CH 12 Equilibrium

Basic Equilibrium Concepts
1. In the reaction 3 C2H2(g) C6H6(g) will the ratio of [C2H2] to [C6H6] at equilibrium be 3:1?
2. List conditions that must be true at equilibrium.
3. Ozone (O3) and oxygen gas O2 can exist in equilibrium.
2 O3(g) 3 O2(g).
If 2 mol of O3 react for every 2 mol of O2 reacting does equilibrium exist in the container?
4. Consider the following reaction:
2 NOCl(g) 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g).
In a closed system, it is found that 2 moles of NOCl react for every 3 moles of product that react. Is
the mixture at equilibrium? Explain.
X(g) Y(g).
If you start with pure X in the container, and the reaction comes to equilibrium, show a sketch of
rates (forward/reverse) vs. time.
6. Consider the following equilibrium reaction:
2 NH3(g) N2(g) + 3 H2(g)
Why does the [N2] remain unchanged even though the forward reaction continues to occur and
produce N2?
7. Consider the following reaction
H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g)
If you began with HI in a container only, sketch the RATE vs. time graph as equilibrium is reached.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g)
You initially had 3.0 M of H2 and I2 and no HI in the container. The equilibrium concentration of H2
and I2 was found to be 1.4 M. Sketch the concentration vs. time graph for this reaction.
H2(g) + Br2(g) 2 HBr(g)
You initially had no H2 and Br2 and 3.0 M HBr in the container. The equilibrium [H2] was found to be
1.2 M. Sketch the concentration vs. time graph for this reaction.
General Equilibrium (Kailley/Baverstock 2005)

H2(g) + F2(g) 2 HF(g)
You initially had 4.0 MH2 and 2.0 M F2 and no HF in the container. As equilibrium was established, a
total of 1.6 M of H2 was reacted (consumed). Sketch the concentration vs. time graph for this
reaction.
11. Consider the following concentration vs. time graph sketch for a reaction involving chemicals A, B,
and C. The amount reacted for each chemical is indicated by the variable x.
2x
[]M
B
3x
x
time
a. What were the reactants? Explain.

b. Write the overall reaction with the proper COEFFICIENTS (think)
c. How can you tell on a concentration vs. time graph when equilibrium is established?
d. How can you tell on a rate vs. time graph when equilibrium is established?
Entropy and Enthalpy

NOTE: all reactions are shown as single arrows to prevent you from guessing the answers by looking at
the arrows. Many of the reactions will actually be double arrow reactions!
1. In each of the following pairs of substances, select the one which has the greatest entropy, Explain
your answer.
b. Cl2 (g) or 2 Cl-(aq)
d. CH3COOH (aq) or CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)
a. H2O(l) or H2O(g)
c. NH3 (l) or NH3 (aq)
2. In each of the following, decide:
i.
Which side is favoured by the tendency to minimum enthalpy.
ii.
Which side is favoured by the tendency to maximum entropy.
iii.
Whether the reaction will be:
A spontaneous reaction which goes to completion or

A non-spontaneous reaction in which NO products are formed or
A spontaneous equilibrium reaction
b.
PE (kJ)
A(g) + B(g)
PE (kJ)
a.
M(g) + N(g)
4Q(g) + 8R(g)
5C(g) + 6D(g)
Reaction Progress
Reaction Progress
c.
d.
PE (kJ)
PE (kJ)
4X(g) + 7Y(g)
5E(g) + 6F(g)
G(g) + H(g)
P(g) + Q(g)
Reaction Progress
Reaction Progress
e. H2SO4 (l) H2SO4 (aq) + 150 kJ
f. C2H6 (g) C2H2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)
H = + 311 kJ
g. C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) H = + 183 kJ

h. 2 C(s) + O2 (g) 2 CO(g) H = - 221 kJ
3. Which of the following choices show the changes in entropy and enthalpy as the products are
made?
i.
Entropy increases
enthalpy decreases
ii.
Entropy decreases
enthalpy increases
iii.
Entropy increases
enthalpy increases
iv.
Entropy decreases
enthalpy decreases
a. 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
H= - 50kJ
b. CaCO3(s) + heat CaO(s) + CO2(g)

c. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + energy
d. 2NOBr(g) 2NO(g) + Br2(g) H= + 20kJ
4. Which direction do minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy favour?
a. Liquid nitroglycerine explodes, forming an expanding cloud of gases.
b. Solid AgBr is almost insoluble in water; that is, very little Ag+ and Br- are formed when AgBr is
mixed with water.
c. Water and alcohol mix completely in any proportions; that is, they are miscible.
d. The reaction: 3 N2 (g) + Pb (s) Pb(N3)2 (s) does not occur.
e. When N2O4 (g) is put in a container, some of it decomposes into 2 NO2 (g).
f.
Smoke, carbon dioxide and water vapour will not react to make wood and oxygen.
Le Chatelier/Rate Theory: Concentration

1. Create concentration vs. time graphs for the following reactions. Assume the reactions are starting
at equilibrium.
a. 4 HCl(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) + 2 Cl2(g) + 111.4 kJ
At t1 , the [O2] was increased.
b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) + 92 kJ
At t1 the [H2] was decreased
c. 2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)
At t1 , the [Cl2] was decreased.
d. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) + 20 kJ
At t1 , the [SO3] was increased.
2.
a. Consider the following equation,
Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) + 25 kJ
From the graph below, describe what happened at t1.
FeSCN
[]M
SCN
2+
3+
Fe
t1
time
b. Consider the following equation:

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) + 92 kJ
From the graph below, describe what happened at t1.
H2
[]M
N2
NH3
t1
time
3. Create a concentration vs. time graph to describe the following situation.

