J. K.

Rowling
1 Name

JKR redirects here. For other uses, see JKR (disambiguation).

Although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling (pronounced rolling),[15] her name, before her remarriage, was simply Joanne Rowling. Anticipating
that the target audience of young boys might not want
to read a book written by a woman, her publishers asked
that she use two initials, rather than her full name. As
she had no middle name, she chose K (for Kathleen)
as the second initial of her pen name, from her paternal grandmother.[16] She calls herself Jo.[17] Following
her marriage, she has sometimes used the name Joanne
Murray when conducting personal business.[18][19] During the Leveson Inquiry she gave evidence under the name
of Joanne Kathleen Rowling.[20]

Joanne "Jo" Rowling, OBE FRSL[1] (/rol/; born 31

July 1965), pen names J. K. Rowling[2] and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist best known as the author of
the Harry Potter fantasy series. The books have gained
worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold more
than 400 million copies.[3] They have become the bestselling book series in history[4] and been the basis for
a series of lms which became the highest-grossing lm
series in history.[5] Rowling had overall approval on the
scripts[6] and maintained creative control by serving as a
producer on the nal instalment.[7]
Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as
a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series on a delayed train from Manchester to London
in 1990.[8] The seven-year period that followed saw the
death of her mother, divorce from her rst husband and
relative poverty until Rowling nished the rst novel in
the series, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in
1997. There were six sequels, the last, Harry Potter and
the Deathly Hallows in 2007. Since then, Rowling has
written three books for adult readers, The Casual Vacancy
(2012) andunder the pseudonym Robert Galbraith
the crime ction novels The Cuckoos Calling (2013) and
The Silkworm (2014).[9]

2 Biography
2.1 Birth and family
Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling, a Rolls-Royce
aircraft engineer,[21] and Anne Rowling (ne Volant), a
science technician,[22] on 31 July 1965[23][24] in Yate,
Gloucestershire, England, 10 miles (16 km) northeast of
Bristol.[25][26] Her parents rst met on a train departing
from Kings Cross Station bound for Arbroath in 1964.[27]
They married on 14 March 1965.[27] One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Dugald Campbell, was Scottish,
born in Lamlash on the Isle of Arran.[28][29] Her mothers
paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was French, and was
awarded the Croix de Guerre for exceptional bravery in
defending the village of Courcelles-le-Comte during the
First World War. Rowling originally believed he had won
the Lgion d'honneur during the war, as she said when she
received it herself in 2009. She later discovered the truth
when featuring in an episode of the UK genealogy series
Who Do You Think You Are?[30]

Rowling has led a "rags to riches" life story, in which

she progressed from living on state benets to multimillionaire status within ve years. She is the United
Kingdoms best-selling living author, with sales in excess of 238m.[10] The 2008 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowlings fortune at 560 million, ranking her
as the twelfth richest woman in the United Kingdom.[11]
Forbes ranked Rowling as the forty-eighth most powerful celebrity of 2007,[12] and Time magazine named her
as a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, noting
the social, moral, and political inspiration she has given
her fans.[13] In October 2010, Rowling was named the
Most Inuential Woman in Britain by leading magazine
editors.[14] She has supported charities including Comic
Relief, One Parent Families, Multiple Sclerosis Society
of Great Britain and Lumos (formerly the Childrens High
Level Group), and in politics supports the Labour Party
and Better Together.

2.2 Childhood and education

Rowlings sister Dianne[8] was born at their home when
Rowling was 23 months old.[26] The family moved to the
nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four.[31]
She attended St Michaels Primary School, a school
founded by abolitionist William Wilberforce and education reformer Hannah More.[32][33] Her headmaster at St
Michaels, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspi1

2 BIOGRAPHY
of Jessica Mitford's autobiography, Hons and Rebels.[35]
Mitford became Rowlings heroine, and Rowling read all
of her books.[36]
Rowling has said that her teenage years were unhappy.[21]
Her home life was complicated by her mothers illness
and a strained relationship with her father who she is still
not on speaking terms with.[21] Rowling later said that
she based the character of Hermione Granger on herself
when she was eleven.[37] Steve Eddy, who taught Rowling
English when she rst arrived, remembers her as not exceptional but one of a group of girls who were bright,
and quite good at English.[21] Sean Harris, her best friend
in the Upper Sixth, owned a turquoise Ford Anglia which
she says inspired a ying version that appeared in Harry
Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.[38] At this time, she
listened to the Smiths and the Clash.[39] Rowling took Alevels in English, French and German, achieving two As
and a B[27] and was Head Girl.[21]

In 1982, Rowling took the entrance exams for Oxford

University but was not accepted[21] and read for a BA in
French and Classics at the University of Exeter.[40] Martin Sorrell, a French professor at Exeter, remembers a
quietly competent student, with a denim jacket and dark
hair, who, in academic terms, gave the appearance of doing what was necessary.[21] Rowling recalls doing little
work, preferring to listen to the Smiths and read Dickens
and Tolkien.[21] After a year of study in Paris, Rowling
Rowlings parents met on a train from Kings Cross Station. Afgraduated from Exeter in 1986[21] and moved to Lonter Rowling used Kings Cross as a gateway into the Wizarding
don to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for
World, it has since become a popular tourist spot.
Amnesty International.[41] In 1988, Rowling wrote a short
essay about her time studying Classics entitled What was
ration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumble- the Name of that Nymph Again? or Greek and Roman
Studies Recalled"; it was published by the University of
dore.[34]
Exeters journal Pegasus.[42]

2.3 Inspiration and mothers death

Rowlings childhood home, Church Cottage, Tutshill.

