Table ". All numeric values in Table "
represent ,AA in the principal reinforcement direction.
T*3+' ( ; R'-N#.R,'%'NT G'.GR-/S
Property
(
$nits S( P( P2 P3 P0 P1 P2 P4
Tult
2
+?Bm
.lbsBft/
2$.2
.2000/
5"."
.%500/
9#.9
.8;00/
#9."
.5$00/
"0#.0
.;800/
"%#.9
.$500/
"#".2
."2820/
25$."
.";;90/
4T5S
%
.Sand/
+?Bm
.lbsBft/
"5.#
."0#2/
2#.0
."$"#/
%;.9
.25;5/
8;.2
.%2%%/
5$.2
.8055/
;9.0
.5209/
$$.%
.9#05/
"82.0
.$;%2/
4T5S
%
.Sandy
Gravel/
+?Bm
.lbsBft/
"5."
."0%%/
29.;
."#%"/
%5.$
.285#/
85.0
.%0#9/
59.5
.%#;"/
;2.5
.8$9$/
$8.#
.98$9/
"%5.5
.$2#$/
4T5S
%
.Gravel/
+?Bm
.lbsBft/
""."
.;5#/
2%.5
."9""/
2%".9
.2"9%/
%$.9
.2;"9/
8$.;
.%809/
9%.#
.8%;%/
#%.8
.5;";/
""$.%
.#";5/
"
Aalues listed for Type S" is for machine and cross-machine directions. Aalues listed for Types &"0 &20 &%0 &80
&50 &90 &; are machine direction only.
2
T34T shall be the minimum average roll value .,AA/ ultimate tensile strength as tested per AST, 599%;.
%
Tal or 4T5S0 are determined per AAS1T20 <1=A0 G60 and ?(,A guidelines *here 4T5S G T34TB
.<(7<657<5/.

%. Approved geosynthetics .geogrids/ are as follo*s-
Type S"- ,iragrid 2>T
Type &"- ,iragrid %>T
Type &2- ,iragrid 5>T
Type &%- ,iragrid ;>T
Type &8- ,iragrid #>T
Type &5- ,iragrid "0>T
Type &9- ,iragrid 20>T
Type &;- ,iragrid 22>T
Approved geogrids must be labeled in *hite paint by the manufacturer *ith product type
and tensile strength orientation continuously along roll edge. Approved geogrid
manufacturer shall have in-house GA6 laboratory and 6S2 $00"-200# D,S and made in
America.
8. 4ong-Term 5esign Strength .4T5S/ and Allo*able Tensile Strength .Ta/ are determined
per AAS1T20 <1=A0 G60 and ?(,A guidelines *hereH
4T5S G

( ) ( ) ( )
D ID CR
ULT
RF RF RF
T
a. T34T0 3ltimate Tensile Strength0 shall be the minimum average roll value .,AA/
ultimate tensile strength as tested per AST, 599%;.
b. <(0 eduction <actor for (reep 5eformation0 is the ratio of T34T to creep limited
strength determined in accordance *ith AST, 55292. The results shall be
e7trapolated for a ;5 year design life using elevated temperature andBor stress
rupture testing for "00000 hours or room temperature testing for 950;00 hours per
G6-GG8.b/. Total reinforcement strain shall be less than "0I over the ;5-year
design life. A minimum <( shall be as follo*s-
&olymer Type <(
&olyester ".5#
1igh 5ensity &olyethylene 2.9
&olypropylene 8.0
c. <650 eduction <actor for 6nstallation 5amage0 shall be determined from
construction damage tests for each product or product family proposed for use
*ith proCect specific0 representative or more severe bac+fill materials and
construction techni'ues. Testing shall be consistent *ith G6-GG8.b/. A default
<65 value of 2.0 shall be used if such testing has not been conducted. A
minimum <65 shall be ".05 for clay0 silt and sand0 "."0 for gravelly sand and ".25
for coarse gravel bac+fill.
d. <50 eduction <actor for 5urability0 shall be based on polyester yarn testing per
<1=A durability guidelines. &olyester yarns shall have a ,olecular =eight J
250000 gBm per G6-GG# and a carbo7yl end group number K %0 per G6-GG;.
A default <5 value of %.0 shall be used if polyester yarns do not meet these
re'uirements. A minimum <5 shall be "."0.