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
H = - 92 kJ
This reaction is initially at equilibrium with [N2] = 4.0 M, [H2] = 3.5 M and [NH3] = 2.4 M. At a certain
time the equilibrium is disturbed by adding 0.6 M NH3. The new equilibrium has a [N2] of 4.2 M.
4. What (if anything) is incorrect with the concentration vs. time graphs for the following situations?
Create the proper graph if necessary.
a. 2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)
At t1 , the [NOCl] was decreased.
NOCl
[]M
NO
Cl2
t1
time
b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) + 92 kJ
At t1, the [NH3] was increased.
N2
[]M
H2
NH3
t1
time

2 NOCl(g) +30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)
Brown
a. Describe what happens when the [NO] is decreased (using Le Chatelierss principle).
b. Describe what happens when the [NO] is decreased (using Rate theory).

4 HCl(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) + 2 Cl2(g) + 111.4kJ
a. Describe what happens when the [HCl] is decreased (using Le Chatelierss principle).
b. Describe what happens when the [HCl] is decreased (using Rate theory).
7. Create rate vs. time graphs for questions #1 a-d. Show the rates during the initial equilibrium to the
new equilibrium that is established. Identify which line represents the forward and which represents
the reverse rate.
Le Chatelier/Rate Theory: Temperature

1. Create concentration vs. time graphs for the following reactions. Assume the reactions are starting
at equilibrium.
At t1 , the temperature was increased.
b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
At t1 the temperature was decreased.
H = -92 kJ
c. 2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)
At t1 , the temperature was decreased.
d. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) + 20 kJ
At t1 , the temperature was increased.
2. Use the following reactions and graph to answer the questions below.
a. Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) + 25 kJ
What happened at t1?
3+
Fe
SCN
[ ]M
FeSCN
2+
t1
time
b. 2 NH3(g) + 92 kJ N2(g) + 3 H2(g)
H2
[ ]M
N2
NH3
t1
time
3. Create a concentration vs. time graph to describe the following situation. Explain whether
temperature was increased or decreased.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) + heat
This reaction is initially at equilibrium with [N2] = 4.0 M, [H2 ] = 3.5 M and [NH3] = 2.4 M. At a
certain time the equilibrium is disturbed by changing the temperature. The new [H2] is 2.9 M.
4. What (if anything) is incorrect with the concentration vs. time graphs for the following situations.
a. 2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)
At t1 , the temperature was decreased.
Cl2
NO
[]M
NOCl
t1
time
b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) H = -92 kJ
At t1, the temperature was increased.
H2
[]M
N2
NH3
t1
time

2 NOCl(g) +30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)
Brown
a. Describe what happens when the temperature is decreased (using Le Chateliers principle).
b. Describe what happens when the temperature is decreased (using Rate theory).
4 HCl(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) + 2 Cl2(g) + 111.4 kJ
a. Describe what happens when the temperature is increased (using Le Chateliers principle).
b. Describe what happens when the temperature is increased (using Rate theory).
7. Create rate vs time graphs for questions #1 a-d. Show the rates during the initial equilibrium to the
new equilibrium that is established. Identify which line represents the forward and which
represents the reverse rate.
8. Consider the following reaction: A + B C + D
yellow
blue.
When the temperature is decreased, the solution goes from yellow to blue. Explain if the forward
reaction is endothermic or exothermic, using Le Chateliers Principle
9. Consider the following reaction: A + B C + D
red
green
When the temperature is increased, the solution goes from red to green. Explain if the forward
reaction is endothermic or exothermic, using Le Chateliers principle.
Le Chatelier/Rate Theory: Volume/Catalysts

1. Create concentration vs. time graphs for each of the following reactions. Assume the reactions are
starting at equilibrium.
At t1 , the volume was increased.
b. 110 kJ + N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
At t1 the volume was decreased
c. 2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)
At t1 , the volume was decreased.
d. H2(g) + Br2(g) 2 HBr(g) + 20 kJ
At t1 , the volume was increased.
e. Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) + 25 kJ
At t1 , the container volume was increased.
2. Use the following reactions and graphs to answer the questions.

a. 2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)
NOCl
[]M
NO
Cl2
t1
time
b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) + heat
NH3
H2
[]M
N2
t1
time
3. What (if anything) is incorrect with the concentration vs. time graphs for the following situations?
a. 2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)
At t1 , the volume was decreased.
NOCl
NO
[]M
Cl2
t1
time
b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) + 92 kJ
At t1, the volume was decreased.
NH3
[]M
H2
N2
t1
time

2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)
Brown
a. Describe what happens when the volume is decreased (using Le Chatelierss principle).
b. Describe what happens when the volume is decreased (using Rate theory).
4 HCl(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) + 2 Cl2(g) + 111.4 kJ
a. Describe what happens when the volume is decreased (using Le Chatelierss principle).
b. Describe what happens when the volume is decreased (using Rate theory).
6. Create rate vs. time graphs for questions #1 a-d. Show the rates during the initial equilibrium to the
new equilibrium that is established. Identify which line represents the forward and which
represents the reverse rate.
7. Create a rate vs. time graph and a concentration vs. time graph showing what happens when a
catalyst is added to the reaction:
4 HCl(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) + 2 Cl2(g) + 111.4 kJ.
10
Le Chateliers Principle: Summary Problems

1. Use Le Chateliers Principle to describe the effect of the following changes on the position of the
equilibrium. (Just describe the stress and shift)
a. The equilibrium is: N2O3(g) NO(g) + NO2(g)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
increase the [NO]

increase the [N2O3]
increase the pressure by decreasing the volume
add a catalyst
b. The equilibrium is : 2 H2(g) + 2 NO(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(g)

i.
ii.
iii.
decrease the [N2]

decrease the [NO]
increasing the volume
c. The equilibrium is: 2 CO(g) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 566 kJ.

i.
ii.
iii.
increase the temperature

increase the [O2]
increase the pressure by decreasing the volume
d. The equilibrium is: I2(g) + Cl2(g) 2 ICl(g); H = + 35.0 kJ

i.
ii.
iii.
decrease the temperature

decrease the [Cl2]
decreasing the volume
For each exercise 2-4, describe the effect on the concentration of the bold substance by the following
changes. Write for increase, for decrease, or nc for no change.
2. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) H = - 92 kJ
a.
b.
c.
d.
increase the [N2]

increase the volume
add a catalyst
3. 2 HF(g) F2(g) + H2(g)

a.
b.
c.
d.
H = + 536 kJ

decrease the [H2]
decrease the volume
increase the partial pressure of H2
4. SnO2(s) + 2 CO(g) Sn(s) + 2 CO2(g)