After working at Amnesty International in London,

Rowling and her then boyfriend decided to move to
Manchester[26] where she worked at the Chamber of
Commerce.[43] In 1990, while she was on a four-hourdelayed train trip from Manchester to London, the idea
for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry
came fully formed into her mind.[26][44][44]

As a child, Rowling often wrote fantasy stories which

she frequently read to her sister.[15] Aged nine, Rowling
moved to Church Cottage in the Gloucestershire village
of Tutshill, close to Chepstow, Wales.[26] She attended
secondary school at Wyedean School and College, where
her mother worked in the science department.[22] When
she was a young teenager, her great-aunt gave her a copy

When she had reached her Clapham Junction at, she

began to write immediately.[26][45] In December, Rowlings mother Anne died after ten years suering from
multiple sclerosis.[26] Rowling was writing Harry Potter at
the time and had never told her mother about it.[19] Her
death heavily aected Rowlings writing[19] and she introduced much more detail about Harrys loss in the rst
book, because she knew how it felt.[46]

2.5

Harry Potter

3
Edinburgh University,[52] after completing her rst novel
while living on state benets.[53] She wrote in many cafs,
especially Nicolsons Caf (owned by her brother-in-law,
Roger Moore),[54][55] and The Elephant House;[56] wherever she could get Jessica to fall asleep.[26][57] In a 2001
BBC interview, Rowling denied the rumour that she
wrote in local cafs to escape from her unheated at,
pointing out that it had heating. One of the reasons she
wrote in cafs was that taking her baby out for a walk was
the best way to make her fall asleep.[57]

2.5
Rowling moved to Porto to teach. In 1993, she returned to the
UK accompanied by her daughter and three completed chapters
of Harry Potter after her marriage had deteriorated.

2.4

Harry Potter

Main article: Harry Potter

In 1995, Rowling nished her manuscript for Harry

Marriage, divorce and single parenthood

An advert in The Guardian[27] led Rowling to move

to Porto in Portugal to teach English as a foreign
language.[8][36] She taught at night, and began writing
in the day while listening to Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto.[21] After eighteen months in Porto, she met Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar, and
found they shared an interest in Jane Austen.[27] They
married on 16 October 1992 and their child, Jessica
Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford),
was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.[27] Rowling had
previously suered a miscarriage.[27] The couple separated on 17 November 1993.[27][27][47] Biographers have
suggested that Rowling suered domestic abuse during
her marriage, although the full extent is unknown.[27][48]
In December 1993, Rowling and her then-infant daughEdinburgh in which
ter moved to be near Rowlings sister in Edinburgh, The Elephant House one of the cafs in[58]
[26]
Rowling
wrote
the
rst
Harry
Potter
novel.
Scotland,
with three chapters of what would become
Harry Potter in her suitcase.[21]
Potter and the Philosophers Stone on an old manual
Seven years after graduating from university, Rowling typewriter.[59] Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony
saw herself as a failure.[49] Her marriage had failed, and Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the books
she was jobless with a dependent child, but she described rst three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little
her failure as liberating and allowing her to focus on Literary Agents agreed to represent Rowling in her quest
writing.[49] During this period Rowling was diagnosed for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve pubwith clinical depression and contemplated suicide.[50] Her lishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript.[27]
illness inspired the characters known as Dementors, soul- A year later she was nally given the green light (and
sucking creatures introduced in the third book.[51] Rowl- a 1500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from
ing signed up for welfare benets, describing her eco- Bloomsbury, a publishing house in London.[27][60] The
nomic status as being poor as it is possible to be in mod- decision to publish Rowlings book owes much to Alern Britain, without being homeless.[21][49]
ice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsburys
Rowling was left in despair after her estranged husband chairman, who was given the rst chapter to review by her
arrived in Scotland, seeking both her and her daughter.[27] father and immediately demanded the next.[61] Although
She obtained an order of restraint and Arantes returned Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham
to Portugal, with Rowling ling for divorce in August says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she
1994.[27] She began a teacher training course in Au- had little chance of making money in childrens books.[62]
gust 1995 at the Moray House School of Education, at Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an 8000 grant

2 BIOGRAPHY

from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue of the Year prize at the British Book Awards.[67]
writing.[63]
The title of the seventh and nal Harry Potter book was
In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosophers Stone announced on 21 December 2006 as Harry Potter and the
with an initial print run of 1,000 copies, 500 of which Deathly Hallows.[76] In February 2007 it was reported that
were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are val- Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the Balmoral
ued between 16,000 and 25,000.[64] Five months later, Hotel in Edinburgh that she had nished the seventh book
the book won its rst award, a Nestl Smarties Book in that room on 11 January 2007.[77] Harry Potter and
Prize. In February, the novel won the British Book Award the Deathly Hallows was released on 21 July 2007 (0:01
for Childrens Book of the Year, and later, the Childrens BST)[78] and broke its predecessors record as the fastestBook Award. In early 1998, an auction was held in the selling book of all time.[79] It sold 11 million copies in
United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was the rst day of release in the United Kingdom and United
won by Scholastic Inc., for US$105,000. Rowling said States.[79] The books last chapter was one of the earliest
that she nearly died when she heard the news.[65] In Oc- things she wrote in the entire series.[80]
tober 1998, Scholastic published Philosophers Stone in Harry Potter is now a global brand worth an estimated
the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerers US$15 billion,[81] and the last four Harry Potter books
Stone, a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books
have fought if she had been in a better position at the in history.[79][82] The series, totalling 4,195 pages,[83] has
time.[66] Rowling moved from her at with the money been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages.[84]
from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in
Edinburgh. Her neighbours were initially unaware that The Harry Potter books have also gained recognition for
she was the author of the Harry Potter series, but treated sparking an interest in reading among the young at a time
when children were thought to be abandoning books for
her with respect.[54]
computers and television,[85] although it is reported that
Its sequel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was despite the huge uptake of the books, adolescent reading
published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the Smarhas continued to decline.[86]
ties Prize.[67] In December 1999, the third novel, Harry
Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Smarties
Prize, making Rowling the rst person to win the award
three times running.[68] She later withdrew the fourth 2.6 Harry Potter lms
Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books
a fair chance. In January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban Main article: Harry Potter (lm series)
won the inaugural Whitbread Childrens Book of the Year
award, though it lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus In October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the lm rights
Heaney's translation of Beowulf.[69]
to the rst two novels for a seven-gure sum.[87] A lm
The fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was
released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July
2000 and broke sales records in both countries. 372,775
copies of the book were sold in its rst day in the UK, almost equalling the number Prisoner of Azkaban sold during its rst year.[70] In the US, the book sold three million
copies in its rst 48 hours, smashing all records.[70] Rowling said that she had had a crisis while writing the novel
and had to rewrite one chapter many times to x a problem with the plot.[71] Rowling was named Author of the
Year in the 2000 British Book Awards.[72]
A wait of three years occurred between the release of
Goblet of Fire and the fth Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. This gap led to press
speculation that Rowling had developed writers block,
speculations she denied.[73] Rowling later said that writing the book was a chore, that it could have been shorter,
and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to
nish it.[74]

adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone

was released on 16 November 2001, and Harry Potter and
the Chamber of Secrets on 15 November 2002.[88] Both
lms were directed by Chris Columbus. The lm version
of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released
on 4 June 2004, directed by Alfonso Cuarn. The fourth
lm, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was directed by
Mike Newell, and released on 18 November 2005. The
lm of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was
released on 11 July 2007.[88] David Yates directed, and
Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay, having taken
over the position from Steve Kloves. Harry Potter and
the Half-Blood Prince was released on 15 July 2009.[89]
David Yates directed again, and Kloves returned to write
the script.[90] Warner Bros. lmed the nal instalment of
the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, in two
segments, with part one being released on 19 November
2010 and part two being released on 15 July 2011. Yates
directed both lms.[91][92]

Warner Bros took considerable notice of Rowlings deThe sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince,
sires and thoughts when drafting her contract. One of
was released on 16 July 2005. It too broke all sales
her principal stipulations was the lms be shot in Britain
records, selling nine million copies in its rst 24 hours of
with an all-British cast,[93] which has been generally adrelease.[75] In 2006, Half-Blood Prince received the Book
hered to. Rowling also demanded that Coca-Cola, the

2.8

Remarriage and family

victor in the race to tie in their products to the lm series,

donate US$18 million to the American charity Reading
is Fundamental, as well as several community charity
programs.[94]
The rst four, sixth and seventh lms were scripted by
Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writing process,
ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books
in the series.[95] She told Alan Rickman (Severus Snape)
and Robbie Coltrane (Hagrid) certain secrets about their
characters before they were revealed in the books.[96]
Daniel Radclie (Harry Potter) asked her if Harry died
at any point in the series; Rowling answered him by
saying, You have a death scene, thereby not explicitly answering the question.[97] Director Steven Spielberg
was approached to direct the rst lm, but dropped out.
The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a
role in his departure, but Rowling stated that she had no
say in who directed the lms and would not have vetoed Spielberg.[98] Rowlings rst choice for the director had been Monty Python member Terry Gilliam, but
Warner Bros. wanted a family-friendly lm and chose
Columbus.[99]

5
Killiechassie House, on the banks of the River Tay,
near Aberfeldy, in Perth and Kinross.[110] Rowling also
owns a 4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington, West
London,[111] on a street with 24-hour security.[112]

2.8 Remarriage and family

On 26 December 2001, Rowling married Neil Michael
Murray (born 30 June 1971), an anaesthetist, in a private ceremony at her home, Killiechassie House, near
Aberfeldy.[113] Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born on 24 March 2003.[114] Shortly after Rowling began writing Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince,
she ceased working on the novel to care for David in his
early infancy.[115]

Rowling is a friend of Sarah Brown, wife of former prime

minister Gordon Brown, whom she met when they collaborated on a charitable project. When Sarah Browns son
Fraser was born in 2003, Rowling was one of the rst to
visit her in hospital.[116] Rowlings youngest child, daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedRowling had gained some creative control on the lms, icated Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was born
[117]
reviewing all the scripts[100] as well as acting as a producer on 23 January 2005.
[101]
on the nal two-part instalment, Deathly Hallows.
In October 2012, a New Yorker magazine article stated
Rowling, producers David Heyman and David Barron, that the Rowling family lived in a seventeenth-century
along with directors David Yates, Mike Newell and Edinburgh house, concealed at the front by tall conifer
Alfonso Cuarn collected the Michael Balcon Award for hedges. Prior to October 2012, Rowling lived near the
Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema at the 2011 author Ian Rankin, who later said she was quiet and inBritish Academy Film Awards in honour of the Harry trospective, and that she seemed in her element with
children.[118][119] As of June 2014, the family reside in
Potter lm franchise.[102]
Scotland.[120]
In September 2013, Warner Bros. announced an expanded creative partnership with Rowling, based on a
planned series of lms about Newt Scamander, author of
2.9 The Casual Vacancy
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. The rst lm
will be scripted by Rowling, and be set roughly 70 years
In July 2011, Rowling parted company with her agent,
before the events of the main series.[103] In 2014, it was
Christopher Little, moving to a new agency founded by
announced that the series would consist of three lms.[104]
one of his sta, Neil Blair.[21][121] On 23 February 2012,
Rowlings new agency, the Blair Partnership, announced
on its website that Rowling was set to publish a new
2.7 Success
book targeted at adults. In a press release, Rowling
said that her new book would be quite dierent from
In 2004, Forbes named Rowling as the rst person to be- Harry Potter. In April 2012, Little, Brown and Company
come a U.S.-dollar billionaire by writing books,[105] the announced that the book was entitled The Casual Vasecond-richest female entertainer and the 1,062nd rich- cancy and would be released on 27 September 2012.[122]
est person in the world.[106] Rowling disputed the cal- Rowling gave several interviews and made appearances
culations and said she had plenty of money, but was to promote The Casual Vacancy, including at the London
not a billionaire.[107] The 2008 Sunday Times Rich List Southbank Centre,[123] the Cheltenham Literature Festinamed Rowling the 144th richest person in Britain.[11] In val,[124] The Charlie Rose Show[125] and the Lennoxlove
2012, Forbes removed Rowling from their rich list, claim- Book Festival.[126] In its rst three weeks of release, The
ing that her US$160 million in charitable donations and Casual Vacancy sold over 1 million copies worldwide.[127]
the high tax rate in the UK meant she was no longer a On 3 December 2012, it was announced that The Casual
billionaire.[108] In February 2013 she was assessed as the Vacancy will become a BBC television drama series ex13th most powerful woman in the United Kingdom by pected to air in 2014 on BBC One. The series will be proWomans Hour on BBC Radio 4.[109]
duced by Rowlings agent, Neil Blair, through his indeIn 2001, Rowling purchased a 19th-century estate house, pendent production company and with Rick Senat serving