5. Soil 6nteraction (oefficient0 (i value shall be determined from short-term effective stress
pullout tests per G6-GG5 or G6-GT9 over the range of normal stresses encountered.
The ma7imum pullout force used to determine (i shall be limited to the lesser of Ta or the
force that yields ".5 inches displacement. The minimum (i value shall not be less than
0.;0 determined as follo*s-
(i G < .
2LN tan
*here < G &ullout <orce .lbBft/0 per G6-GG5 or G6-GT9
4 G Geosynthetic )mbedment 4ength in Test .ft/
N G )ffective ?ormal Stress .psf/
G )ffective Soil <riction Angle0 5egrees
9. 5irect Sliding (oefficient0 (ds value shall be determined in accordance *ith AST, 55%2"
over the range of normal stresses encountered. The minimum (ds value shall not be less
than 0.;0 determined as follo*s-
(ds G ds .
4 N tan
*here ds G ,a7imum Shear esistance .lbBft/0 per AST, 5 5%2"
4 G Stationary 4ength of Geosynthetic .ft/
N G )ffective ?ormal Stress .psf/
G )ffective Soil <riction Angle0 5egrees
;. 3A esistance shall be determined in accordance *ith AST, 58%55. Geosynthetics
shall retain a minimum of ;0I of the 3ltimate Tensile Strength per AST, 585$5 after 3A
e7posure.
!. =elded =ire <acing-
". The *elded *ire form and struts shall be manufactured of ?o. 8 steel *ire complying *ith
AST, A#2 standards for cold dra*n blac+ steel. All fabrication shall meet AST, A"#5.
2. <ace units shall consist of 8 inch 7 8 inch *elded *ire mesh that are "0 feet long *ith "# inch
vertical and horizontal legs. <acing unit size and *ire spacing may vary based on proCect
re'uirements but vertical leg shall not e7ceed 28 inches in height. )ach "0 ft long face unit
shall re'uire 5 struts e'ually spaced along the face of length. Strut spacing shall not e7ceed 2
ft along *all face. Strut length shall be 25 inch minimum.
(. !ac+ing ,aterials-
". <or temporary *alls geote7tile shall be used behind the *ire facing. Geote7tile shall be
*oven or non*oven geote7tile *ith minimum properties per AAS1T2 ,2##-09 (lass %
separation geote7tile. Approved geote7tiles are ,irafi 500>0 ,irafi "80?0 ,irafi "80?( and
,irafi <=808.
2. =here sho*n on the plans geote7tile filter fabric shall be used as separator bet*een facing
soil or roc+ material and structural *all bac+fill. The geote7tile shall be non*oven geote7tile
*ith minimum properties per AAS1T2 ,2##-09 (lass 2 drainage geote7tile. Approved
geote7tile is ,irafi "90?.
2)3 5$*+-T6 ,.NTR.+
A. Geosynthetic ,anufacturing Duality (ontrol- Testing shall be performed at a laboratory accredited
by GA6-4A& and A24A for tests re'uired for the geosynthetic0 at fre'uency meeting or e7ceeding
AST, 58%58.
!. 3ltraviolet Stability shall be verified by an independent laboratory on the geosynthetic or a
geosynthetic of similar construction and yarn type.
3) '<',$T-.N
3)( PR'P*R*T-.N
A. <oundation soil shall be e7cavated to the line and grades as sho*n on the construction dra*ings
or as directed by the )ngineer. 2ver-e7cavated areas shall be filled *ith compacted bac+fill
material as per proCect specifications or as directed by the )ngineer. As a minimum0 foundation
soil shall be proof rolled prior to bac+fill and geosynthetic placement.
3)2 -NST*++*T-.N
A. =elded *ire facing panels if re'uired shall be placed along *all layout line as sho*n on the
construction dra*ings. Align each bas+et *ith no overlaps unless sho*n on plans. 3se tie *ire or
hog rings to connect adCacent bas+ets. 6nstall *ire struts from horizontal leg up to vertical leg
using 2 ft spacing along the inside *all face. 3se a running bond pattern on upper *ire facing
panel lifts to avoid a stac+ed *all Coint condition.