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
H = + 13 kJ

add a catalyst
increase the [CO]
add Kr at a constant volume
add SnO2
11
5. Construct concentration vs. time graphs for each of the following reactions and stresses.
Note: In Exercises I-III the relative positioning of the molecules is not relevant; simply place them on
the graph so the reactants are separated from the products. The only thing required here is to show
how a substances concentration will change.
a. H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g) + 52 kJ
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

inject some H2(g)
decrease the volume
add a catalyst
b. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g)

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
H = - 197 kJ
inject some SO2

increase the volume
increase the [SO3]
c. CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
H = - 41 kJ
inject some CO2(g)

remove some of the H2O(g) with a very rapidly acting drying agent
decrease the pressure by increasing the volume
From the graphs, determine what change must have been imposed on the equilibrium.
6. PCl5(g) + 92.5 kJ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
a.
b.
PCl5
PCl5
[]M
PCl3
[]M
Cl2
t1
PCl3
Cl2
time
t1
time
t1
time
7. H2O(g) + Cl2O(g) 2 HOCl(g) + 70 kJ.

a.
b.
HOCl
HOCl
Cl2O
[]M
[]M
H2O
t1
time
Cl2O
H2O
12
Disturbing Equilibrium
You can print a copy of this lab sheet on the website.
Purpose: To observe and explain the colour change that occurs when different stresses are applied
to a reaction.
Procedure:
Part I: Indicator Equilibrium
1. Add 5 drops of bromthymol blue and 5 mL of water to a 50 mL beaker. Record the colour.
2. Add 5 drops of 0.1 M HCl to the beaker, swirl the beaker then record the colour change.
3. Add 20 drops of 0.1 M NaOH to the same beaker, swirl the beaker then record the colour change.
4. Dispose of the solutions down the sink.
Part II: Thiocyanatoiron(III) ion Equilibrium
1. Add 1 drop of 0.2 M FeCl3, 1 drop of 0.2 M KSCN and 10 mL of water to a 50 mL beaker. Record
the colour.
2. Use a medicine dropper to add 5 drops of the above solution to a spotwell. To the same spotwell
add 4 drops of 0.2 M Fe(NO3)3 and record the colour change.
3. To the same spotwell add 4 drops of 1.0 M NaOH and carefully record all observations.
4. Dispose of the solutions down the sink.
Data and Observations:
Table I:
HIn H+ + InYellow
Blue
Table II: Fe3+ + SCN- FeSCN2+

Yellow
Dark Red
Observations
Observations
Initial Colour
Initial Colour
0.1 M HCl added
0.2 M Fe(NO3)3 added
0.1 M NaOH added
1.0 M NaOH added
13
Equilibrium Expression Keq

1. Write the equilibrium expressions (Keq) for the following.
a. 2 ICl(g) I2(g) + Cl2(g)
b. N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g)
c. 3 O2(g) 2 O3(g)
d. 2 Bi3+(aq) + 3 H2S(g) Bi2S3(s) + 6 H+(aq)
e. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
f.
CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)
g. C6H6(l) + Br2(l) C6H5Br(l) + HBr(g)

h. Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
i.
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 6 H2O(g) + 4 NO(g)
j.
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)
2. Write the Keq expression for:

a. N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
b. 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
c. Examine the relationship between the Keq expressions for equations (a) and (b) of this
question. If Keq = 10.0 for equation a then what would be the value for Keq for equation (b)?
3. Write the Keq expression for:
a. SO2(g) + O2(g) SO3(g)
b. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
c. Examine the relationship which exists between he Keq expressions for equations (a) and (b) of
this question. If Keq = 3.0 for equation (a), what would be the value of Keq for equation (b)?
4. Consider the reaction:
CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2 HCO3-(aq) + 40 kJ
Which way will the equilibrium shift if:
a.
b.
c.
d.
more CO2(g) is added?

CaCO3(s) is powdered?
Ca2+(aq) is removed?
heat is added?
5. Rearrange the following equations to solve in terms of the concentrations indicated in bold.
a. Keq = [H3O+][F-]/[HF]
b. Keq = [H3O+][F-]/[HF]
c. Keq = [NO2]2/[NO]2[O2]
d. Keq = [NO2]2/[NO]2[O2]
e. Keq = [NH3]2/[N2][H2]3
f. Keq = [N2O4]/[NO2]2
g. Keq = [NH3]2/[N2][H2]3
h. Keq = [PCl3]4/[P4][Cl2]6
14
6. Consider the following equilibrium reactions.

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
2 NO2(g) N2O4(g)
Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s) Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq)
Pb2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) PbCl2(s)
SO2(g) + 2 O2(g) SO3(g)
Keq = 2.2
Keq = 1 x 10-15
Keq = 6.3 x 104
Keq = 110
a. Which equilibrium favours products to the greatest extent?

b. Which equilibrium favours reactants to the greatest extent?
7. In the reaction A(g) + B(g) C(g) + D(g) + 100 kJ, what happens to the value of Keq if the
temperature is increased? Explain using Le Chateliers Principle.
8. If the value of Keq decreases when the temperature decreases, is the forward reaction exothermic
or endothermic? Explain using Le Chateliers Principle.
9. In the reaction P(g) + Q(g) + 150 kJ Y(g) + Z(g), what happens to the value of Keq if the [Y] is
increased?
10. If the value of Keq increases when the temperature decreases is the reaction exothermic or
endothermic. Explain using Le Chateliers Principle.
11. In the equilibrium reaction : AgCl(s) + 17 kJ Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq), which way will the equilibrium shift
and what is the effect on the value of Keq when:
a. AgNO3 is added?
b. the temperature is decreased?
c. more AgCl(s) is added?
12. A(aq) + 2 B(g) 2 C(aq) + 2 D(aq) has a Keq value of 0.25 at 100oC and a Keq value of 0.15 at 200oC.
Is the forward reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain using Le Chateliers Principle.
13. Examine the following graphs for the equilibrium
3 O2 (g) 2 O3 (g)
T = 50 C
O2
[ ] (M)
O3
Time
T = 250 oC
[ ] (M)
O3
O2
Time
Is the forward reaction endothermic or exothermic, as written? Use the graphs and Le Chateliers
Princple to explain.
15
Equilibrium Calculations Set 1

