Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
This article is about the German city. For other uses, see 787 Willehad of Bremen was the rst Bishop of BreBremen (disambiguation).
men. In 848 the archdiocese of Hamburg merged with
the diocese of Bremen into Hamburg-Bremen ArchdioThe City Municipality of Bremen (German: Stadtge- cese, seated in Bremen, and in the following centuries the
archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen were the driving force
meinde Bremen, German pronunciation: [bemn] ( )) is
a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany. A commercial behind the Christianisation of Northern Germany. In 888
Rimbert, managed to get Kaiser Arnulf of
and industrial city with a major port on the River Weser, Archbishop
the
Carolingian King of East Francia, to grant
Carinthia,
Bremen is part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan
Bremen
the
right
to hold its own markets, to mint its own
Region (2.4 million people). Bremen is the second most
coins
and
make
its
own customs laws.
populous city in Northern Germany and tenth in Germany.
History
HISTORY
In 1186 the Bremian Prince-Archbishop Hartwig of Uthlede and his baili in Bremen conrmedwithout generally waiving the prince-archiepiscopal overlordship over
the citythe Gelnhausen Privilege, by which Frederick I
Barbarossa granted the city considerable privileges. The
city was recognised as a political entity with its own laws.
Property within the municipal boundaries could not be
subjected to feudal overlordship; this also applied to serfs
who acquired property, if they managed to live in the city
for a year and a day, after which they were to be regarded
as free persons. Property was to be freely inherited without feudal claims for reversion to its original owner. This
privilege laid the foundation for Bremens later status of
imperial immediacy (Free Imperial City).
In fact, however, Bremen did not have complete independence from the Prince-Archbishops, in that there was
no freedom of religion, and burghers were still forced
to pay taxes to the Prince-Archbishops. Bremen played
a double role; it participated in the Diets of the neighbouring Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen as part of the
Bremian Estates and paid its share of taxes, at least when
it had previously consented to this levy. Since the city was
the major taxpayer, its consent was generally sought. In
this way the city wielded scal and political power within
the Prince-Archbishopric, while not allowing the PrinceArchbishopric to rule in the city against its consent. In
14th to 18th century: territories of the Free City of Bremen (red)
1260 Bremen joined the Hanseatic League.
and of the Archbishopric of Bremen (yellow); straits between
lower Weser and Jadebusen.
1.1
1.3
1.2
3
jority of Bremens burghers and city council adopted
Calvinism by the 1590s, while the chapter, which
was at the same time the body of secular government in the neighbouring Prince-Archbishopric, clung to
Lutheranism. This antagonism between a Calvinistic majority and a Lutheran minority, though it had a powerful position in its immunity district (mediatised as part
of the city in 1803), remained dominant until in 1873
the Calvinist and Lutheran congregations of Bremen were
reconciled and founded a united administrative umbrella
Bremian Protestant Church, which still exists today, comprising the bulk of Bremens burghers.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Bremen continued to play its double role, wielding scal and political
power within the Prince-Archbishopric, but not allowing
the Prince-Archbishopric to rule in the city without its
consent.
Flag of Bremen.
Bremen town hall.
Soon after the beginning of the Thirty Years War Bremen declared its neutrality, as did most of the territories
in the Lower Saxon Circle. John Frederick, Lutheran
Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen,
desperately tried to keep his Prince-Archbishopric out
of the war, with the complete agreement of the Estates
and the city of Bremen. When in 1623 the Republic
of the Seven United Netherlands, which was ghting
in the Eighty Years War for its independence against
Habsburg's Spanish and imperial forces, requested its
In 1547, the chapter, which had in the meantime become Calvinist co-religionist Bremen to join them, the city repredominantly Lutheran, appointed the Dutch Albert fused, but started to reinforce its fortications.
