Você está na página 1de 10

SEMINAR – I

Course No. SWC-799

Topic

Studies on Drip vs. Flood irrigation and nitrogen


dynamics in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) in New
Alluvial Zone of West Bengal.

Speaker: Suman Sharma


Ph.D. 2nd Semester

Chairman: Prof. G. B .Roy

Seminar Leader: Dr. N. C. Das

BIDHAN CHANDRA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA


DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
MOHANPUR, NADIA
2009
Studies on Drip vs. Flood irrigation and nitrogen dynamics in Guava
(Psidium guajava L.) in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal.

Introduction
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is one of the most important crops in
India. According to National Horticulture Board, the area under guava was 0.112
million hectare with 1204 million tonnes of the production of guava in the year
1997. Guava has wide adaptability to varying condition of soil and climates. In the
Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain of West Bengal, this fruit crop has immense potential
in increasing productivity and yield sustainability. However, the limited water
resource is a constraint in increasing area under guava. Even the unscientific water
management practices coupled with the lack of proper water saving technology
can lead to the reduction in productivity and sustainability of the soil and crop.
Drip irrigation offers a great promise due to its higher water use efficiency against
lower amounts of water applied and avoiding moisture stress throughout the
growing period by providing available moisture at critical crop growth stages.
Hence, it was thought to develop appropriate schedule for irrigation with drip
method which is basically quite suitable for widely spaced horticultural crops like
guava. The present investigation was directed to finding out how much yield can
be increased by economical use of water through drip method of irrigation and
drip fertigation.
Drip-irrigation can be defined as a localised irrigation method that
slowly and frequently provides water directly to the plant root zone via emitters.
The use of drip-irrigation is rapidly increasing around the world, and this trend is
expected to continue in the foreseeable future. With increasing demands on limited
water resources and the need to minimize environmental consequences of
irrigation, drip-irrigation technology offers many advantages. Drip-irrigation
provides unique agronomic, water and energy conservation benefits that address
many of the challenges facing irrigated agriculture. Farmers and other drip-
irrigation users are continually seeking new options, such as waste-water reuse,
that will continue to provide new challenges for designers and irrigation managers.
Drip-irrigation is suitable for most agricultural crops, although it is more often
used for wide spread and high value crops such as grapes, banana, lime coconut
and other fruit crops. The required quantity of water is provided to each plant daily
at the root zone through a network of piping system. Hence, there is no loss of
water either in the conveyance or in the application. Evaporation loss from the soil
surface is also very little since water is given only to the root zone and crop
canopy provides shade to prevent evaporation. This advanced method of irrigation
could have about 40-70% of waterand crop productivity by 10-55% depending
upon agro-climatic conditions (Berad et al., 1999; Deshmukh and Sen, 2000;
Sharma and Kumar 2007). Furthermore, residential and commercial landscape
systems such as golf courses and home gardens are increasingly turning to drip-
irrigation technology.
The application of fertilizer through irrigation systems is referred to as
fertigation. Using fertigation, fertilizer can be directed towards the plant root zone
with irrigation water. A liquid fertilizer solution is injected into the irrigation
water at the desired rate. When injecting fertilizer into a properly designed micro-
irrigation system the fertilizer will be carried to the plant root zone by the
irrigation water (Robert T. Burns, 1998).
Fertigation (application of fertilizer solution with drip irrigation) has
the potential to ensure that the right combination of water and nutrient is available
at the root zone, satisfying the plants’ total and temporal requirements of these two
inputs. The right combination of water and nutrients is the key for high yield and
the quality of produce. Fertigation saves fertilizer as it permits applying fertilizer
in small quantities at a time matching with the plants’ nutrient need. Besides it is
considered ecofriendly as it avoids leaching of fertilizers (Patel and Rajput, 2003).
Till date there is little information of using drip fertigation to guava in
this part of the country. It is, therefore, required to find out the precision of drip
water along with the fertilizer in guava cultivation. With this in view, the
investigation is proposed with the following objectives:

Objectives:

1. To assess the growth, productivity and quality of guava in different


moisture regimes under drip fertigation as compared to flood irrigation.