Calculating Keq
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
At equilibrium at a certain temperature, it is found that the [CO] =1.02 M, [H2O] =1.50 M,
[CO2] =2.25 M, and [H2] =1.75 M. Calculate the value of Keq.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
At equilibrium at a certain temperature, it is found that the [N2] = 0.0345 M, [H2] = 0.0225 M, and
[NH3] = 3.22 M. Calculate the value of Keq?
3. A 1.0 L reaction vessel contains 0.750 mol of CO and 0.275 mol of H2O. After one hour,
equilibrium is reached according to the equation CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g). Analysis shows
0.250 mol of CO2 present at equilibrium. What is Keq for the reaction?
4. A 5.0 L reaction vessel was initially filled with 6.0 mol of SO2, 2.5 mol of NO2 and 1.0 mol of SO3.
After equilibrium was established according to the equation SO2(g) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO(g), the
vessel was found to contain 3.0 mol of SO3. What is Keq for the reaction?
5. Consider the equilibrium N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
a. At a certain temperature 3.0 mol of N2 and 2.0 mol of H2 are put into a 5.0 L container. At
equilibrium the concentration of NH3 is 0.020 M. Calculate Keq for the reaction.
b. At a different temperature, 6.0 mol of NH3 were introduced into a 10.0 L container. At
equilibrium 2.0 mol of NH3 were left. Calculate Keq for the reaction.
6. When 0.50 mol of NOCl was put into a 1.0 L flask and allowed to come to equilibrium, 0.10 mol of
Cl2 was found. What is Keq for the reaction: 2 NOCl(g) 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)?
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
1. Keq = 5.0 at a certain temperature for the reaction 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g). A certain amount of
SO3 was placed in a 2.0 L reaction vessel. At equilibrium the vessel contained 0.30 mol of O2.
What concentration of SO3 was originally placed in the vessel?
2. Keq = 35.0 for the reaction PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g). At equilibrium, [PCl5] = 1.34 x 10-3 M and
[PCl3] = 0.205 M in a certain vessel, what is the equilibrium concentration of Cl2?
3. A student obtained the following data at 25oC while studying the equilibrium.
2 Tl+(aq) + Cd(s) 2 Tl(s) + Cd2+(aq)
Volume
1.00 L
5.00 L
Moles Tl+
0.316
?
Moles Cd2+
0.414
0.339
Calculate the number of moles of Tl+ present in the second data set.
16
4. Keq = 7.5 for 2 H2(g) + S2(g) 2 H2S(g). A certain amount of H2S was added to a 2.0 L flask and
allowed to come to equilibrium. At equilibrium, 0.072 mol of H2 was found. How many moles of
H2S were originally added to the flask?
5. Keq = 49.5 for H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g) at a certain temperature. If 0.250 mol of H2 and 0.250 mol of I2
are placed in a 10.0 L vessel and permitted to react, what will be the concentration of each
substance at equilibrium?
6. The equilibrium constant for the reaction N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) is 3.0 at a certain temperature.
Enough NH3 was added to a 5.0 L container such that at equilibrium the container was found to
contain 2.5 mol of N2. How many moles of NH3 were put into the container?
7. Keq = 1.00 for N2O2(g) + H2(g) N2O(g) + H2O(g). If 0.150 mole of N2O and 0.250 mol of H2O were
introduced into a 1.00 L bulb and allowed to come to equilibrium, what concentration of N2O2 was
present at equilibrium?
EIRE Calculations
1. A reaction mixture at equilibrium, CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g), contains 1.00 mol of H2,
2.00 mol of CO2, 2.00 mol of CO and 2.00 mol of H2O in a 2.00 L bulb. If 1.00 mol of H2 is added
to the system, calculate the [CO] which will exist when equilibrium is regained.
2. A reaction mixture at equilibrium, CO2(g) + H2(g) CO(g) + H2O(g), contained 4.00 mol of CO2,
1.50 mol of H2, 3.00 mol of CO and 2.50 mol of H2O in a 5.0 L container. How many mole of CO2
would have to be removed from the system in order to reduce the amount of CO to 2.50 mol?
3. A reaction mixture at equilibrium, H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g), contains 0.150 mol of H2, 0.150 mole of I2
and 0.870 mol of HI in a 10.0 L vessel. If 0.400 mol of HI is added to this system and the system
is allowed to come to equilibrium again, what will be the new concentrations of H2, I2, and HI?
4. A reaction mixture, 2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2(g), contained 0.240 mol of NO, 0.0860 mol of O2 and
1.20 mol of NO2 when at equilibrium in a 2.00 L bulb. How many moles of O2 had to be added to
the mixture to increase the number of moles of NO2 to 1.28 when equilibrium was re-established?
5. A reaction mixture, 2 ICl(g) + H2(g) I2(g) + 2 HCl(g), was found to contain 0.500 mol of ICl,
0.0560 mol of H2, 1.360 mol of I2 and 0.800 mol of HCl at equilibrium in a 1.00 L bulb. How many
moles of ICl would have to be removed in order to reduce the [HCl] to 0.680 M when equilibrium is
re-established?
6. (Nasty!) Keq = 100 at a certain temperature for CH4(g) + 2 H2S(g) CS2(g) + 4 H2(g). Some CH4 and
H2S were introduced into a 1.0 L bulb and at equilibrium 0.10 mol of CH4 and 0.30 mol of H2S were
found. What was [CS2] at equilibrium?
17
Q calculations
1. Consider the following reaction
Keq= 2.5 x 103.
CH4(g) + 2 H2S(g) CS2(g) + 4 H2(g)
A 10.0 L reaction vessel contains 2.0 mol CH4, 3.0 mol CS2, 3.0 mol H2 and 4.0 mol H2S. Is the
mixture at equilibrium, and if not, which direction will it shift in order to establish equilibrium.
H2O(g) + CH4(g) CO(g) + 3 H2(g) Keq= 4.7
The [H2O] = 0.035 M, [CH4] = 0.050 M, [CO] = 0.15 M, [H2] = 0.20 M.In which direction does the
reaction proceed to establish equilibrium?
2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2(g)
Keq= 6.9 x 105
A 5.0 L vessel is filled with 0.060 mol NO, 1.0 mol O2 and 0.80 mol NO2. Is the reaction mixture at
equilibrium, and if not which direction will it proceed to get to equilibrium? Will the pressure of the
vessel increase or decrease?
SO2(g) + NO2(g) NO(g) + SO3(g)
Keq= 85.0
Initially 0.100 mol SO2, 0.100 mol NO2, 0.0800 mol NO, and 0.0800 mol SO3 are placed in a 10.0 L
container. What will the equilibrium concentration of all species be?
NO2(g) + NO(g) N2O(g)+ O2(g)
Keq= 0.914
A mixture was prepared initially by adding 0.200 mol of each gas into a 5.00 L container. What will
the equilibrium concentrations be? What changes will occur in pressure as equilibrium is
established?
18
Equilibrium Calculations Set 2