Rizaeus, called Hardenberg, as the rst Cathedral pas- In 1623 the territories comprising the Lower Saxon Circle
tor of Protestant aliation. Rizaeus turned out to be decided to recruit an army in order to maintain an armed
a partisan of the Zwinglian understanding of the Lords neutrality, since troops of the Catholic League were
Supper, which was rejected by the then Lutheran ma- already operating in the neighbouring Lower Rhenishjority of burghers, the city council, and chapter. So Westphalian Circle and dangerously close to their region.
in 1561after heated disputesRizaeus was dismissed The concomitant eects of the war, debasement of the
and banned from the city and the cathedral again closed currency and rising prices, had already caused ination
which was also felt in Bremen.
its doors.
When the Protestant Reformation swept through
Northern Germany, St Peters cathedral belonged to
the cathedral immunity district (German: Domfreiheit), an extraterritorial enclave of the neighbouring
Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In 1532, the cathedral
chapter which was still Catholic at that time closed St
Peters after a mob consisting of Bremens burghers had
forcefully interrupted a Catholic Mass and prompted a
pastor to hold a Lutheran service.
However, as a consequence of that controversy the ma- In 1623 the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands,
HISTORY
Roland.
1.4
19th century
1.3.1
Swedish reaction
Population History
1350:
1810:
1830:
1850:
1880:
1900:
1925:
1969:
1995:
1998:
2001:
2005:
2006:
2009:
20,000
35,800
43,700
55,100
111,900
161,200
295,000
607,185
549,357
550,000
540,950
545,983
546,900
547,685[5]
5
guing that it was acting in self-defence. The Free Imperial City of Bremen had meanwhile urged Ferdinand
III to support it, who in July 1654 asked Charles X Gustav of Sweden, Christinas successor as Duke of BremenVerden, to cease the conict, which resulted in the Recess
of Stade (November 1654). This treaty left the main issue, the acceptance of the city of Bremens imperial immediacy, unresolved. But the city agreed to pay tribute
and levy taxes in favour of Swedish Bremen-Verden and
to cede its possessions around Bederkesa and Bremerlehe,
which was why it was later called Lehe.
In December 1660 the city council of Bremen rendered
homage as Free Imperial City of Bremen to Leopold I,
Holy Roman Emperor. In 1663 the city gained a seat and
a vote in the Imperial Diet, despite sharp protest from
Swedish Bremen-Verden. In March 1664 the Swedish
Diet came out in favour of waging war on the Free Imperial City of Bremen. Right after Leopold I, who was busy
with wars against the Ottoman Empire, had enfeoed the
minor King Charles XI of Sweden with Bremen-Verden,
while the neighbouring Brunswick and Lunenburg-Celle
was occupied by succession quarrels and France not opposed, Sweden started the Second Bremian War (1665
66) from its Bremen-Verden ef.
2 CLIMATE
1.5
20th century
Henrich Focke, Georg Wulf and Werner Naumann gust, with high temperatures of 20.2 to 22.6 C (68.4 to
founded Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG in Bremen in 72.7 F). The coldest are December, January, and Febru-
4.1
ary, with low temperatures of 1.1 to 0.3 C (30.0 to 32.5 4.1 Last state election
F).
Main article: Bremen state election, 2011
The highest recorded temperature was 37.6 C (99.7 F)
on 9 August 1992, while the lowest recorded temperature
These are the nal results. [9]
was 23.6 C (10.5 F) on 13 February 1940 [7]
Demographics
5 Main sights
Many of the sights in Bremen are found in the Altstadt (Old Town), an oval area surrounded by the
Weser River, on the southwest, and the Wallgraben,
the former moats of the medieval city walls, on the
northeast. The oldest part of the Altstadt is the
southeast half, starting with the Marktplatz and ending at the Schnoor quarter.
The Marktplatz (Market square) is dominated by
the opulent faade of the Town Hall of Bremen.