FUTURE WRITING

as executive producer. Rowling is collaborating on the name she had invented for herself, Ella Galbraith.[143]
adaptation. The number and length of episodes will be Soon after the revelation, Brooks pondered whether Jude
decided once the adaptation process has begun.[128][129]
Callegari could have been Rowling as part of wider speculation that the entire aair had been a publicity stunt.
Some also noted that many of the writers who had ini2.10 Cormoran Strike
tially praised the book, such as Alex Bray or Val McDermid, were within Rowlings circle of acquaintances;
Over the years, Rowling often spoke of writing a crime both vociferously denied any foreknowledge of Rowlnovel. In 2007, during the Edinburgh Book Festi- ings authorship.[139] Judith Jude Callegari was the best
val, author Ian Rankin claimed that his wife spotted friend of the wife of Chris Gossage, a partner within RusRowling scribbling away at a detective novel in a sells Solicitors, Rowlings legal representatives.[144][145]
caf.[130] Rankin later retracted the story, claiming it was Rowling released a statement saying she was disappointed
a joke,[131] but the rumour persisted, with a report in 2012 and angry;[144] Russells apologised for the leak, conrmin The Guardian speculating that Rowlings next book ing it was not part of a marketing stunt and that the diswould be a crime novel.[132] In an interview with Stephen closure was made in condence to someone he [Gossage]
Fry in 2005, Rowling claimed that she would much pre- trusted implicitly.[141] Russells made a donation to the
fer to write any subsequent books under a pseudonym, Soldiers Charity on Rowlings behalf and reimbursed her
but she conceded to Jeremy Paxman in 2003 that if she for her legal fees.[146] On 26 November 2013 the Solicidid, the press would probably nd out in seconds.[133]
tors Regulation Authority (SRA) issued Gossage a writ[147]
In April 2013, Little Brown published The Cuckoos Call- ten rebuke and 1000 ne for breaching privacy rules.
ing, the purported dbut novel of author Robert Galbraith, who the publisher described as a former plainclothes Royal Military Police investigator who had left
in 2003 to work in the civilian security industry.[134]
The novel, a detective story in which private investigator Cormoran Strike unravels the supposed suicide of a
supermodel, sold 1500 copies in hardback (although the
matter was not resolved as of 21 July 2013, later reports stated that this number is the number of copies that
were printed for the rst run, while the sales total was
closer to 500),[135] and received acclaim from other crime
writers[134] and critics[136] a Publishers Weekly review
called the book a stellar debut,[137] while the Library
Journal's mystery section pronounced the novel the debut of the month.[138]
India Knight, a novelist and columnist for the Sunday
Times, tweeted on 9 July 2013 that she had been reading The Cuckoos Calling and thought it was good for a
dbut novel. In response, a tweeter called Jude Callegari said that the author was Rowling. Knight queried
this but got no further reply.[139] Knight notied Richard
Brooks, arts editor of the Sunday Times, who began his
own investigation.[139][140] After discovering that Rowling and Galbraith had the same agent and editor, he sent
the books for linguistic analysis which found similarities,
and subsequently contacted Rowlings agent who conrmed it was Rowlings pseudonym.[140] Within days of
Rowling being revealed as the author, sales of the book
rose by 4000 percent,[139] and Little Brown printed another 140,000 copies to meet the increase in demand.[141]
As of 18 June 2013, a signed copy of the rst edition
sold for US$4,453 (2,950), while an unsold signed rstedition copy was being oered for $6,188 (3,950).[135]
Rowling said that she had enjoyed working under a
pseudonym.[142] On her Robert Galbraith website, Rowling explained that she took the name from one of her personal heroes, Robert Kennedy, and a childhood fantasy

On 17 February 2014, Rowling announced that the second Cormoran Strike novel, named The Silkworm, would
be released in June 2014. It sees Strike investigating the
disappearance of a writer hated by many of his old friends
for insulting them in his new novel.[148]

3 Future writing
In 2006, Rowling announced that she had nished writing
a few short stories and another childrens book (a political fairy story) about a monster, aimed at a younger audience than Harry Potter readers.[149] In July 2007, Rowling
said that she wanted to dedicate more time to her family, but is currently writing two works, one for children
and the other for adults.[150] She did not give any details
about the two projects but did state that she was excited
because the two book situation reminded her of writing
the Philosophers Stone, explaining how she was then writing two books until Harry took over.[151]
In November 2007, Rowling said that she was working
on another book, a half-nished book for children that I
think will probably be the next thing I publish.[152]
In March 2008, Rowling said in an interview that she had
returned to writing in Edinburgh cafs, intent on composing a new novel for children.[153] Rowling also conrmed that her political fairy tale for children was nearing
completion.[154]
In September 2012, Rowling stated that she was currently working on two books for readership younger than
Harry Potter.[21] She maintained in an interview with The
Guardian that one of those two books is the political
fairy tale she spoke of previously, although she expects
to release the other book as her next project.[155] At the
Cheltenham Literature Festival on 6 October 2012 she
said that she had a couple of things on her laptop aimed

4.2

Multiple sclerosis

at a slightly younger age group than Harry Potter which in Crisis.[171] In 2002 Rowling contributed a foreword to
are nearly done.[156]
Magic, an anthology of ction published by Bloomsbury
Publishing, helping to raise money for the National Council for One Parent Families.[172]

3.1

Future of Harry Potter

Rowling has said it is unlikely she will write any more

books in the Harry Potter series.[157] In October 2007 she
stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre.[158] On 1 October 2010, in an interview with
Oprah Winfrey, Rowling stated a new book on the saga
might happen.[159]
In 2007, Rowling stated that she plans to write an encyclopaedia of Harry Potter's wizarding world consisting of
various unpublished material and notes.[160] Any prots
from such a book would be given to charity.[161] During a
news conference at Hollywoods Kodak Theatre in 2007,
Rowling, when asked how the encyclopaedia was coming
along, said, Its not coming along, and I haven't started
writing it. I never said it was the next thing I'd do.[162]
At the end of 2007, Rowling said that the encyclopaedia
could take up to ten years to complete.[163]
In June 2011, Rowling announced that future Harry Potter projects, and all electronic downloads, would be concentrated in a new website, called Pottermore.[164] The
site includes 18,000 words of information on characters,
places and objects in the Harry Potter universe.[165]

