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4hat is si#ple ha5#%ni$ #%ti%n6 4hat a5e the ne$essa5 $%nditi%ns 7%5 a
8%d t% e9e$ute si#ple ha5#%ni$ #%ti%n6
The s pecial k ind of v ibratory motion o f a proportional to its displacement fromis
calledmeansi#pleor ha5#%ni$ #%ti%n.
)%nditi%ns:
i)Acceleration is directly proportional to its ii)Acceleration is directed toards the mean
po
Think %7 se;e5al e9a#ples in e;e5da li7e %7 #%ti%n that a5e si#ple
ha5#%ni$.
i)!scillatin" simple pend#l#m ii)!scillatin" mass sprin"
system iii)$end#l#m of all clock
4hat a5e da#ped %s$illati%ns6 H%w da#pin" p5%"5essi;el 5edu$es the
a#plitude %s$illati%ns6
The contin#o#s decrease of amplit#de of oscilld the
oscillationsda#pedare%s$illati%nscalled.
%imple harmonic oscillations are ideal. &n ca decrease o f a mplit#de hich # ltimately be
com medi#m hich red#ces ner"ythemechanicalofsystem.e This resi da#pin" 7%5$e.
H%w $an %u de7ine the te5# wa;e6 3la8%5ate the di77e5en$e 8etween
#e$hani$al and ele$t5%#a"neti$ wa;es6 <i;e e9a#ples %7 ea$h.
4a;e:
Wave is the mean to transportplaceanoener"ytoheritho#tfromonetr matter.
=e$hani$al 4a;es:
The aves hich r e'#ireirpropa"ationmedi#mf . the(or e )ampl ater aves and rope
aves.
3le$t5%#a"neti$ 4a;es:
The aveshich don*t re'#edi#mforreanytheirm propa"atione)amplli"h. aves are
electroma"netic aves.
Distin"uish 8etween l%n"itudinal and t5ans;e5se wa;es with suita8le
e9a#ples.
The aves d #e to hich th e dalon"irectiondirhectionf propa"ation of aves are
calledAndthe+,on"it#didirectional+of are perpendic#lartothe dip5ectionopa"ation of aves
are call
39a#ples %7 l%n"itudinal wa;es:
i) %o#nd Wavesii)Waves on slinky sprin".
39a#ples %7 T5ans;e5se 4a;es:
1) Water avesii)%trin" aves
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D5aw a t5ans;e5se wa;e with a#plitude %7 A $# and a wa;elen"th %7 B $#.
+a8el a $5est and t5%u"h %n the wa;e.
De5i;e a 5elati%nship 8etween speed> 75eCuen$ and wa;elen"th %7 wa;e.
45ite a 7%5#ula 5elatin" speed %7 a wa;e t% its ti#e pe5i%d and wa;elen"th.
&f the speed ,;0ofandavesthe istime period of the T pla seconds, t hen t he di stance c
overed;T.As bity tishe e' avelen"th, therefore,
1 - vT
v - .T or) /.T We kno
that-fthen/.T
1V - f
4a;es a5e the #eans %7 ene5" t5ans7e5 with%ut t5ans7e5 %7 #atte5. ?usti7
this state#ent with the help %7 a si#ple e9pe5i#ent.
&f e hold an end of a lon" strin" andis set#p"iveon itth strin" a nd the o ther e nd a lso s
tartssome vibrattime) confirms the transfer of ener"ystrin"by. the&t confirmhelpof of ener"y
and not the transfer of mass.
39plain the 7%ll%win" p5%pe5ties %7 wa;es with 5e7e5en$e t% 5ipple tank
e9pe5i#ent.
1-Re7le$ti%n:
When a st5ikeav san obstacle placed in5e7le$tedits 8a$kpath,in ai partic#lar direction.
This5e7le$ti%nphenomenonofaves.is called ,as of reflection are:
i) An"le of incident ray 0An"le i)An"leand5) refileCualectedbe. ray
ii) An"le0 i),An"le0 5) andn%5#althe, allliesat the sa#e plane.
A-Re75a$ti%n:
When avesente5 from%ne #ediu# t% an%the5, a p art o f i t is
same medi#m hile%the5pa5ttheist5ans#itted int% the %the5 #ediu#. This
phenomenon is called refraction of aves.
Thewa;e speed andwa;elen"th of a $han"eve in t he s econd me
75eCuen$ d%es n%t $han"e.
0111 dra fi"#re from book)
3-Di77e5a$ti%n:
The8endin" ofaves aro#nd obstacles is called diffr (or e)ample, radio and T2 aves
reach in tho directly d#e to diffraction
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D%es in$5easin" the 75eCuen$ %7 a wa;e als% in$5ease its wa;elen"th6 I7 n%t>
h%w a5e these Cuantities 5elated6
We kno the 2-frelation
&t cl early s hos i f f re'#ency i ncreasesthe h prod#ct is constant that is velocityis.