The building was erected between 1405 and 1410 in
Gothic style, but the faade was built two centuries
later (160912) in Renaissance style. The Town
Hall is the seat of the President of the Senate of Bremen. Today, it hosts a restaurant in original decor
with gigantic wine barrels, the Ratskeller in Bremen,
and the wine lists boasts more than 600exclusively
Germanwines. It is also home of the twelve oldest
wines in the world, stored in their original barrels in
the Apostel chamber. In July 2004, along with the
Bremen Roland, the building was added to the list
of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Schnoor 36 / Wstesttte 6
Politics
5 MAIN SIGHTS
Peter and Paul and Charlemagne.
On Katherinenklosterhof to the northwest of the
cathedral, a few remaining traces can be found of St
Catherines Monastery dating back to the 13th century.
The Liebfrauenkirche (Our Ladys Church) is the
oldest church of the town (11th century). Its crypt
features several impressive murals from the 14th
century.
O the south side of the Markplatz, the 110 m
(120 yd) Bttcherstrae was transformed in 1923
1931 by the coee magnate Ludwig Roselius, who
commissioned local artists to convert the narrow
street (in medieval times, the street of the barrel
makers) into an inspired mixture of Gothic and
Art Nouveau. It was considered "entartete Kunst"
(degenerate art) by the Nazis. Today, the street is
one of Bremens most popular attractions, with the
Glockenspiel House at No. 4 with its carillon of
Meissen porcelain bells.[11]
At the end of Bttcherstrae, by the Weser bank,
stands the Martinikirche (St Martins Church), a
Gothic brick church built in 1229, and rebuilt in
1960 after its destruction in World War II.[12]
Tucked away between the Cathedral and the river is
the Schnoor, a small, well-preserved area of crooked
lanes, shermens and shippers houses from the
17th and 18th centuries, now occupied by cafs,
artisan shops and art galleries. The Convent of
Saint Birgitta (Birgittenkloster) founded in 2002 is
a small community of just seven nuns oering guest
accommodation.[13]
Schlachte, the medieval harbour of Bremen (the
modern port is some kilometres downstream) and
today a riverside boulevard with pubs and bars
aligned on one side and the banks of Weser on the
other.[14]
The Viertel district to the east of the old town combines rows of 19th-century Bremen Houses (Bremer
Huser) with museums and theatres along the citys
cultural mile.[15]
The Nasir Moschee is the rst purpose built
mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in
Bremen.[16]
Botanika,
a nature museum within the
Rhododendron-Park Bremen that attempts be
to the same as the Universum, but for biology
Becks Brewery, tours are available to the public
which include beer tasting
The Kunsthalle Bremen, an art museum with paintings from the 19th and 20th century, maintained by
the citizens of Bremen
Focke Museum, People of Bremens Museum for
Art and Cultural History
The bersee Museum Bremen (Overseas (World)
Museum) is a Natural History and Ethnographic museum near by the Central Station Bremen
The Kunstsammlungen Bttcherstrae, an art museum in expressionist architecture from Bernhard
Hoetger with paintings from the 20th century from
Paula Modersohn-Becker.
The Weserburg Museum fr moderne Kunst (Weserburg Modern Art Museum), a modern art museum located in the middle of the Weser River.[17]
View from the Stephani-Bridge in the direction of
the Cathedral
Schlachte
Baumwollbrse (Cotton exchange)
The Parkhotel in the Brgerpark (central park)
Musical-Theater
Central Park Wallanlagen
The city hall (Rathaus)
Swineherd and pigs sculpture in Bremen
The Weser River in Bremen
A building on Bttcherstrae
Bremer Bank
Central Bremen and the Weser from St. Petri Dom
Bremen Airport
The Skyscraper Weser Tower was built 2007-2009
and designed by Helmut Jahn
Bttcherstrae
Schnoor
Beck & Co
Bremen-Arena
5.1
Structures
6 Economy
A large number of food producing or trading companies are located in Bremen with their German or European headquarters: Anheuser-Busch InBev (Becks
Brewery), Kelloggs, Kraft Foods (Kraft, Jacobs Coffee, Milka Chocolate, Milram, Mircoli), Frosta (frosted
food), Nordsee (chain of sea fast food), Melitta Kaee,
Eduscho Kaee, Azul Kaee, Vitakraft (pet food for
birds and shes), Atlanta AG (Chiquita banana), chocolatier Hachez (ne chocolate and conserie), feodora
chocolatier.