Calculating Keq
1. For the reaction:
2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3 (g)
10.0 mol of SO3 is added to a 2.50 L container and at equilibrium [SO2] is 0.50 M. Calculate Keq.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
5.00 M of NH3 and 6.00 M of N2 are added to a 5.00 L container. At equilibrium 1.50 M of H2
exists. Calculate Keq.
2 C(s) + O2(g) 2 CO(g)
21.0 g of carbon is mixed with 52.0 g of O2 in a 3.00 L container. At equilibrium [CO] is 0.402 M.
a. Calculate Keq.
b. Calculate the final mass of carbon.
Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq)
Initially, 50.0 mL of 0.20 M Fe3+ is added to 30.0 mL 0.20 M SCN-. At equilibrium, the
concentration of FeSCN2+ is found to be 0.050 M. Calculate Keq. (Careful this involves a dilution.)
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
Keq = 4.06
1.00 M of CO and H2O are placed in a 10.0 L flask and establish equilibrium. Calculate the mass
of CO that exists at equilibrium.
Fe3+ + SCN- FeSCN2+
Keq = 12.0
4.836 g of Fe(NO3)3 and 2.916 g of KSCN are added to 200 mL of water. Calculate the equilibrium
concentrations. Watch the significant figures in the quadratic equation (,,,) break up the
steps.
19
EIRE Problems
1. PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
At equilibrium this reaction is found to contain [PCl3] = 1.25 M, [Cl2] = 0.750 M and [PCl5] = 2.26 M.
How many moles of PCl5 must be removed from a 10.0 L container to decrease the [Cl2] to
0.525 M?
2. 2 SO2Cl(g) 2 SO2(g) + Cl2(g)
Keq = 2.55
At equilibrium this reaction contains [SO2] = 0.215 M and [SO2Cl] = 0.0817 M. What mass of Cl2
must be added to a 6.00 L container to increase the [SO2Cl] to 0.103 M?
3. SbCl3(g) + Cl2(g) SbCl5(g)
At equilibrium an 8.50 L flask contains 9.05 g Cl2, 23.69 g SbCl3 and 140.0 g SbCl5. What
concentration of SbCl3 must be removed to decrease the concentration of SbCl5 to 0.0515 M?
4. 2 ICl(g) + H2(g) I2(g) + 2 HCl(g)
The above reaction was found to contain 1.00 mol of ICl, 0.1120 mol H2, 2.720 mol I2 and
1.60 mol HCl at equilibrium in a 2.000 L container. How many moles of ICl would have to be
removed in order to reduce the concentration of HCl to 0.680 M when equilibrium is reestablished?
Q Problems
1. N2O2(g) + H2(g) N2O(g) + H2O (g)
Keq = 1.00
If 0.150 M N2O2, 0.150 M H2, 0.250 M N2O and 0.250 M H2O are introduced into a 1.00 L flask and
allowed to establish equilibrium then calculate the equilibrium concentrations of N2O2 and H2O.
2. Br2(g) 2 Br(g)
Keq = 0.0011
Initially 6.3 x 10-2 M Br2 and 1.2 x 10-2 M Br are added to a container. Is this reaction at
equilibrium? If not explain in what direction this reaction must shift to establish equilibrium.
. .
3. CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
Keq = 10.0
Initially 8.00 mol of CO, 8.00 mol H2O, 5.00 mol CO2 and 5.00 mol H2 are added to a 2.00 L flask.
Calculate the equilibrium concentrations.
4. S(s) + O2(g) SO2 (g)
Keq = 0.0234
3.20 g of O2, 12.0 g S and 9.62 g of SO2 are added to a 500 mL container. Calculate the
equilibrium concentrations.
5. 2 NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g)
Keq = 20.00
0.2000 M N2, 0.4000 M O2 and 0.5000 M NO are added to a container. Calculate the equilibrium
concentrations.
20
Solutions: Definitions, Review and Applications of Equilibrium