2. To study the economy of water use by guava under drip irrigation as


compared to the conventional flood irrigation.

3. To investigate the distribution pattern of nitrogen in varying moisture


regimes under drip fertigation compared to the flood irrigation and
accordingly estimate the nitrogen economy of crop for sustainable yield.

4. To study the economics of drip fertigation compared to flood irrigation in


terms augmenting crop yield, water and nitrogen economy to crop.
Review of Literature

Desmukh and Sen (2000) conducted an experiment on irrigation scheduling


and point of application through drip irrigation to guava cv. Allahbad Safeda. The
study revealed that the wetted area expanded with the increase in point of
application around the plants resulting in percent increase in diameter of the plants
with the point of application respectively. The growth in terms of thickness of
stock and scion as measured by diameter was not proportional to the frequency of
irrigation.
Dubey and Pathak (2002), conducted a study to evaluate the effect of drip
irrigation on the growth and nutrient status of leaves of guava cv. Sardar in Uttar
Pradesh, India. Treatments comprised of five intensities (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60%
wetted area) and three frequencies of drip irrigation (daily, alternate and 4th day)
and a control treatment (conventional method). The drip irrigation increased plant
growth with respect to height, girth and spread compared to the control treatment.
A field study was conducted by Gaur et al., 2003 in New Delhi, India, for
performance evaluation of drip fertigation system on young lemon plants [Kagji
lemon (Citrus aurantifolia)]. Nitrogen (240 g/plant) in the form of urea was
applied in various split rates (4, 6, 8 and 10 times) through drip irrigation system.
Influences of drip fertigation were studied in terms of plant growth parameters
(height, girth, canopy cover area), water application uniformity, fertilizer
application efficiencies, leaf N status, and emitter's clogging. Observed N
delivered near plants ranged from 55 to 76% of total N supplied through drip
system. Frequent applications of N (8 applications at 30 g/plant) gave the best
fertilizer application efficiency, but on the other hand it considerably reduced the
water application uniformity because of higher clogging of emitters. Plant leaf N
contents varied between 0.616 to 4.883%, under different sets of treatments. The
findings demonstrate that sustainable leaf N status could be achieved by more
frequent N applications.
Mussaddak and Somi (2001) suggested that the nitrogen fertilizer and
irrigation methods are the key factors for yield increase and yield quality
improvement in cotton. With good management of these two factors, both
production and protection can be attained simultaneously. Field experiments were
carried out at Hama in central Syria for four consecutive years (1995-98)on
Cotton after harvesting unfertilized maize on the same experimental units under
irrigated condition revealed that the fertigation of cotton improved seed cotton
yield, dry matter yield, earliness and, in some cases, lint properties. Furthermore,
under drip fertigation between 35-55% of irrigation water was saved compared
with surface-irrigated cotton grown under the same conditions. Seed cotton yield
of the fertigated-cotton increased by more than 50% in some cases compared with
that of the surface-irrigated cotton. Dry matter yield of the fertigated-cotton
increased significantly over that of the surface irrigated cotton, and such an
increase was even more than two-fold in some instances.
According to Arunadevi et al. (2007), the highest plant height (192.40 cm),
number of branches per plant (9.42), number of leaves per branch (30.78), leaf
area (164.55 cm2) and leaf area index (5.8) of mulberry were observed under
single row drip irrigation at 80% of surface irrigation level followed by paired row
drip and microtube irrigations at 80% of WR of surface irrigation level. Single row
drip at 80% of WR of surface irrigation with 100% of recommended level of
fertilizers registered higher leaf yield (46 759 kg/ha/year) followed by paired row
drip and microtube at 80% of WR of surface irrigation level than in microtube
irrigation at 60 and 40% of WR of surface irrigation level. The highest coarse leaf
moisture content (60.09%), tender leaf moisture content (72.76%), leaf nitrogen
content (3.97%), leaf potassium content (2.13%), coarse leaf protein content
(15.98%) and tender leaf protein content (24.30%) were observed under single
row drip irrigation at 80% of WR of surface irrigation level.
Veerana et al. (2001), also conducted a field experiment in Bangalore,
Karnataka, India, during the rabi season of 1997 and 1998 to investigate the effect
of fertigation and irrigation methods in chilli cv. Byadagi Dabba. . Drip fertigation