2elocityconstant
A 8all is d5%pped 75%# a $e5tain hei"ht %nt% the 7l%%5 and keeps 8%un$in". Is
the #%ti%n %7 the 8all si#ple ha5#%ni$6 39plain.
As the ball is dropped from certain hei"ht 3h4 and k eeps bo #ncin". & t i s o bserved a fter e
a decreasin". A nd t ime p eriodimes perialso d decreasinnot total ener"y is not conserved
so the motion of
A student pe57%5#ed tw% e9pe5i#ents with a si#ple pendulu#. He use tw%
8%8s %7 di77e5ent #asses 8 keepin" %the5 pa5a#ete5s $%nstant. T% his
ast%nish#ent the ti#e pe5i%d %7 the pendulu# did n%t $han"eD 4h6
(orm#la of time period of simple pend#l#m is i of mass of bob no chan"e in time period is
e)pe
4hat tpes %7 wa;es d% n%t 5eCui5e an #ate5ial #ediu# 7%5 thei5
p5%pa"ati%n6
Electroma"netic aves do not re'#ire any mater e)ample-ray,5 6adio aves, T2 aves etc.
'lane wa;es in the 5ipple tank unde5"% 5e75a$ti%n when the #%;e 75%#
deep t% shall%w wate5. 4hat $han"e %$$u5s in the speed %7 the wa;es6
When ater aves c omin" f rom de eper po rtion re"ion of shallo ater re"ion, then
these sh re"ions is notchsan"eme d#eof vatol#een"ths.of ave
De7ine ;i85ati%nal #%ti%n.
The to and fro motion of a body abo#t is its me (or e)ample simple pend#l#m, flappin" of
in"s body f rom o ne e )treme po sitionback t% tothersamendi ;i85ati%n.
H%w spide5 dete$ts its p5e.
A spider detects its prey d#e to vibration prod
De7ine Ti#e 'e5i%d and F5eCuen$6
1 The time to complete oneti#e vibrationpe5i%d. is called
2 The n#mber of vibratisecondone fre'#encyiscalled.
4hat d% %u kn%w a8%ut da#pin" %7 sh%$k a8s%58e5 %7 aut%#%8iles.
%hock a bsorbers i n a #tomobiles a re one o f t motionA.s hock a bsorber c onsists o f a pi
stonas omoil
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When the car travels over a b#mp on road, the absorbers damp these vibrations and
convert th Th#s the passen"ers do not feel vibrations.
H%w pendulu# $l%$k was in;ented6
Christian 7#y"ens invented the pend#l#m clock of 8alileo ho had discovered that all
pend#l amo#nt of time to complete one f#ll sin".
4hat d% %u kn%w a8%ut the speeds %7 +%n"itudinal and T5ans;e5se wa;es
th5%u"h ;a5i%us #atte5s6
,on"it#dinal aves move thanfasterthro#"h"asesolid
Transverse aves move thro#"h thansolidshalfat ofa st of lon"it#dinal aves. &t
forceisbeca#see)ertedthed#r and do n mo tion of pa rticles o f t he me di# e)erted
by a ba ck a nd f orth mo tion o f p lon"it#dinal aves.
4hi$h tpe %7 wa;e $a55 #%5e ene5". Hi"h 75eCuen$ wa;es %5 l%w
75eCuen$6
To "enerate a hi"h fre'#ency ave re'#ired mor fre'#ency aves carry more ener"y than
lo fre'
+*.< 2-3STI*.S
39plain the #%ti%n %7 #ass atta$hed with a sp5in" %n a h%5iz%ntal and
75i$ti%nless plane is si#ple ha5#%ni$ #%ti%n.
1 Consider the folloin" fi"#re. 09ra fi"#re )from book
2 &n the fi"#re, a sprin" is plac%neend ison attachesmoo firm s#pport#assE#F. isA
attached on its other end.
3 &n this state,isn%e9tensi%ntherein sprin", e'#ilibri#m.itstateis. in
4 &f a fEFe9torceFis9e5ted on ma ss t oardlen"thri"ht,ofs prin"the
in$5eased by an amo#ntE9F.:ass ill move fromE*Ft%EAF.its posit
As perH%%keFs law
(e)t )
(e)t - k)
7ereisk a constant, andconistantcalledGalue.%7k isprin"obtained
e'#atione)t.))0k - (
The5ati% of E )ternalFe9t )( orceand i0ncrease9) iisn lcsp5in"en"thalled $%nstant. &ts
.##nit
-1
. is
After5e#%;in" the39te5nal F%5$e 0(e)t), s prin" moves%5i"inaltoar p%siti%n ;!<. b#t
-nok) ( -
1 Acceleration ;a< of the mass ;m<-k).m)canA$$ele5ati%n.befo#nd is alwas di5e$ted
t%wa5ds its %5i"inal p%siti%n.
