MENINGES

Meninges :
Leptomeninx (lepto = soft) : pia &
arachnoidmater
Pachymeninx (pachys = hard) : duramater

CSF & VENTRICULAR SYSTEM

1.36 cmH2O = 1 mmHg
CSF constituent :
Glucose & K+ < systemic
Na+ & Cl- > systemic
It shows that CSF formation is of secretoric
nature, not a mere ultrafiltration
CEREBRUM
Frontal lobe :
1. Motoric center
Area 4 : primary somatomotoric
center (voluntary)
Area 6 : premotoric area, the storage
of motoric engrams / trained
movement
Area 8 : optokinetic area (voluntary)
Area 44 : motoric speech center
(dominant hemisphere) / Brocca , the
storage of motoric engrams to speak
2. Long term memory
3. Judgement center
Area 11, 47 : orbital lobe, control of
emotion expressions & behaviour
4. Initiatif center
Area 9,10, 12, 46 : prefrontal cortex,
initiatif center for motoric & mental
activity
Parietal lobe : Sensoric function
1. Area 3, 1, 2 : primary somatosensoric
areas
2. Area 5, 7 : sensoric association areas
3. Area 40 : Supramarginal gyrus, spacial
orientation
4. Area 43 : gustatoric area, base of
postcentral gyrus
Temporal lobe :
1. Sensoric function
Area 34 : olfactoric center

Area 28 : olfactoric association area

Area 41 : hearing center
Area 22 (Wernicke), 42 : hearing
association areas
2. Final integration / third association area :
Integrates all sensoric stimuli /
information
Area 39 : angular gyrus
Area 40 : supramarginal gyrus
Occipital lobe : sight function
Area 17 : vision center
Area 18, 19 : vision association areas
DIENCEPHALON
Thalamus :
The principal relay station to cerebrum
Subcortical integration function
Primitif sensoric function
The center for motoric expression
integration
Emotional response to sensoric stimuli
Hypothalamus :
Autonomic system center
Endocrine function :
Control of hormonal secretion by
anterior hypophysis
Secretion of ADH & oxytocin
through posterior hyphophysis
Conrol of liquid & electrolites balance
Control of body temperature
Control of eating, drinking, & sexual
drive
Emotional function
Subthalamus : subthalamus nucleus of Luysi
Unknown function
Direct relation with nigral subtance, red
nucleus & globus pallidus
Lesion will cause hemiballism on
contralateral side
Epithalamus : pineal gland
Primitif emotional drive
Olfactoric informations integration
Secrete melatonin : control circadian
cadence
Inhibit gonadotrophic hormones

 Metathalamus : geniculate bodies

CGL : relay station for vision stimuli
CGM : relay station for hearing stimuli

Control of autonomic response

Control of sleep awake cycle
Influenced & influence all CNS structures

BRAIN STEM

LYMBIC SYSTEM & FORMATIO

HIPPOCAMPUS

Mesencephalon
Superior colliculus : vision reflex & eye
movement coordination
Inferior colliculus : hearing reflex
Nigral substance : inhibitory function of
related structures
Red nucleus : postural reflexes & anti
gravity reflex (reflex to keep the body in
standing position)
Pons :
The bridge connecting cerebrum
cerebellum
Lower pons : respiratory control

Medulla oblongata : reflexes center

Cardiovascular
Resp., sneeze, cough
Swallowing, salivation, gag reflex
Q : Which structures control the masticatoric
reflex?
Weber synd. (cerebral peduncle synd.) :
E/: obstruction of interpeduncle branch of
PCA or post. choroid a. or both
Signs & symptoms :
1. Nigral substance : contralateral rigor
(Parkinsonism)
2. Corticospinal & corticonuclear tract :
spastic contralateral hemiplegia &
contralateral supranuclear n. VII & n.
XII lesion
3. Corticopontin tract : contralateral
dystaxia
4. N. III : paralyzed ipsilateral n. III
RETICULAR FORMATION
Reticular formation :
Extending from diencephalon to upper
cervical segmen of spinal chord
Control of LoC
Modulation of sensoric & motoric
impulse

Lymbic system :
Expression of emotion & behaviour
Recent memory storage
Olfactoric function ?
Formatio hippocampus :
Recent memory storage & emotion
function
Components :
a. Hippocampus
b. Dentatus gyrus
c. Subcallosal gyrus
d. Supracallosal gyrus
e. Broca