In 2005, Rowling and MEP Emma Nicholson founded

the Childrens High Level Group (now Lumos).[173] In
January 2006, Rowling went to Bucharest to highlight the
use of caged beds in mental institutions for children.[174]
To further support the CHLG, Rowling auctioned one of
seven handwritten and illustrated copies of The Tales of
Beedle the Bard, a series of fairy tales referred to in Harry
Potter and the Deathly Hallows. The book was purchased
for 1.95 million by on-line bookseller Amazon.com on
13 December 2007, becoming the most expensive modern book ever sold at auction.[175][175][176] Rowling gave
away the remaining six copies to those who have a close
connection with the Harry Potter books.[175] In 2008,
Rowling agreed to publish the book with the proceeds
going to Lumos.[119] On 1 June 2010 (International Childrens Day), Lumos launched an annual initiative Light
a Birthday Candle for Lumos.[177] In November 2013,
Rowling handed over all earnings from the sale of The
Tales of Beedle the Bard, totalling nearly 19 million.[178]
In July 2012, Rowling was featured at the 2012 Summer
Olympics opening ceremony in London where she read a
few lines from J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan as part of a tribute to Great Ormond Street Childrens Hospital. An inatable representation of Lord Voldemort and other childrens literary characters accompanied her reading.[179]

Philanthropy
4.2 Multiple sclerosis

In 2000, Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust,

which uses its annual budget of 5.1 million to comRowling has contributed money and support for research
bat poverty and social inequality. The fund also gives to
and treatment of multiple sclerosis, from which her
organisations that aid children, one parent families, and
mother suered before her death in 1990. In 2006, Rowl[150][166]
multiple sclerosis research.
ing contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of
a new Centre for Regenerative Medicine at Edinburgh
University, later named the Anne Rowling Regenerative
4.1 Anti-poverty and childrens welfare
Neurology Clinic.[180] In 2010 she donated a further 10
million to the centre.[181] For reasons unknown, Scotland,
Rowling, once a single parent, is now president of the
Rowlings country of adoption, has the highest rate of
charity Gingerbread (originally One Parent Families),
multiple sclerosis in the world. In 2003, Rowling took
[167][168]
having become their rst Ambassador in 2000.
part in a campaign to establish a national standard of care
Rowling collaborated with Sarah Brown to write a book
for MS suerers.[182] In April 2009, she announced that
[169]
of childrens stories to aid One Parent Families.
she was withdrawing her support for Multiple Sclerosis
In 2001, the UK anti-poverty fundraiser Comic Relief Society Scotland, citing her inability to resolve an ongoasked three best-selling British authors cookery writer ing feud between the organisations northern and southand TV presenter Delia Smith, Bridget Jones creator ern branches that had sapped morale and led to several
Helen Fielding, and Rowling to submit booklets related resignations.[182]
to their most famous works for publication.[170] Rowlings
two booklets, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
and Quidditch Through the Ages, are ostensibly facsim- 4.3 Other philanthropic work
iles of books found in the Hogwarts library. Since going on sale in March 2001, the books have raised 15.7 In May 2008, bookseller Waterstones asked Rowling and
million for the fund. The 10.8 million they have raised 12 other writers (Sebastian Faulks, Doris Lessing, Lisa
outside the UK have been channelled into a newly cre- Appignanesi, Margaret Atwood, Lauren Child, Richard
ated International Fund for Children and Young People Ford, Neil Gaiman, Nick Hornby, Michael Rosen, Axel

8
Scheer, Tom Stoppard and Irvine Welsh) to compose
a short piece of their own choosing on a single A5 card,
which would then be sold at auction in aid of the charities
Dyslexia Action and English PEN. Rowlings contribution was an 800-word Harry Potter prequel that concerns
Harrys father, James Potter, and godfather, Sirius Black,
and takes place three years before Harry was born. The
cards were collated and sold for charity in book form in
August 2008.[183]
On 1 and 2 August 2006, she read alongside Stephen King
and John Irving at Radio City Music Hall in New York
City. Prots from the event were donated to the Haven
Foundation, a charity that aids artists and performers left
uninsurable and unable to work, and the medical NGO
Mdecins Sans Frontires.[184] In May 2007, Rowling
pledged a donation reported as over 250,000 to a reward
fund started by the tabloid News of the World for the safe
return of a young British girl, Madeleine McCann, who
disappeared in Portugal.[185] Rowling, along with Nelson
Mandela, Al Gore, and Alan Greenspan, wrote an introduction to a collection of Gordon Browns speeches, the
proceeds of which were donated to the Jennifer Brown
Research Laboratory.[186] After her exposure as the true
author of The Cuckoos Calling led a massive increase in
sales, Rowling announced she would donate all her royalties to the Army Benevolent Fund, claiming she had always intended to, but never expected the book to be a
bestseller.[187]

VIEWS

6 Views
6.1 Politics
See also: Politics of Harry Potter
In September 2008, on the eve of the Labour Party
Conference, Rowling announced that she had donated
1 million to the Labour Party, and publicly endorsed
Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown over Tory challenger David Cameron, praising Labours policies on
child poverty.[193] Rowling is a close friend of Sarah
Brown, wife of Gordon Brown, whom she met when they
collaborated on a charitable project (see above).[116]
Rowling discussed the 2008 United States presidential
election with the Spanish-language newspaper El Pas in
February 2008, stating that the election would have a profound eect on the rest of the world. She also said that
Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton would be extraordinary in the White House. In the same interview, Rowling identied Robert F. Kennedy as her hero.[194]