of WSF at 80% recommended dose produced significantly higher dry fruit yield of
1268 kg/ha over all the treatments, but was on par with drip fertigation of WSF at
100% recommended dose (1237.4 kg/ha). Drip fertigation of WSF at 80%
recommended dose registered 22.4 and 31.00% higher dry fruit yield over drip and
furrow irrigation methods, respectively, even with the same level and method of
NF application. Drip fertigation of WSF at 80% recommended dose recorded
29.16, 27.18 and 27.01% higher N, P and K uptake, respectively, over soil
application of fertilizers with drip irrigation, and 40.87, 44.89 and 43.66% higher
N, P and K uptake, respectively, over furrow irrigation. The water use efficiency
was significantly higher with drip fertigation of WSF at 80% recommended level
(2.81 kg/ha/mm), which was closely followed by drip fertigation of 100%
recommended WSF (2.77 kg/ha/mm).
Mohammad et al. (2003) conducted two field experiments in Jordan to
evaluate response of garlic yield, and nitrogen (N) and water use efficiencies
(NUE and WUE) to N applied by fertigation or conventional soil application. The
following treatments were included: 0, 30, 60, and 90 mg N/litre in the irrigation
water. Additional two treatments of soil application of N (single or split)
equivalent to one fertigation treatment were included. They observed that the yield
increased by fertigation with 120 kg N/ha in the first season and by 75 kg N/ha in
the second season. In both seasons, a higher yield response was obtained by
fertigation than by soil application of N. Split application of N at 120 kg/ha
produced yields as high as those produced by 180 kg N/ha as a single soil
application in the first season. The fresh weight per head and per bulb had similar
trends as the yield did. However, the number of bulbs per head was not affected by
the treatments in both seasons, indicating that with zero N, smaller heads were
produced and yield differences were due to the size and weight of the bulbs or
heads. With fertigation, N content, N derived from fertilizer, and consequently,
higher NUE were enhanced due to the more efficient timing and placement of N.
Nitrogen addition synergistically enhanced fruit content of phosphorus, potassium,
iron and zinc, which was higher with fertigation technique.
Khodade et al. (2004), observed that 60% water through drip irrigation
recorded significantly highest yield (48.46 g/ha) as compared to surface method of
irrigation (31.12 g/ha). Application of 60% water through drip increased the yield
by 55.71% over control. The growth parameters like plant height, basal girth and
spread was better under trickle-irrigated plants as compared to control. Water use
efficiency and water savings were also found highest under drip irrigation with
60% water and lowest under basin irrigation. The net income was also found
higher under 60% water through drip (Rs. 71760) and lowest in surface method of
irrigation (Rs. 39128). Similarly B: C ratio was also recorded most economical in
60% of water through drip (1:2.65) and lowest under control (1:1.95).
Mussaddak and Janat (2004) reported that the field experiments were
carried out through four consecutive years, 1995-1998, to assess the effect of
irrigation methods and nitrogen (N) rates on nitrate status of the soil, N uptake,
efficiency, partitioning, equivalent nitrogen fertilizer uptake (ENFU) and
equivalent total nitrogen uptake (ETNU) by cotton by using the 15N technique.
Treatments consisted of two irrigation methods, surface irrigation, and drip
fertigation. Drip-fertigated cotton received five different nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120,
180, 240 kg N/ha), while only one rate (180 kg N/ha) was applied to the surface-
irrigated cotton. All N fertilizers were applied as urea 46% N. Results indicated
that N content, ETNU, ENFU, N uptake, and partitioning by cotton varied due to
N input and irrigation methods. Nitrogen uptake and content in plant's tissues was
increased as a function of N input and soil N status. Furthermore, N uptake was
very high in a few instances, which might be due to the high residual N in the soil
or due to high root activity of the cotton cultivar used in this study (Aleppo 33).
Almost 55-63% of the accumulated N was partitioned into the fruiting forms, 27-
35% in the leaves, and 9-10% in the stems of the cotton plants grown under drip
fertigation. Whereas, under surface irrigation the percentage of accumulated N
was partitioned as 57% in the fruiting forms, 34% in the leaves and 9% in the
stems. Equivalent total N uptakes, N fertilizer uptake, and the ratio of N uptake, of
drip-fertigated relative to surface-irrigated cotton proved to be a good indicator for
fertilizer and irrigation management.
Proposed plan of work
Technical details of the experiment

Treatment of the experiment

Main plot treatments: Levels of irrigation - 4

D1: Drip irrigation at 60% ET crop.