Definitions:
1. Define the following:
a. saturated solution
f.
solubility
b. unsaturated solution
g. electrolyte
c. supersaturated solution
h. non-electrolyte
d. solute
i.
ionic solution
e. solvent
j.
molecular solution
2. Use the above definitions to classify the following solutions as:

a. a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte or non-electrolyte
b. an ionic or molecular solution
i.
NaCl
iv.
Pb(NO3)2
ii.
BaCO3
v.
CH3COOH
iii.
HNO3
vi.
CH3CH2OH
Review:
3. What substances make up an ionic compound?
4. What substances make up a molecular compound?
5. Write dissociation reactions for the following solutions:
a. K2SO4
e. (NH4)2CO3
b. CuCl2
f.
c. Fe3(PO4)2
g. Au(NO3)3
d. PbS
h. Sr(OH)2
Cr(OH)3
6. Consider the dissociation equations from question 5.

a. For which of the above reactions can we simply use the mole ratio to calculate the ion
concentrations? Explain.
b. How do you think we will calculate the concentration for the other reactions?
7. Calculate the concentration of each ion.
a. 5.42 M Fe2(SO4)3
b. 10.0 g of K2CO3 is added to 500 mL of water
c. 0.500 mol of Mg(OH)2 is dissolved in 1.00 L of water
21
8. Write balanced, full ionic (complete) and net ionic reactions for the following:
a. 1.0 M calcium sulphide reacts with 1.0 M sodium hydroxide.
b. A solution of ammonium phosphate reacts with a solution of barium chloride
c. Solid lead (II) nitrate is dissolved in water and mixed with a solution of strontium bromide.
d. Solutions of strontium hydroxide and iron (III) sulphate are mixed together.
9. Outline an experiment to separate a mixture of:
a. Ba2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+
b. S2-, SO42- and CO3210. A mixture may contain: Al3+, Ag+, Sr2+ or Mg2+. Experimentally how would you determine
what is present?
11. A mixture may contain one or more of the ions: S2-, OH-, Cl-, CO32-. Experimentally how
would you determine what is present using only the reagents: AgNO3, Ba(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2
and Sr(NO3)2?
Applications of Equilibrium:
12.
Consider the equilibrium:

Fe3+ + 3 OH- Fe(OH)3(s)
heat
a. Explain why this reaction is able to establish equilibrium.

b. When heat is added, what happens to the mass of solid? Explain using Le Chatelier's
Principle.
c. When HNO3 added to the above equilibrium, what happens to the solubility of Fe(OH)3?
Explain using Le Chatelier's Principle.
d. When Fe(NO3)3 is added, what is the direction of equilibrium shift? Explain using rate
theory.
22
Solubility Problems Set 1

Calculating Solubility
1. Calculate the solubility of lead (II) iodate.
2. What mass of calcium fluoride dissolves in 250 mL of water? Ksp = 1.7 x 10-10
3. Calculate the concentration of silver ions in a 500 mL solution of Ag2CrO4.
4. 0.500 g of silver carbonate is added to 800 mL of water. What mass of solid remains
undissolved?
5. Calculate the solubility of strontium fluoride in g/mL.
6. A saturated solution of aluminum hydroxide has a [Al3+] = 0.00250 M calculate the
concentration of hydroxide ions. Ksp = 3.7 x 10-15
7. What is the [OH-] and [Zn2+] ions in a saturated solution of zinc hydroxide? Ksp= 5.3 x 10-15
8. What [S2-] is required to just start precipitation of copper (II) sulphide from a 0.20 M solution of
copper (II) chloride?
9. What is the maximum [F-] that can be added to a 3.0 x 10-3 M solution of calcium nitrate before
a calcium fluoride precipitate forms? Ksp =1.5 x 10-10
Calculating Ksp
10. The solubility of barium sulphate is 0.0091 g/L. Calculate Ksp.
11. A 200 ml saturated solution of silver acetate is evaporated. After all the water is removed
1.60 g of solid remains. Calculate Ksp.
12. An experiment is performed to find the solubility product constant of an unknown compound
with the general formula X2Y3. 2000 mL of a saturated solution containing X2Y3 is evaporated
to remove all the water. The following data is collected:
Solubilty data for X2Y3
Volume of saturated solution
2000 mL
Mass of beaker
285.63 g
st
Mass of beaker and X2Y3 after 1 heating
292.75 g
Mass of beaker and X2Y3 after 2nd heating
292.64 g
rd
Mass of beaker and X2Y3 after 3 heating

Molecular mass of X2Y3
292.64 g
124.2 g/mol
Use this data to calculate Ksp for the ionic compound X2Y3
13. A student determined that 0.0981 g of lead (II) fluoride was dissolved in 200 mL of saturated
lead (II) fluoride solution. What is the Ksp for lead (II) fluoride?
23
TIP Problems
14. 2.00 L of 0.015 M calcium nitrate is mixed with 3.00 L of 0.045 M sodium oxalate. Will a
precipitate form?
15. A solution contains [Bi3+] = 9.85 x 10-15 M and [S2-] = 1.48 x 10-14 M. If the Ksp value is
2.93 x 10-70 for bismuth (III) sulphide then does a precipitate form?
16. 0.0681 g of strontium hydroxide and 0.0431 g of sodium fluoride are dissolved in 500 mL of
water. Will a precipitate form?
17. 50 mL of 5.10 x 10-4 M strontium hydroxide is mixed with 200 mL of 1.23 x 10-2 M
magnesium nitrate. Will a precipitate form?
18. Equal volumes of 0.0216 M lead (II) nitrate and 0.0412 M sodium bromide are mixed together.
Will a precipitate form?
Common Ion Effect Problems