10
Transport
SPORTS
Bremerhaven Lehe
RS2
Bremerhaven Hbf
Nordenham
Bremerhaven Wulsdorf
RS4
Loxstedt
Kleinensiel
Lunestedt
Stubben
Rodenkirchen
Lbberstedt
HB
F
HB arge
T
HB urne
rs
K
HB rein tras
M slog se
HB
hle
e
Blu
ns r
t
Kli
nik men rass
e
th
um
HB
HB al
Au
HB
No
Ve mu
n
rd
ge
HB
Be
sa d
S
ck
HB ch ck
ed
ne
or
St
b
f
Ma
e
HB
gn ck
Le
us
su
m
Brake(Unterweser)
Elseth
HB Burg
dt
ta
us
HB Sebaldsbrck
HB Mahndorf
Ne
st
He
id
Bremen Hbf
HB Hemelingen
HB
or
ka
m
en
h
lm
yk
en
Ho
De
er
g
ro
lzb
ho
hie
rb
e
Hu
d
ok
kru
g
W
stin
Bo
RS3
Bremen was host to the 32nd Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag from 20 to 24 May 2009.
Ritterhude
HB Oslebshausen
HB Walle
Sc
na
h
ldb
he
rg
(O
isc
bu
Zw
en
Old
Ba
d
RS1
g)
Berne
Oldenbttel
Osterholz Scharmbeck
Achim
Dreyhe
Regio-S-Bahn Bremen
Baden(Verden)
Etelsen
Kirchweyhe
Barrien
Syke
RS1
Langwedel
Verden(Aller)
9 Sports
Bramstedt (b Syke)
RS2
Bassum
Twistringen
11
10
11
Miscellanea
12
Notable people
12
15
14 See also
Hanseatic League
U.S.
Representative
SV Werder Bremen
15 References
15.1 Bibliography
13
International relations
[26][29]
Bratislava,
Corinto,
[26]
REFERENCES
1994
15.2 Notes
[1] Bevlkerungsstand
und
Bevlkerungsbewegung
(monatlich)".
Statistisches Landesamt Bremen (in
German). 30 April 2012.
[2] The carsign HB with 1 letter and 4 digits is reserved for
vehicle registration in Bremerhaven.
Pune,[26][31][32][33] India
Maracaibo,[26] Venezuela
[6] Sir John Smythe Bolo Whistler: The Life of General Sir
Lashmer Whistler Frederick Muller Ltd 1967
[7] Wetterrekorde Deutschland - Wetterdienst.de. www.
wetterdienst.de (in German). Deutsches Wetterdienst.
13
[10]
[11] Bttcherstrae: Welcome. Bttcherstrae GmbH. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
[12] St. Martins Church. Bremen-tourism.de. Retrieved 14
January 2014.
[13] Birgittenkloster (in German). Katholischer Gemeindeverband in Bremen. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
[14] Schlachte Embankment.
trieved 5 January 2014.
bremen-tourism.de.