D2: Drip irrigation at 80% ET crop.
D3: Drip irrigation at 100% ET crop.
S: Surface irrigation (Ring method) at IW/CPE = 1.0 (IW = 5 cm)
Sub-plot treatments: Levels of N-fertigation - 3
N1: 80% of RDN
N2: 100% of RDN
N3: 120% of RDN

The recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) per plant calculated is 200g and
will be applied in five split doses round the year. Accordingly, the estimated
amount of 80%, 100% and 120% of recommended doses of nitrogen is as below:
N1: 160 gm N/plant i.e., 352 gm urea/plant.
N2: 200 gm N/plant i.e., 440 gm urea/plant.
N3: 240 gm N/plant i.e., 528 gm urea/plant.
The nitrogen fertilizer is to be dissolved in a tank and irrigation is to be
applied fortnightly as per treatments.

Volume of water required:


The volume of water required is computed by using the following equation:
V = Ep x Kc x Kp x A x N – Re x A

Where,
V = monthly volume of water required (litres)
Ep = average monthly pan evaporation (mm/day)
Kc = crop factor
Kp = pan factor
A = area of the plot (m2)
N = number of days
Re = effective rainfall (mm)
Design of the experiment: Split plot design.
Replication number: 3.

Main plot treatments: 4. (irrigation treatments will allocate in the main plots).

Sub-plot treatments: 3. (nitrogen treatments will allocate in the sub-plots).

Plot size: 50 m2 (two plants per plot considered).

Spacing: 5m X 5m.
Variety: Khaja.

Number of plots per replication: 12.

Total number of plots: 36.

Total area: 36 X 50 m2 = 1800 m2.

The effective rainfall will be calculated by balance sheet method from the
actual rainfall received. The crop factors used for different crop stages will be
computed based on the existing relative humidity and wind velocity (Doorenbos
et. al. 1984). The pan factor value is taken as 0.8 as suggested for eastern region.
The experiment will be carried out in the three year old guava plantation
located in the Central Research Farm, Gayeshpur, under the management of
AICRP on Water Management , B.C.K.V. During the planting 2 kg wood ash,
500g bone meal and 15 kg FYM was incorporated per plant through pit.
Thereafter, a common dose of fertilizers per plant applied was 200g of nitrogen,
160g of phosphate and 260g of Potash. Phosphorus and Potassium were applied in
the form of Single Superphosphate and Muriate of Potash respectively in two
equal splits- once in January and another in August in every year.

LAYOUT OF THE EXPERIMENT


N

W E

S
D1 D2 D3 S

Drippers Laterals

Main line

Overhea PUMP
d
Tank

D1: Drip fertigation at 60% ETc


D2: Drip fertigation at 80% ETc
D3: Drip fertigation at 100% ETc
S: Surface irrigation
Observations:
In the said experiment the following observations will be carried out in the field as well
as in the laboratory by collecting soil from the experimental field.

Soil parameters:

Soil samples are to be collected from four different depths 0-15cm, 15-30cm, 30-45cm
and 45-75cm and the following soil parameters are to be determined:

I. pH.
II. Bulk density.
III. Water holding capacity.
IV. Hydraulic conductivity.
V. Mechanical analysis.
VI. Available nitrogen/nitrogen distribution in different depths.

Water parameters:

I. Rate of application.
II. Water use efficiency.
III. Moisture depletion pattern.
IV. Amount of water to be applied.

Biometric observation:

V. Plant height.
VI. Number of branches/plant.
VII. Basal girth.
VIII. Number of fruits/plant.
IX. Fruit weight.
X. Yield and quality parameters.
XI. Economic analysis.
XII. Cost-benefit ratio of different treatments.

Você também pode gostar