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9#e ine5tiato, massE#Fd%es n%t st%p at ;!<, b#t itAF. reaches #
1 After5ea$hin" t% AF, sprin"a"aintries to reach%5i"inal p%siti%ntoitsE*F, b#t a"ain
pass it.
&n this ay masst% startand75%a8%utmovin"its%5i"inal p%siti%n E*F.
Therefore, motion of mass attachedsi#pleha5#%ni$to #%ti%nsprin".
Ti#e 'e5i%d 0T) of ma ss a ttached to s prin" c a
e'#ation.
T - => m.k
De7initi%n %7 SH=:
3Theaccelerationof b ody e )ec#tin" %. 7.: is d
displacement o f the bo dy from,and eis'#ilibri#malaysdirepos the e'#ilibri#m position.4
Kineti$ and p%tential ene5"ies %7 #ass atta$hed t% sp5in" at di77e5ent
displa$e#ent.
Consider a ho ri?ontal-masssystemprin".T he m ass i s
harmonic motion #nder restorin" force.
At th e m ean position, it h as m a)im#m v el
ener"y and ntial?ero poteener"y.
1 At the e)treme position it has ma)im#m pot kinetic ener"y is ?ero.
2 At any displacement it has partially kinet total ener"y is constant.
39plain the #%ti%n %7 a 8all in a 8%wl. Sh%w that it is si#ple ha5#%ni$
#%ti%n.
Consider a balle'#ilibri#misplaced3!4positionatthebottom lof. a b
When th e b all is a t t he b ottom o f t he b
reaction6so net force is ?ero.
1 When a b all is " ently d isplaced f orm t he abo#t centrethetod#eforce of "ravity
hich acts as
2 !nce the ball is places at position Atoardsand t the mean position#nderits ei"ht.
3 At the mean position it "ains ma)im#m veloc to the point @ d#e to inertia.
At @ i t h as ? ero v elocityb#ts ohama)im#m?seropotentikineti
ener"y.
A"ain f rom po int @ i t ill mo ve t oard !
ma)im#m velocity at !, b#t does"o #pnottostopA. at
1 &n this ayillthecontin#eballtooscillate beteen the p point !, it has simpleon.
harmonic moti
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4hat is a si#ple pendulu#H e9plain the #%ti%n %7 the 8%8 is si#ple ha5#%ni$
#%ti%n.
1%ee fi"#re from book
1 %imple pend#l#m sin"leconsistsis%lated 8%8f, ahichsuspendedis from a
75i$ti%nless supp%5t by meansli"htofine9tensi8le st5in".
&neCuili85iu# position, it is held stationary8%8is atin v
E*F.
&f the bob is dist#rbed*t%A,sta5tit#%;in"froma8%ut its #ean p%siti%n.
This to and fro motionints isA andbeteen@. po
&tsa$$ele5ati%n remains toards ;!<.
7ence, e c an s ay t hat motion o f simple
motion.
Ti#e pe5i%d 0T) of simple pend#l#m can be fo#nd by
T - => l."
Where ;l< is the len"th of pend#l#m and ;"< i
45ite d%wn the $ha5a$te5isti$s %7 SH= and "i;e s%#e e9a#ples 75%# dail
li7e6
)ha5a$te5isti$s:
1) %7: is a vibratory motion.
ii)A body doin"alwas%.;i85ate7.:, a8%ut its #ean 0e'#ilibri#m) po
3) &tsa$$ele5ati%n is alaysdi5e$ted t%wa5d its #ean position.
4) &tsa$$ele5ati%n isdi5e$tl p5%p%5ti%nal to displa$e#entits from the m position.
5) &ts;el%$it is#a9i#u# at #ean position,#ini#u#andat e9t5e#e positions.
6) The $.E is ma)im#m at e)treme position and ? vii)Amplit#de of oscillation for %7:
remains con
Dail +i7e 39a#ples:
