EEE 309 Communication Theory

Semester: July 2014

D Md
Dr.
Md. Farhad
F h d Hossain
H
i
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE, BUET
Email: mfarhadhossain@eee.buet.ac.bd
Office: ECE 331, ECE Building

Part 04

Angle Modulation
AngleModulation

Angle Modulation: Principle (1)

Angle of the carrier is varied according to the message

Carrier amplitude remain constant
Provides better discrimination against noise and interference than AM
Required higher transmission bandwidth than that for AM
Trade-off between channel bandwidth and noise performance is possible

Angle modulated wave:

A simple case of an
unmodulated carrier:

Relationship between instantaneous phase and frequency:

Angle Modulation: Principle (2)

Two common methods for angle modulation:
1. Phase Modulation (PM):

kp = Phase sensitivity
factor (radians/volt)

Phase-modulated signal:

2. Frequency Modulation (FM):

kf = Frequency sensitivity
factor (Hz/volt)

Frequency-modulated signal:

Angle Modulation: Principle (3)

Angle Modulated Signal: Example 1
Carrier

Message

PM signal

FM signal
i
l

Angle Modulation: Principle (4)

Angle Modulated Signal: Example 2

Message

PM signal

FM signal

Properties of Angle Modulated Signal (1)

Property 1: Constancy of Transmitted Power
Amplitude of PM and FM waves is maintained at a constant value equal to the carrier
amplitude for all time t, irrespective of the sensitivity factors kp and kf
=>Averagetransmittedpowerofanglemodulatedwavesisaconstant

Property 2: Nonlinearity of the Modulation Process

C
Consider
id PM (Prove
(P
the
h nonlinearity
li
i ffor FM b
by yourself):
lf)
For m(t) = m1(t):
For m(t) = m2(t):
For m(t) = m1(t) + m2(t):

Properties of Angle Modulated Signal (2)

Property 3: Irregularity of Zero-Crossings

PM signal

FM signal

=> In angle modulation, the information content of the message signal resides in the
zero crossings of the modulated wave
zero-crossings

Properties of Angle Modulated Signal (3)

Property 3: Irregularity of Zero-Crossings (contd. )
Two special cases:
1. The message signal increases or decreases
1
linearly with time t, in which case fi(t) of the PM
wave changes from the unmodulated carrier
frequency to a new constant value dependent
on the slope of m(t)

2. The message signal is maintained at some

2
constant value, positive or negative, in which
case fi(t) of the FM wave changes from the
unmodulated carrier frequency to a new
constant value dependent on the constant
value of m(t)

PM wave

FM wave

Properties of Angle Modulated Signal (4)

Property 4: Visualization Difficulty of Message Signal
The difficulty in visualizing the message waveform in angle-modulated waves is attributed to the
nonlinear character of angle-modulated waves

AM wave
Easy to visualize the effect

PM wave
Difficult to visualize

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Properties of Angle Modulated Signal (5)

Property 5: Tradeoff of Increased Transmission Bandwidth for Improved
Noise Performance
An important
p
advantage
g of angle
g modulation over AM is the realization of improved
p
noise performance
This advantage is due to the fact that the transmission of a message signal by
modulating the angle of a sinusoidal carrier wave is less sensitive to the presence of
additive noise than transmission by modulating the amplitude of the carrier
The improvement in noise performance is, however, attained at the expense of a
corresponding increase in the transmission bandwidth requirement of angle
modulation
In other words,
words the use of angle modulation offers the possibility of exchanging an
increase in transmission bandwidth for an improvement in noise performance.
Such a tradeoff is not possible with amplitude modulation since the transmission
bandwidth of an amplitude-modulated wave is fixed somewhere between the
message bandwidth W and 2W, depending on the type of modulation employed
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Relationship between PM and FM

PM:
FM:

PMandFMareuniquelyrelatedtoeachother
ThismeansthatthepropertiesofPMcanbededucedfromthoseofFMandviceversa
12

Frequency Modulation (FM) (1)

Consider a case of single-tone modulation:

f = Frequency Deviation (Hz)

= Maximum departure of fi of the FM wave from fc

= Modulation Index (radians)

FM signal:
13

Narrow-band FM (NBFM)
1. NBFM ( is small compared to one radian):

For small :

14

NBFM (contd)

Block diagram of an indirect method for generating a narrow-band FM wave

AM signal:

BW of NBFM signal: 2fm

Amplitude of NBFM: Not constant

15

Wide-band FM (WBFM)
2. WBFM ( is large compared to one radian):

Complex Envelope of s(t):

=> a periodic function of time with a fundamental frequency equal to fm

16

WBFM (contd)
Complex Fourier Coefficient

Jn() = nth order Bessel

function of the first kind and
argument
17

WBFM (contd)
Thus,

=> S(f) consists of an infinite number of delta functions spaced at f = fc nfm, n = 0, 1, 2,

18

WBFM (contd)
Properties of FM for arbitrary :
1. Jn() = (-1)n J-n()

for all n

3.

19

WBFM (contd)
1. The spectrum of an FM wave contains a carrier component and an infinite set of
side frequencies located symmetrically on either side of the carrier at frequency
separations of fm, 2fm, 3fm, .
2. For the special case of small compared with unity, only the Bessel coefficients
J0() and J1() have significant values, so that the FM wave is effectively
p
of a carrier and a single
g p
pair of side-frequencies
q
at fcfm. This FM
composed
signal is essentially the NBFM signal.
3. The amplitude of the carrier component varies with according to J0(). This
implies that the envelope of an FM wave is constant
constant, so that the average power
of FM signal is constant.

Alternatively: Power of FM signal

20

Spectrum of FM Signals: Example

Case I: fm fixed, Am varies

(only positive frequency

part is shown)

21

Spectrum of FM Signals: Example

Case II: fm varies, Am fixed

(only positive frequency

part is shown)

22

BW of FM Signals
Theoretically, BW of FM wave is finite
BW of FM signals is effectively limited to a finite number of significant side frequencies

Method 1: Carson
Carsons
s Rule
Single-tone

Multi-tone

BT 2f 2W 2f 1
D

W = BW of m(t)
f = kf m(t)|max

Method 2: 1% method
BW of an FM wave is the separation between the two frequencies beyond which none of
the side frequencies is greater than 1% of AC

BT = 2nmaxfm

nmax is the largest value of the integer n that satisfies

the requirement: |Jn()| > 0.01
23

BW of FM Signals
Method 2: 1% method (contd)

24

BW of FM Signals
Method 2: 1% method (contd)

Universalcurveforevaluatingthe1%
U
i
l
f
l ti th 1%
bandwidthofanFMwave

As is increased,, the bandwidth occupied

p by
y the significant
g
side-frequencies
q
drops
p toward 2ff
Thismeansthatthesmallvaluesof arerelativelymoreextravagantintransmissionbandwidth
thanthelargervaluesof
25

BW of FM Signals
In general, Carsons rule underestimates the required bandwidth for FM
The universal curve gives more accurate estimation
Example: Commercial FM Broadcasting
In North America, the maximum value of frequency deviation f is fixed at 75 kHz
for commercial FM broadcasting by radio. Assume W = 15 kHz, which is typically
the maximum
maximum audio frequency of interest in FM transmission
transmission.
Corresponding value of the deviation ratio D = 75/15 = 5
Carsons rule: BT = 2f + 2D = 180 kHz
Universal Curve: BT = 3.2f = 3.2 *75 = 240 kHz
PM Signals

Practice the related examples from the book of B. P. Lathi

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