In April 2010, Rowling published an article in The Times,

in which she criticised Camerons plan to encourage married couples to stay together by oering them a 150 annual tax credit: Nobody who has ever experienced the
reality of poverty could say 'its not the money, its the
message'. When your at has been broken into, and you
Rowling is a supporter of The Shannon Trust, which runs cannot aord a locksmith, it is the money. When you are
the Toe by Toe Reading Plan and the Shannon Reading two pence short of a tin of baked beans, and your child is
Plan in prisons across Britain, helping and giving tutoring hungry, it is the money. When you nd yourself contemplating shoplifting to get nappies, it is the money.[195]
to prisoners who cannot read.[188]
As a resident of Scotland, Rowling was eligible to vote
in the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence, and
campaigned for the No vote.[155] She donated 1 million to the Better Together anti-independence campaign
(run by her former neighbour Alistair Darling),[120] the
5 Inuences
largest donation it had received at the time. In a blog
post, Rowling explained that an open letter from ScotSee also: Harry Potter inuences and analogues
tish medical professionals raised problems with First
Minister Alex Salmond's plans for a common research
[120]
Rowling compared some Scottish NationalRowling has named communist and civil rights activist funding.
ists
with
the
Death Eaters, characters from Harry Potter
Jessica Mitford as "[her] most inuential writer saying,
who
are
scornful
of those without pure blood.[196]
Jessica Mitford has been my heroine since I was 14
years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt
discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19
6.2 Religion
to ght with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War", and
claims what inspired her about Mitford was that she was
incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventur- Main article: Religious debates over the Harry Potter
ous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than series
a good ght, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target.[189] Rowling has described Jane Austen Over the years, some religious people, particularly Chrisas her favourite author,[190] calling Emma her favourite tians, have decried Rowlings books for supposedly probook in O magazine.[191] As a child, Rowling has said moting witchcraft. Rowling identies as a Christian,[197]
her early inuences included The Lion, The Witch and and attended a Church of Scotland congregation while
The Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis, The Little White Horse by writing Harry Potter. Her eldest daughter, Jessica, was
Elizabeth Goudge, and Manxmouse by Paul Gallico.[192] baptised there.[197][198] She once said, I believe in God,

9
not magic.[199] Early on she felt that if readers knew of the inquiry; although she was not suspected to have been
her Christian beliefs they would be able to predict her plot the victim of phone hacking,[215] her testimony included
line.[200]
accounts of photographers camping on her doorstep, her
address to a jourIn 2007, Rowling described having been brought up in anc being duped into giving his home[215]
nalist
masquerading
as
a
tax
ocial,
her chasing a
the Church of England. She said she was the only one
[208]
journalist
a
week
after
giving
birth,
a
journalist
leavin her family who regularly went to church. As a student
ing
a
note
inside
her
then-ve-year-old
daughters
schoolshe became annoyed at the smugness of religious people
and worshipped less often. Later, she started to attend bag, and an attempt by the Sun to blackmail her into a
photo opportunity in exchange for the return of a stolen
again at a church in Edinburgh.[201]
manuscript.[216] Rowling claimed she had to leave her forIn a 2006 interview with Tatler magazine, Rowling noted mer home in Merchiston because of press intrusion.[216]
that, like Graham Greene, my faith is sometimes about In November 2012, Rowling wrote an article for The
if my faith will return. Its important to me.[19] She Guardian in reaction to David Cameron's decision not to
has said that she has struggled with doubt, that she be- implement the full recommendations of the Leveson inlieves in an afterlife,[202] and that her faith plays a part in quiry, saying she felt duped and angry.[217]
her books.[203][204][205] In a 2012 radio interview she said
she was a member of the Scottish Episcopal Church, a In 2014, Rowling rearmed her support for "Hacked
O" and its campaign towards press self-regulation by
province of the Anglican Communion.[206]
co-signing with other British celebrities a declaration to
"[safeguard] the press from political interference while
also giving vital protection to the vulnerable.[218]

6.3

On the press

Rowling has had a dicult relationship with the press.

She admits to being thin-skinned and dislikes the ckle 7 Legal disputes
nature of reporting. Rowling disputes her reputation as a
recluse who hates to be interviewed.[207]
Main article: Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series
By 2011, Rowling had taken more than 50 actions against
the press.[208] In 2001, the Press Complaints Commission Rowling, her publishers, and Time Warner, the owner of
upheld a complaint by Rowling over a series of unautho- the rights to the Harry Potter lms, have taken numerrised photographs of her with her daughter on the beach ous legal actions to protect their copyright. The worldin Mauritius published in OK! Magazine.[209] In 2007, wide popularity of the Harry Potter series has led to the
Rowlings young son, David, assisted by Rowling and her appearance of a number of locally produced, unauthohusband, lost a court ght to ban publication of a pho- rised sequels and other derivative works, sparking eorts
tograph of him. The photo, taken by a photographer to ban or contain them.[219]
using a long-range lens, was subsequently published in
a Sunday Express article featuring Rowlings family life Another area of legal dispute involves a series of injuncand motherhood.[18] The judgement was overturned in tions obtained by Rowling and her publishers to prohibit
anyone from reading her books before their ocial reDavids favour in May 2008.[210]
lease date.[220] The injunction drew re from civil libRowling particularly dislikes the British tabloid the Daily erties and free speech campaigners and sparked debates
Mail, which has conducted interviews with her estranged over the right to read.[221][222]
ex-husband. As one journalist noted, Harrys Uncle
Vernon is a grotesque philistine of violent tendencies
and remarkably little brain. It is not dicult to guess
which newspaper Rowling gives him to read [in Goblet 8 Awards and honours
of Fire].[211] As of January 2014, she was seeking damages from the Mail for libel over an article about her time Rowling has received honorary degrees from St Andrews
as a single mother.[212] Some have speculated that Rowl- University, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
ings fraught relationship with the press was the inspira- Napier University, the University of Exeter,[223] the
tion behind the character Rita Skeeter, a gossipy celebrity University of Aberdeen[224][225] and Harvard Univerjournalist who rst appears in Goblet of Fire, but Rowl- sity, for whom she spoke at the 2008 commencement
ing noted in 2000 that the character predates her rise to ceremony.[226] In 2009 Rowling was awarded the Lgion
fame.[213]
d'honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[30]
In September 2011, Rowling was named a core partic- Other awards include:[67]
ipant in the Leveson Inquiry into the culture, practices
and ethics of the British press, as one of dozens of celebri 1997: Nestl Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for
ties who may have been the victim of phone hacking.[214]
On 24 November 2011, Rowling gave evidence before
Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone

10

9 PUBLICATIONS
2006: British Book of the Year, winner for Harry
Potter and the Half Blood Prince
2007: Blue Peter Badge, Gold
2008: British Book Awards, Outstanding Achievement
2010: Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award,
inaugural award winner
2011: British Academy Film Awards, Outstanding
British Contribution to Cinema for the Harry Potter lm series, shared with David Heyman, cast and
crew
2012: Freedom of the City of London

9 Publications
9.1

Harry Potter series

1. Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone (26 June

1997)
Rowling, after receiving an honorary degree from the University
of Aberdeen.