19. What is the solubility of silver chloride (in g/L) in 6.5 x 10-3 M silver nitrate solution?
20. Calculate the number of grams of zinc sulphide that will dissolve in 300 mL of 0.050 M
zinc nitrate.
21. Calculate the solubility of cobalt (II) hydroxide (Ksp = 2.5 x 10-16) in 0.0032 M solution of
strontium hydroxide.
22. Calculate the solubility of lead (II) chloride in 0.020 M aluminum chloride.
23. How many grams of sodium fluoride must be added to 1.00 L of solution to reduce the
solubility of barium fluoride to 6.8 x 10-4 M? Ksp = 1.7 x 10-6
24. A 500 mL portion of 0.0020 M sodium oxalate solution is able to dissolve 0.47 g of
magnesium oxalate. What is the Ksp for magnesium oxalate?
24
Solubility Demo
A copy of this demo sheet can be found on the website.
Purpose: To observe the ways in which solubility can be changed.
Procedure: Teacher Demo
Data and Observations:
Data Table I: CuCO3 Solubility Changes.
Species Added
Stress Ion
Observations
Original
-------------Add Na2CO3
Add HNO3
Add KI
Add NH3
Add H2O
Direction of Shift
----------------------
Questions: Explain in full sentences. Include an equation at the top of every answer or graph
that involves Le Chateliers Principle or Rate Theory. Include the Ksp expression when explaining
changes to the Ksp value.
1. State the three ways to remove ions from solution?
2. What is the common ion effect? How does it affect solubility?
3. Will adding water change the solubility of CuCO3? Explain.
4. Use Le Chateliers Principle to explain how the solubility of CuCO3 changes when HNO3 is
added.
5. Graph the concentration changes that occur when:
a. at t1 add HNO3
b. at t2 add NH3
c. at t3 add K2CO3
d. at t4 add heat
CuCO3
Concentration (M)
Cu2+
CO32Time(s)
6. How will the Ksp value change when heat is added? Explain using the graph.
7. How will the Ksp value change when K2CO3 is added? Explain using the graph.
8. Use Rate Theory to explain how the solubility changes when NH3 is added.
9. Graph the rate changes that occur when: (label the axes)
a. at t1 add HNO3
b. at t2 add NH3
c. at t3 add K2CO3
d. at t4 add heat
25
Mixed Solubility Problems

1. Write the Ksp expression for the following:
a. PuO2CO3(s) PuO22+ + CO32b. Ni3(PO4)2 (s) 3 Ni2+ + 2 PO432. Write the equilibrium reactions for each of the following:
a. Ksp = [Fe3+]2[SO42-]3
b. Ksp = [Hg22+][I-]2
3. Calculate the solubility:
a. lead (II) bromide
b. magnesium arsenate Ksp = 2.1 x 10-20
4. Calculate the solubility of magnesium hydroxide in:
a. Pure water
b. 0.015 M magnesium chloride
c. 0.217 M potassium hydroxide
5.
Predict whether a precipitate will form:

a. 0.015 mol of magnesium nitrate is mixed with 0.0072 mol sodium carbonate in 1.00 L
water.
b. Equal volumes of 0.0076 M silver nitrate and 0.021 M sodium sulphate. Ksp = 1.4 x 10-4
c. 10 mL of 0.205 M chromium nitrate is mixed with 40 mL of 7.75 x 10-12 M sodium
hydroxide. Ksp = 6.3 x 10-31
6. A solution of potassium iodide is slowly added to a solution that 0.10 M in both Pb2+ and Ag+.
a. Which precipitate should form first?
b. What [I-] is required for the second cation to begin precipitation?
c. What concentration of the first cation remains in solution when the second cation just
begins to precipitate?
7. Should a precipitate of magnesium fluoride (Ksp = 3.7 x 10-8) occur if a 17.5 mg sample of
magnesium chloride hexahydrate is dissolved in 325 mL of 0.045 M potassium fluoride
solution?
8. Outline an experiment to separate:
a. lead (II) ions and aluminum ions
b. copper (II) ions and magnesium ions
c. chloride ions and sulphate ions
26
Equilibrium and Solubility Review Set 1

1. Explain the term dynamic equilibrium.
2. For the reaction: CO(g) + 2 H2(g) CH3OH(g)
H = - 234 kJ
a. Graph
i.
ii.
iii.
Addition of H2 at t1
Removal of CH3OH at t2
Addition of heat at t3
b. What happens to the overall [CO] when:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Heat is removed
CO is added
H2 is added
Volume is increased
3. Are the following reactions capable of establishing equilibrium? Explain

a. PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
H = (+)
b. Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
H = (-)
A+BC+D
Yellow Blue
4. Consider the equilibrium:
When heat is added to this system it turns blue. Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic?
Explain using Le Chateliers Principle.
5. A 3.00 L reaction flask was initially filled with 5.00 mol of CO2 and 6.00 mol of H2 and allowed
to establish equilibrium. At equilibrium the [H2] is 1.50 M, what is the value of Keq?
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2 (g) + H2(g)
6. 1.50 mol of CO2 and 7.50 mol of C are added to a 20.0 L container, at equilibrium the
concentration of CO is 0.0700 M. Calculate Keq.
C (s) + CO2(g) 2 CO(g)
7. 0.600 mol of X and 0.400 mol of Y are reacted in a 2.00 L container yielding an equilibrium
concentration of 0.080 M Z. Calculate Keq.
X (g) + 2Y (g) 2 Z(g)
8. 6.90 M of HCl is initially added to a closed system. What is the concentration of H2 at
equilibrium?
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2 HCl (g)
Keq = 0.018
27
9. At 800 oC the equilibrium constant for the following reaction is 0.279. At a different
temperature the equilibrium constant is 0.100. Is this different temperature higher or lower
than 800oC? Explain using Le Chateliers Principle.
CO2 (g) + H2 (g) CO(g) + H2O(g)
H = + 42.6 kJ
10. Initially concentrations of H2, Br2 and HBr are 1.50 M, 1.50 M and 0.321 M respectively. What
are the equilibrium concentrations?
H2 (g) + Br2(g) 2 HBr (g)
Keq = 1.50
11. Calculate the Ksp value of Cr(OH)3 if it has a solubility of 1.30 x 10-6 g/L.
12. 355 mL of 1.3 x 10-2 M aluminum nitrate is mixed with 265 mL of 3.2 x 10-4 M
strontium hydroxide. Will a precipitate form if Ksp = 1.9 x 10-33 for aluminum hydroxide?
13. Use Le Chateliers Principle to explain why the solubility of Cu3(PO4)2 decreases in 0.20 M
Na3PO4.
14. Calculate the solubility of Cu3(PO4)2 in 0.20 M Na3PO4. Ksp = 1.4 x 10-40
15. How does the solubility and Ksp value of barium carbonate change when nitric acid is added?
28
Equilibrium and Solubility Review Set 2