!. Geosynthetic bac+ing material .geote7tile/ shall be placed behind the *ire facing panels as
sho*n on the construction dra*ings. Geosynthetic bac+ing may be installed parallel to *all and
material may be cut not to e7ceed 8 inches in length to install *ire struts. 2verlap geosynthetic
bac+ing material a minimum of "2 inches at roll ends along *all face. Geosynthetic facing
material shall be draped over the front face of the *ire facing panel allo*ing for the re'uired *rap
embedment. =hen the facing soil or roc+ material has been placed inside the *ire facing panel
the geosynthetic bac+ing material shall be *rapped over the facing material before placing ne7t
*ire facing panel as sho*n on the construction dra*ings. !ac+fill at face shall be placed *ith
care not to disturb *all alignment of ,S) structural fill.
(. Geote7tile filter fabric separator material if re'uired shall be placed bet*een facing soil or facing
roc+ material and structural *all bac+fill as sho*n on the plans. Geote7tile filter fabric may be
installed parallel to the *all or slope face. 2verlap geote7tile filter fabric separator material a
minimum of "2 inches at roll ends. =hen the structural *all bac+fill has been placed and
compacted to the ne7t *ire facing panel the geote7tile filter fabric shall be *rapped over the
compacted soil before placing ne7t soil lift as sho*n on the construction dra*ings.
5. Geosynthetic .Geogrid/ shall be laid at the proper elevation and orientation as sho*n on the
construction dra*ings or as directed by the )ngineer. (orrect orientation of the geosynthetic
shall be verified by the )ngineer. The geosynthetic shall be cut to length as sho*n on the
construction dra*ings using a razor +nife0 scissors0 sharp +nife0 or e'uivalent.
). Geosynthetic .Geogrid/ leading edge shall be placed behind the *ire face over the horizontal leg
of the *ire facing panel or may be re'uired to *rap up the *all face as sho*n on the construction
dra*ings. &lace geosynthetic .geogrid/ in tension by hand until taut0 free of *rin+les and lying
flat. Geosynthetic .geogrid/ may be temporarily secured in-place *ith staples0 pins0 sand bags or
bac+fill as re'uired by fill properties0 fill placement procedure or *eather condition0 or as directed
by the )ngineer.
<. Geosynthetic .Geogrid/ may not be overlapped or connected mechanically to form splices. Single
panel lengths are re'uired in the primary strength direction .roll direction/ perpendicular to *all or
slope face. &osition adCacent rolls along roll edges0 no overlapping is re'uired bet*een adCacent
rolls unless specified by the )ngineer. 2n curves and corners0 overlap geogrid directly on layer
belo*. Soil cover is not re'uired bet*een geogrid overlap layers.
G. &lace only the amount of geosynthetic re'uired for immediately pending *or+ to prevent undue
damage. After a layer of geosynthetic has been placed0 the succeeding layer of soil shall be
placed0 compacted and prepared as approved by the )ngineer. After the specified soil layer has
been placed0 the ne7t geosynthetic layer andBor facing unit shall be installed.
1. Structural *all bac+fill material shall be select granular bac+fill as sho*n on the plans or in
accordance *ith <1=A guidelines. !ac+fill material shall be placed in 250mm .# inch/ ma7imum
lifts and compacted to $5 percent modified proctor *ith t*o percent of the soils optimum moisture
content or as directed by the )ngineer. !ac+fill shall be placed0 spread and compacted in such a
manner as to minimize the development of *rin+les in andBor movement of the geosynthetic.
!ac+fill shall be placed in such a manner as to minimize the disturbance or misalignment of the
*all facing. =all facing tolerances shall be in accordance *ith <1=A guidelines. A minimum fill
thic+ness of "50 mm .9 inches/ is re'uired prior to the operation of trac+ed vehicles over the
geosynthetic.
6. Turning of trac+ed vehicles should be +ept to minimum to prevent trac+s from displacing the fill
and damaging the geosynthetic. ubber tired e'uipment may pass over the geosynthetic
reinforcement at lo* speeds0 less than "9 +mBhr ."0 mph/. Sudden bra+ing and sharp turns shall
be avoided. Any geosynthetic damaged during installation shall be replaced by the (ontractor at
no additional cost to the 2*ner.
L. !ac+fill *ithin % feet of the *all face shall be compacted *ith hand e'uipment. 5ensity tests shall
be made *ith every soil lift as directed by the )ngineer. !ac+fill shall be graded a*ay from the
*all crest to prevent *ater ponding above the *all or *ater overtopping the *all face. The site
shall be maintained to prevent the flo* of *ater from adCacent areas from entering the *all area.
'N/ .# S',T-.N
M 20"% Ten(ate Geosynthetics Americas

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