1998: Nestl Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
1998: British Childrens Book of the Year, winner
Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone
1999: Nestl Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
1999: National Book Awards Childrens Book of
the Year, winner Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secrets

2. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2 July

1998)
3. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (8 July
1999)
4. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (8 July 2000)
5. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (21 June
2003)
6. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (16 July
2005)
7. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (21 July 2007)

1999: Whitbread Childrens Book of the Year, winner Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
9.2 Other childrens books
2000: British Book Awards, Author of the Year[72]
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (supple 2000: Order of the British Empire, Ocer (for serment to the Harry Potter series) (1 March 2001)
vices to Childrens literature)
Quidditch Through the Ages (supplement to the
2000: Locus Award, winner Harry Potter and the
Harry Potter series) (1 March 2001)
Prisoner of Azkaban
2001: Hugo Award for Best Novel, winner Harry
Potter and the Goblet of Fire

The Tales of Beedle the Bard (supplement to the

Harry Potter series) (4 December 2008)

2003: Premio Prncipe de Asturias, Concord

2003: Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young 9.3 Adult books
Readers, winner Harry Potter and the Order of the
Phoenix
The Casual Vacancy (27 September 2012)

11

9.4

Cormoran Strike series

The Cuckoos Calling (as Robert Galbraith) (18

April 2013)
The Silkworm (as Robert Galbraith) (19 June 2014)

9.5

Short story

[6] Exclusive Video Interview: 'Harry Potter' Producer

David Heyman. rstshowing.net. 2010. Retrieved 29
December 2010.

Daily Prophet reports about the Quidditch World Cup

(July 2014)[227]

Articles

McNeil, Gil and Brown, Sarah, editors (2002).

Foreword to the anthology Magic. Bloomsbury.
Brown, Gordon (2006). Introduction to Ending
Child Poverty in Moving Britain Forward. Selected
Speeches 19972006. Bloomsbury.
Sussman, Peter Y., editor (26 July 2006). The First
It Girl: J.K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters by
Jessica Mitford". The Daily Telegraph.
Anelli, Melissa (2008). Foreword to Harry, A History. Pocket Books.
Rowling, J.K. (5 June 2008). The Fringe Benets of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination.
Harvard Magazine.
Rowling, J.K. (30 April 2009). Gordon Brown
The 2009 Time 100. TIME Magazine.
Rowling, J.K. (14 April 2010).
Mothers Manifesto. The Times.

[4] Record for best-selling book series. Guinness World

Records. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
[5] Movie Franchises and Brands Index. Box Oce Mojo.
Retrieved 19 December 2012.

Harry Potter prequel (July 2008)

9.6

[3] Flood, Alison (17 June 2008). Potter tops 400 million
sales. theBookseller.com. The Bookseller. Retrieved 12
September 2008.

The Single

[7] Warner Bros. Pictures Worldwide Satellite Trailer Debut: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1. Businesswire. 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
[8] Shapiro, Marc (2000). J.K. Rowling: The Wizard Behind
Harry Potter. New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0312-32586-X.
[9] Flood, Alison (17 February 2014). JK Rowling to publish second novel as Robert Galbraith. The Guardian.
Retrieved 29 April 2014.
[10] Farr, Emma-Victoria (3 October 2012). JK Rowling:
Casual Vacancy tops ction charts. London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
[11] Sunday Times Rich List Joanne Rowling; Womens Rich
List Joanne Rowling. The Sunday Times. 27 April 2008.
Retrieved 20 May 2008.
[12] No.48 J.K. Rowling. Forbes Magazine. 14 June 2007.
Retrieved 20 October 2007.
[13] Person of the Year 2007 Runners-Up: J.K. Rowling. Time
Magazine. 23 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December
2007.
[14] Pearse, Damien (11 October 2010). Harry Potter creator
JK Rowling named Most Inuential Woman in the UK.
Guardian (UK). Retrieved 11 October 2010.
[15] The Not Especially Fascinating Life So Far of J. K.

Rowling J. K. Rowling. From accio-quote.org. Re Rowling, J.K. (30 November 2012). I feel duped
trieved 28 April 2008.
and angry at David Camerons reaction to Leveson.
The Guardian.
[16] Jo Rowling Interview on Oprah.
The Oprah

9.7

Other media

Rowling, J.K. (guest editor) (28 April 2014).

Womans Hour Takeover. Womans Hour, BBC
Radio 4.[228]

10

References

Winfrey Show.
2010-10-01.
Event occurs
at
1:50.
http://www.oprah.com/showinfo/
Retrieved 28
Harry-Potter-Phenom-JK-Rowling.
January 2012.
[17] Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. J.K. Rowling:
CBC Interview #1. Accio-Quote. 26 October 2000. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
[18] Judge rules against JK Rowling in privacy case. Guardian
Unlimited. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.

[1] Caine heads birthday honours list. BBC News. 17 June

2000. Retrieved 25 October 2000.

[19] Greig, Geordie, There would be so much to tell her...

Daily Telegraph. 10 January 2006. Retrieved 8 August
2010.

[2] BBCs secret guide to avoid tripping over your tongue.

Daily Telegraph (London). 19 October 2006. Retrieved
17 November 2011.

[20] Witness statement of Joanne Kathleen Rowling. The

Leveson Inquiry. November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.

12

[21] Ian Parker (2012). Mugglemarch. The New Yorker.

Retrieved 23 September 2012.
[22] Sean Smith, J.K. Rowling: A Biography (Michael O'Mara,
London, 2003), p. 55.
[23] JK Rowling Biography. Scholastic.com. Retrieved 20
October 2007.
[24] Rowling, J.K. World Book 2006.
[25] Hutchinson, Lynne (6 September 2012). Concerns
raised about future of former Chipping Sodbury cottage
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13

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27 July 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.