1 An oscillatin" simple pend#l#m.
2 An oscillatin" mass sprin" system.
3 The motion of a ball and bol system.
4 The motion of the pron" of a t#nin" fork.
39plain the te5# wa;e. 4hat a5e tpes %7 wa;es6
The periodic dist#rbance spreadin" all aro#nd i
&t has to types:
1-=e$hani$al 4a;es:
Waves t hat ne ed a me di#m f or t heir pr od
mechanical aves. ( or e )ample aves :ehcanicaprod#ced
aves have f#rther to types:
+%n"itudinal 4a;es: Those aves i n hich t he pa
vibrate p arallel to th e d irection o f p
compressional or lon"it#dinal aves. (or e)a
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1 T5ans;e5se 4a;es: Those aves in hich the particl perpendic#lar to the direction
of propa"ati aves(or. e)ample aves prod#ced by Thosedippin"par of transverse
aves here the particles of position are$5est andcalledparts here the particles o
their normal positiont5%u"h. are called
A-3le$t5%#a"neti$ 4a;es:
The aveshich do no t r e'#ire a ny me di#m f or
electroma"netic aves-ray,.(orli"hte)ampleaves,nd5T2 radioves.a
39plain wa;es as $a55ie5 %7 ene5" and w5ite the tw% #eth%ds %7 t5ans7e5 %7
ene5".
There tw%aremethods of transferrin". ener"y i) Thro#"h matter.
ii)Thro#"h aves.
Th5%u"h #atte5:
1) When "#n is fired, b#llet "et ener"y and the tar"et, it transfers the ener"y to it
place.
ii)6#nnin" ater in dams is ralsotransferse)ampleits .A blades, d#e to hich t#rbine
start rotatin
Th5%u"h 4a;es:
i) (ill a t#b ith ater.
ii):ove a rod #p and don in it. Waves are pr from rod.
3) $lace of cork ont#botheronaterend ofs#rface.
4) Bo# ill see cork ill also move #p and do
5) &n this pr ocess, e ner"y s#pplied by r od cork by ater aves.
<i;e the $ha5a$te5isti$s %7 wa;e #%ti%n.
)5ests and T5%u"hs:
The po ints a t hich t he di splacement i s ma )i val#e of displacement of
areoscillationstro#"hsinisa minim#trans
A#plitude:
The ma)im#mtodisplacementval#eoneither sides of mean pos
proportioncalledasisamplit#de.
'hase:
The physical '#antity hich specify the val#e .r.t the meancalledpositionphase. is
4a;e len"th:
The distance beteen to s#ccessive points on ave len"th.
)$le:
!ne complete vibrationcalledonecycleis.
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F5eCuen$
Then#mbervibrationsof completed in one second is c
'e5i%d:
The time re'#ired to complete one vibration is
4a;e 75%nt:
The i ma"inary s #rface t o#chin" a ll t hose po i ave front.
Sphe5i$al 4a;e 75%nt:
The ave front d#e to aves "enerated by a p the point so#rce, from ave fronts in shape
of
'lane 4a;e 75%nt:
The ave fronta#mbernd#e toof aves movin"anotherparallelisshapeinto of plane ave
front.
4hat is 5ipple tank6 39plain the $%nst5u$ti%n and w%5kin" %7 a 5ipple tank.
%imple apparat#s, calledusedt% %8se5;eripplethe p5%pe5tiestankis%7wa;es 0e.".
reflection, refraction, interference, dif
Ripple Tank: -
This apparat#s 5e$tan"ula5cosistst5a ithof"lass 8%tt%#.
&t is placedhal7#ete5narlya8%;e the s#rface. of a table
4a;es arep5%du$ed on the s#rface of ater;i85at%5ith. the
This;i85at%5 is %s$illatin"an ele$t5i$ #%t%5 hich is fi)edw%%den plateon.a
1 Thisplate is s#spended by5u88e5me8andsns andof l%we5its end t%u$hes the
ater s#rface.
!n s ettin";i85at%5 %n, th is p late startsst5ai"htvwa;esibratin"are
"enerated on the ater s#rface.
0***Draw Figure here from book.)
A 8ul8 is h#n" o ver th e tr ay. W ithi#a"esthe%7 hwate5elp o
wa;es is obtained on the hite paper or screen.
The$5ests of t he aves 85i"htappearlines onas the pa per be c
f#nction$%n;e9likelens and$%n;e5"e the rays of li"ht fallin
Thet5%u"hs of t he aves da5kap linesparon a ts he pa per be c
f#nction$%n$a;elikelens andi;e5"e the rays.
1 To"ene5ate $i5$ula5 wa;es, the vibratin" barkn%8is attacheraised to it is loered in
s#ch a ay that it to#che
2 (or the detailedanalsisof these wa;esmovin"the sh%uld 8e 75%zen by one ay or
the other. This is donest5%8%s$%pebymeans. of a
3 %troboscope consists5%unddis$ithofslitsaon itsed"e.
Thisdisk can 5%tatedbe abo#t its centre by p#ttin" it i
When e see thro#"hdisc,weseethiswa;es %nl, hen a sl it pas
o#r eye.
&f adJuste the speed of s troboscope, s o t hat a s l
replaced by a nother d#r in" t he t ime i n%ne hi wa;elen"th, the aves
appearnarytoandbe estatiosay that 375%zen4 .
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