Re-
16 External links
Ocial city website
Ocial visitors information (various languages)
Ocial site of the city center
Ocial site of the Schnoor quarter
Ocial site of the shopping quarter Das Viertel
Ocial site of the Weser promenade Schlachte
Ocial site of the shopping avenue Sgestrae
14
17
17
17.1
Bremen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen?oldid=632039822 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Mav, BlckKnght, Scipius, JeLuF,
Roadrunner, SimonP, Ben-Zin, Zoe, Mtmsmile, Pit, Rabin, Arpingstone, MichaelJanich, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Muriel Gottrop, Snoyes,
Angela, Den fjttrade ankan, , Nikai, Tkinias, Ruhrjung, BRG, UsagiYojimbo, Schneelocke, Htaccess, Boson, Lfh, N-true,
WhisperToMe, Wik, Itai, Nv8200p, Estemle, Morn, Sandman, Eugene van der Pijll, Robbot, Nico, Moriori, PBS, RedWolf, Baldhur, Der Eberswalder, Flauto Dolce, JackofOz, Seano1, DocWatson42, Folks at 137, Orangemike, Ausir, Everyking, Wikibob, Ezhiki,
Yekrats, BigBen212, Solipsist, Cckkab, OwenBlacker, Maximaximax, Jiy, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Deelkar, S.K., Bdk, Kwamikagami, Markussep, Smalljim, Elipongo, Pearle, Ultra megatron, Hawei, Alansohn, Hektor, Guaca, Civvi, Arthena, Atlant, Geo Swan,
Andrew Gray, Echuck215, Pion, Wtmitchell, Raw, VivaEmilyDavies, Amorymeltzer, Sciurin, Ndteegarden, Kusma, Drbreznjev, Axeman89, Saxifrage, Fdewaele, Sheynhertz-Unbayg, Stemonitis, Velho, Woohookitty, Miaow Miaow, Ekem, PhHertzog, Kelisi, Muskafa,
RicJac, Salocin, Ketiltrout, Koavf, Gryndor, Oxydo, JohnnoShadbolt, Daderot, Ian Pitchford, SchuminWeb, Eubot, JYOuyang, Trublu,
Chobot, Kresspahl, Sherool, Visor, Godewind, Jared Preston, Bgwhite, Daveblack, YurikBot, Wavelength, Vuvar1, Hairy Dude, RussBot, Tresckow, Gaius Cornelius, Neilbeach, Imladros, Pradeepsomani, NawlinWiki, Doclecter, NickBush24, Kingje, Gadget850, Natmaka, Poppy, Theda, Aeon1006, Danallen46, Silverhelm, Arthuc01, Tarawneh, Carabinieri, Marcosw, Thelb4, Curpsbot-unicodify, Sardanaphalus, Attilios, SmackBot, David Kernow, Notay, CRKingston, Davewild, Eskimbot, Hmains, Roger2dc, Chris the speller, Jprg1966,
Hibernian, Sadads, Calc rulz, Anandt4u, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Gvjekoslav, Shalom Yechiel, Marvins21, Writtenright, Litany,
MJCdetroit, TheKMan, Bolivian Unicyclist, Mr.Z-man, RFD, Localzuk, Tankred, DDima, Ohconfucius, John, Robosh, Jaywubba1887,
Frokor, Meco, P199, MTSbot, Saxbryn, Hu12, Hetar, Woodgreener, Axt, Joey80, Mattbr, Drinibot, Mipango, Cydebot, Grahamec,
Meno25, Johann31, Nicephorus, JimChampion, ChKa, Wikid77, Gralo, Marek69, Esemono, AgentPeppermint, Nick Number, PaulVIF,
Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, WinBot, Smith2006, Rie, Superzohar, Malcolm, Sluzzelin, JAnDbot, MER-C, Hello32020, Struthious Bandersnatch, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Ijcek, Websterwebfoot, Ling.Nut, Robby, LeVoyageur, Sf67, Taamu, Tins128, Bobby H. Heey,
HebrewHammerTime, DerHexer, Alisean, Welshleprechaun, ImpossibleXP, MartinBot, Mr WR, 52 Pickup, BetBot, John Millikin, R'n'B,
AlexiusHoratius, Net-net, Nono64, Becks, J.delanoy, Weissmann, Barrrf, Chtrede, Maproom, Achnash, Rochelimit, Zoot lives, Victuallers,
Ipigott, Belovedfreak, Cometstyles, Packerfansam, Idioma-bot, Snowke, VolkovBot, Maile66, TXiKiBoT, Hqb, Ragemanchoo, Pog451,
Motmit, Hughstew, Le Fou, Freiwilliger, Mugs2109, Spreeeumel, Joachim Weckermann, GirasoleDE, Michellecrisp, SieBot, Mohansen11,
Purbo T, LibStar, Kcuello, Bigdaddy1981, JSpung, Oxymoron83, Joshuashearn, Ulamm, Wkaemena, Nadal25, Amazonien, ObfuscatePenguin, MBK004, ClueBot, Ventusa, Imperium Europeum, Tlustulimu, Mr Accountable, Tomeasy, EeepEeep, Audaciter, ChrisHodgesUK,