1. Consider the following equilibrium
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2 (g) + H2(g)
Keq = 4.0
The equilibrium concentrations in a 2.0 L container are:

[CO] = 0.10 M
[CO2] = 0.20 M
[H2O] = 0.10 M
[H2] = 0.20 M
How many moles of CO2 must be injected into the flask in order to increase the concentration of
CO to 0.20 M?
2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2(g)
In an experiment, 0.30 mol of NO and 0.80 mol of NO2 are placed in a 5.0 L flask at 10oC.
When equilibrium is reached, it is found that the [O2] is 0.020 M. Calculate the value of Keq.
2 NO(g) + Cl2(g) 2 NOCl(g)
A mixture consisting of 2.00 moles of NO and 2.00 moles of Cl2 are placed in a container.
When the system reaches equilibrium, 30 % of the original NO is reacted. Calculate Keq.
A2(g) + B2(g) 2 AB(g)
There are found to be 2.00 mol of A2, 2.00 mol of B2 and 4.00 mol of AB in a 10.0 L flask. If
1.00 mol of AB is added to the system then what is the new equilibrium concentration of AB.
5. Consider the equilibrium:
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)
H = - 88 kJ
a. What direction does entropy and enthalpy favour? Explain.

b. How will the [Cl2] be affected by?
i.
adding PCl3
ii. adding PCl5

iii. raising temperature
iv. decreasing the volume of the flask
v. adding a catalyst
c. How will the above changes affect the value of Keq?
29
6. The following is a list of Ksp values for various silver salts:

Silver bromate, 5.77 x 10-5
Silver carbonate, 6.15 x 10-12
Silver dichromate, 2.0 x 10-7
Silver thiocyanate, 1.16 x 10-12
Silver hydroxide, 1.52 x 10-8
Silver bromide, 7.7 x 10-13
Silver chloride, 1.56 x 10-10
Silver iodide, 1.5 x 10-16
Silver chromate, 9.0 x 10-12

a. Which of the salts will give the highest concentration of silver ions in a saturated solution?
b. Calculate this concentration.
7. What is the solubility of calcium fluoride in g/L. Ksp = 4.9 x 10-11
8. At a certain temperature the Ksp for magnesium hydroxide is 1.8 x 10-11.
a. What is the solubility of magnesium hydroxide?
b. What is the concentration of hydroxide ions in solution?
9. A given sample of hard water has a [Ca2+] of 1.0 x 10-3 M.
a. What is hard water?
b. If the Ksp of calcium fluoride is 1.7 x 10-10, what is the maximum [F-] that can be attained in
this sample of water before calcium fluoride would precipitate?
10. Will a precipitate form when equal volumes of 2.0 x 10-3 M aluminum chloride are mixed with
4.0 x 10-2 M sodium hydroxide? Ksp for the precipitate is 3.7 x 10-15
11. Outline a scheme to separate a solution of Ba2+, Ca2+ and Fe3+.
12. What is the solubility of magnesium hydroxide in 0.10 M sodium hydroxide if the Ksp is
7.1 x 10-12?
13. Use Le Chateliers Principle to explain whether adding the following ions to a saturated
solution of silver ethanoate will increase or decrease the solubility?
a. adding sodium ethanoate
b. adding potassium iodide
c. adding ammonia
d. adding potassium nitrate
e. adding nitric acid
30

CH 12 Equilibrium

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Basic Equilibrium Concepts

General Equilibrium (Kailley/Baverstock 2005)

10. Consider the following reaction:

a. What were the reactants? Explain.

General Equilibrium (Kailley/Baverstock 2005)

Entropy and Enthalpy

Which side is favoured by the tendency to minimum enthalpy.

Which side is favoured by the tendency to maximum entropy.

Whether the reaction will be:

A spontaneous reaction which goes to completion or

g. C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) H = + 183 kJ

b. CaCO3(s) + heat CaO(s) + CO2(g)

General Equilibrium (Kailley/Baverstock 2005)

Le Chatelier/Rate Theory: Concentration

At t1 , the [O2] was increased.

b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) + 92 kJ

At t1 the [H2] was decreased

c. 2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)

At t1 , the [Cl2] was decreased.

d. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) + 20 kJ

At t1 , the [SO3] was increased.

b. Consider the following equation:

3. Create a concentration vs. time graph to describe the following situation.

General Equilibrium (Kailley/Baverstock 2005)

At t1 , the [NOCl] was decreased.

b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) + 92 kJ

At t1, the [NH3] was increased.

5. Consider the following reaction:

6. Consider the following reaction:

General Equilibrium (Kailley/Baverstock 2005)

Le Chatelier/Rate Theory: Temperature

At t1 , the temperature was increased.

b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

At t1 the temperature was decreased.

c. 2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)

At t1 , the temperature was decreased.

d. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) + 20 kJ

At t1 , the temperature was increased.

What happened at t1?

b. 2 NH3(g) + 92 kJ N2(g) + 3 H2(g)

What happened at t1?

General Equilibrium (Kailley/Baverstock 2005)

At t1 , the temperature was decreased.

b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) H = -92 kJ

At t1, the temperature was increased.

5. Consider the following reaction:

Le Chatelier/Rate Theory: Volume/Catalysts

At t1 , the volume was increased.

b. 110 kJ + N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

At t1 the volume was decreased

c. 2 NOCl(g) + 30 kJ 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)

At t1 , the volume was decreased.

d. H2(g) + Br2(g) 2 HBr(g) + 20 kJ

At t1 , the volume was increased.

e. Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) + 25 kJ

At t1 , the container volume was increased.

2. Use the following reactions and graphs to answer the questions.

What happened at t1?

b. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) + heat

What happened at t1?

At t1 , the volume was decreased.

General Equilibrium (Kailley/Baverstock 2005)