14

10

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[98] Rowling denies vetoing Spielberg. J. K. Rowlings o- [117] J.K. Rowlings Ocial Site, JKR gives Birth to Baby
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Girl. Retrieved 25 January 2005. Archived at Wayback
3 April 2006.
Machine.
[99] Wizard News: Terry Gilliam Bitter About Potter. Wiz- [118] Ian Parker (1 October 2012). MUGGLEMARCH. New
ard News. 29 August 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
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10

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Guardian. Retrieved 7 May 2014.

11

External links

Ocial website
J. K. Rowling at British Council: Literature

18

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

J. K. Rowling Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling?oldid=632024594 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Paul Drye, General Wesc,

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JHunterJ, MarkSutton, Hvn0413, Brockoali, Luvtheheaven, SandyGeorgia, Ka34, Genisock2, Doczilla, Bhaveer, Dcyer, Tuspm, Midnightblueowl, E-Kartoel, Anonymous anonymous, TPIRFanSteve, Manuelcorrea, Hogyn Lleol, SmokeyJoe, LaMenta3, RHB, Pilipala9,
Akademy, Asyndeton, KJS77, Hu12, Possum, Joey-Merl, BananaFiend, Iridescent, Laddiebuck, BrainMagMo, Andr Koehne, Vanished
user 90345uifj983j4toi234k, Polymerbringer, Paul venter, Dogthehellrider, Julien Foster, Llydawr, King kong92, Evildoctorbluetooth, Hipporoo, GDallimore, Fsotrain09, CapitalR, Happy-melon, Mikay, Az1568, Flooch, Anger22, Scarlet Lioness, Tawkerbot2, Nmadhubala,
Filelakeshoe, Konnetikut, Chris55, Lahiru k, Ioannes Pragensis, OS2Warp, Fvasconcellos, INkubusse, JForget, Thedemonhog, Hpfan1,
Wikipedian06, Wafulz, Soapy Sunshine, Dycedarg, Picaroon, Enosfam, Xanthoxyl, Jgmccue, Basawala, Stevo1000, Yarnalgo, 345Kai,
Ballista, WeggeBot, Some P. Erson, Anil1956, Ken Gallager, Pro bug catcher, Flammingo, Alexignatiou, Ignorance.is.evil, Cydebot,

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Wikien2009, Ntsimp, Jienum, Reywas92, Slp1, Dumpkin the kiu, Treybien, Steel, Pinoy Pride, Rieman 82, FlipDarius, ForestH2, Gogo
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Mpidge, Jon C., Thijs!bot, ChKa, Epbr123, Biruitorul, SchutteGod, Akuru, Rhys11, Tepidpond, Azthetik, Cmhdave73, Ri st, Daniel,
Leemorrison, 12grange, Kablammo, Andyjsmith, Tmdean, Lanky, Minutiaman, Mojo Hand, Esowteric, Roonilwazlib, John254, Frank,
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John Smythe, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Cmg402, Ollsbols, Manuel de Sousa, Yonatan, Luna Santin, Jared Hunt, Uvaphdman, Edit Centric,
Opelio, Just Chilling, Quintote, Dr. Blofeld, Kbthompson, 17Drew, Delajoker, Jj137, Herrahoo, Erfa, PhJ, LibLord, Jhg812, Tillman, Pippylala, Gdo01, DShamen, Blytonfan, AulaTPN, Jimyc26, Qwerty Binary, SNS08, Daggoth, Ghmyrtle, CPitt76, Ming Hua, Klow, PresN,
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Animum, -Bobby, Genevak, Rodents210, Winterus, ArthurWeasley, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Mike Payne, Dck7777, Draeya, Doctorjpd,
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Izzie05, Isis4563, Themat21III, ACEOREVIVED, Mzlatinnnagurl, Mwilso24, Jamws, Zain Ebrahim111, Blytonite, Staka, Bcmonkla,
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Matthews test, Wraithdart, Asapkid10, Megaritz, YLSS, Cosprings, Tritix, Darkieboy236, MatthewTStone, Menegus123, Cawamel,
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Ravenna1961, NuclearWarfare, Subdolous, Millionsandbillions, CPetrie, Honeydukes 92, Jotterbot, Ngebendi, PeaWiiHerMan, Salty1984,
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Chengpanz, Bridgetfox, Jinga janga, Kbdankbot, Cunard, Drlight11, Addbot, Bestdelay, JBsupreme, Hyperman585, Claytnb, Aikclaes,
Jamesmajury, 555GeminiDreams555, Fakeman22, AnnaJGrant, Kkxfer, Rhinostampede, Crago25, Heyho101, Leegull10, Brandizzo,
Heather-Grace, Iaintnobody, Elishabet, JKRowlingsabigbadslut, Fatherteddy, Darwin-rover, Older and ... well older, Zoedawonderdog, Jhvbhjvjhvjhv, Cait111, Misterx2000, Ashton1983, CanadianLinuxUser, BiNdY 12345, Gwegcd03gcc, Edward Haggard, Vib100,
Kusenov, Keepgrob`, Readingbooksisfun, Down Time 2008, Kjrhnt4, Sukalolhaden, Planetneeds54, Efjohy4, Moosledoosle, Hurontario,
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Boone, Bear300, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Granpu, Ptbotgourou, Legobot II, Donfbreed, Notacupcakebaker, TheBigNerd314159, Evaders99,
Wiki.de, AnomieBOT, Jkrfan, ForcedDisappearance, 1exec1, TJD2, Hypnoticstate, Califate123!, Sz-iwbot, Citation bot, Eaglecary, An
M G, FreeRangeFrog, Xqbot, TomB123, TechBot, Live Light, Tomwsulcer, Heslopian, Tiller54, Srich32977, Alessandro De Angelis,
Eric Blatant, HPS345, Call me Bubba, Ute in DC, Omnipaedista, Mikeman4510, RibotBOT, Headhitter, Luxdepicard, Gordonrox24,
Chaheel Riens, Petergrin9901, Mtp1960, JennKR, Green Cardamom, The Twelfth Doctor, FrescoBot, PRProgRock, Prisonermonkeys,

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Lucius Winslow, Zpconn, Diannaa, Jhenderson777, Athene cheval, Tbhotch, Stroppolo, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Sunshineisles2, Aniten21,
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