Aitias, DerBorg, Editor2020, Vanished User 1004, Roland Kutzki, Skunkboy74, Lampford, LinkFA-Bot, Numbo3-bot, Ehrenkater, Tide
rolls, Lightbot, Wireless friend, Meisam, Luckas-bot, Senator Palpatine, TaBOT-zerem, House1630, KamikazeBot, Quarz, Azcolvin429,
MacTire02, Starbois, AnomieBOT, Efa, Tdls, Chinmay26r, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Capricorn42, Ulf Heinsohn, GrouchoBot, Dover82, RibotBOT, 78.26, Wrdeichauchsosehen, Brettbig322, Archipelagoing, FrescoBot, Antonbabich, LucienBOT, Nageh, Danielg1987, M2545,
MueWi, RaveDog, Textkorrektur, DrilBot, Apple40k, OCFilmsSean, Piandcompany, Bugsguy, Jandalhandler, Jauhienij, FoxBot, TobeBot, GGT, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, TjBot, Riksen05, Peaceworld111, EmausBot, , WikitanvirBot, Dewritech, GoingBatty,
Marrante, Alexbraverman, AvicBot, Diego Grez Bot, 8TheSteer, Makecat, Erianna, SpencerHill, ChuispastonBot, Iketsi, Brigade Piron,
Hnsjrgnweis, ClueBot NG, Herra660, Jacsam2, Widr, Historynut101, Curb Chain, Foxy1219, BG19bot, LivingInMediocrity, BattyBot,
Mrt3366, JYBot, Dexbot, Telfordbuck, 123abc321cba5, Froggo32, NearoVenom, Mirjam Behne, Dhalia02, Jedan02, E-JAY, Eutd, Geo
bee winner, Zlts, SantiLak, Stribog1 and Anonymous: 365
17.2
Images
File:Bremen_1_Mitte.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Bremen_1_Mitte.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator.
Original artist:
TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_Silk.
File:Bremen_2_Sd.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Bremen_2_S%C3%BCd.svg
LiOriginal artist:
cense: Public domain Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator.
TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_Silk.
File:Bremen_3_Ost.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Bremen_3_Ost.svg
License:
Original artist:
Public domain Contributors:
This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator.
TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_Silk.
File:Bremen_4_West.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Bremen_4_West.svg
LiOriginal artist:
cense: Public domain Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator.
TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_Silk.
File:Bremen_5_Nord.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Bremen_5_Nord.svg
LiOriginal artist:
cense: Public domain Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator.
TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_Silk.
File:Bremen_Hbf_pano.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Bremen_Hbf_pano.jpg License: CC-BYSA-4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Daniel Schwen
File:Bremen_Roland.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Bremen_Roland.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
17.2
Images
15
File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
Own work based on:
<a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='https:
//docs.google.com/viewer?a=v,<span>,&,</span>,q=cache:tRiqYRg_YJ4J:www.casc.gob.ni/index.php?option%3Dcom_
docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D704%26Itemid%3D4+ley+sobre+los+simbolo+patrios+nicaragua+
2002,<span>,&,</span>,hl=es,<span>,&,</span>,gl=ni,<span>,&,</span>,pid=bl,<span>,&,</span>,srcid=ADGEEShaqFptSDRqZyUoeWlWgMGTvcFvWOs
About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua</a> Original artist: C records (talk contribs)
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by
Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
16
17
17.3
Content license