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(lecture 1)
The Protestant Reformation in Western Europe
Main Goals and Ideas:
Demonstrate how I use outlines in class
Europe was not a unified whole, but full of internal conflicts and divisions,
both before and after the Protestant Reformation.
Religion was the strongest division between individuals in early Modern
Europe.
The Reach of the Catholic Church, 313-1500s
Apostolic Succession
-the ordaining of popes, bishops, all trace roots back to peter, and therefor jesus
-only way to get to heaven is through priest
-only way to get to heaven is to heaven is through the priest, who has ties to pope
The Limits of the church outside of Western Europe/ the limits of the
church within Western Europe
-every local area is going to have some version or hybridization attached to catholicism
-there were many debates about the life of jesus (was he human, divine, or both?)
Paganism
Heresy
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther and the 95 theses (the symbolic beginning)
-statement of things church was doing wrong
-believed that the bible should be translated, the church was too political, and that you do
not need a priest to get to heaven
Peasants revolt
-revolt against landlords due to luthers actions
-luther did not approve when they became violent
-caused lose of appeal in rural poor because princes reacted cruelly
-more sophisticated state structure, can now go further into country to tax
2.
Militarization
Hispania
Castile, Granada, Aragon, Catalua, Asturias, etc. (GOOGLE) <------The wedding of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile
Reconquista
-struggle of 2 powers
-ended with marriage of ferdinand and isabel (united argon and castile to form spain)
The significance of 1492: Then and Now
-many minorities were being expelled
Limpieza de sangre (Purity of Blood)
-further you could trace relatives to catholicism, the purer you blood was
Inquisition
-police branch of catholic church
-used torture to persuade confession
-to increase nobility, you could purchase a position
explain
explain
Main Points:
The system of nation-states is a relatively new creation in world history.
Focusing only on one single nation-state will make you miss the things that
are happening in many places at once.
Medieval Spain provides a good case study of a local place that served as a
global crossroads.
-if there was a region that was stable but had a non manchu leader in charge that
was already successful, they kept it that way
-similar to millet system in ottoman empire
Qianlong (1736-1795)
-represented himself as a practitioner of buddism
-have use of symbols to get mongols on board
Bodhisattva
Universalism
Banner system (all men were enrolled in military in one of eight banners, once
non-manchus were conquered and incorped. into the state, these men were placed
restricting to fighting and management while nonmanchus worked the fields)
-diarchy: requirement for equal number of Han and bannerman as advisors.
created a collegial form of government and system of checks and balances.
-bureaucrats had to pass exam system but admitted previously ineligible groups
Incorporation of diverse population
-prohibition of marriage between bannerman and nonbannerman
-han and manchu both held high positions
-qing adopted ming-style government
-Han men were forced to adopt to qing fashion and dress
-kept the mandate of heaven
Homo-Sapiens
-first homo-sapien came from africa
-entire globe settled by migration
-americas were last (separate from other lad masses, to get there you had to go through
cold places, had to cross land mass
Nomadic (constantly moving for food)
Sedentary (settle long term)
Semi-Sedentary (live on seasonal routine)
Heterogeneity in the Americas before 1492
-ALL groups differed
Avoiding the trap of being ahistorical
-difficult to track groups over time
Example: Cabeza de Vaca
-detailed diaries of contact with indians, no one knows who he is writing about because
societies change
Tainos in the Caribbean
-semisedentary
-first contact with europeans
-naked, 30 and below, scars signify conflict with other groups, do not SEEM to have
religion (all according to Columbus)
Creation Myth:
-Yaya (name no one knows)
-Yayael (yayas son): tries to kill dad, dad kills him and places body in
gord, when gord was emptied, the universe came out)
Taino and Aztecs did have interaction
Aztecs and Incas: New Kids on the Block?
-more recent larger society in americas
The Mexica From Aztln to Tenochtitlan
Mexica
-spoke language still used today
-had many gods
-built city of tenochtitlan where the eagle with an snake in its beak was spotted after
wandering for years (founding story)
Nahuatl (native language)
Aztln (promise land)???
Huitzilopochtli
Tenochtitlan
-Aztec capitol
The Triple Alliance Mexica, Tacuba, Texcoco
-demanded tribute from conquered
-mexica begins to dominate
-call themselves Mexica; Aztec is the state
What was Tenochtitlan like in 1500?
-cleaner than any city in europe
-some buildings came from previous groups (ppl lived there before Aztecs)
-extremely well defended
-surrounded by water and had huge bridges with gaps (was an island) and was parasitic;
pulling resources from outside areas
Teothihuacan??
Tlatelolco??
The Social and Political Structures:
Calpulli (division into subdistricts)
Slaves and Workers
-slaves do work, were brought in from outside
Tribute from outside the city
Warriors
-were sent outside of city to demand food, water, and slaves (tribute)
The Role of Women
-were expected to stay and do housework within home
Hierarchy
1.
emperor
2.
priests and priestesses (religious leaders)
3.
warriors
4.
skilled laborers
5.
slaves
The Role of Human Sacrifice in the Aztec Empire
-number of sacrifices was HUGE
-done often and publicly
-blood was caked onto many walls
-people sacrificed were outsiders (nonmexica)
The Incan Empire in Peru
-massive empire, skilled at management
How was the Incan Empire different from the Aztec Empire?
Inca = name of the ruler
Tawantinsuyu = name of territory
How did the Incas govern such a large amount of territory?
Kilpu System
-way to send messages quickly throughout empire
-knots on rope as messages, became a sort of relay
-messengers became a common job of the people
Cultural Policies
-ppl had to adopt incan culture and religion as well as their own, kept ppl from uniting,
reason why it was illegal to change the dress
Tribute Labor Payments:
Mita (forced labor of incan subjects)
Indigenous People in the Caribbean
Aztecs vs Incans
-both taken over by spanish
-Aztec fell quicker, because the spanish use of Aztec enemies, and had a centralized
power (single-city)
-Aztec: 2 yrs, Inca: decades
Reflecting on the First Part of the Course
Military
-spanish united with aztec enemies (tlaxcalans)
The Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs
Tlaxcalans (aztec enemies)
Labor
-enslaved certain groups until discovery of tribute
Tribute
-the performance of work for free by natives, went from being placed on certain groups to
all groups
-common labor: gold mines
Religion
-big goal of spanish was to convert natives to catholicism
-built churches and icons on native religious sites
Case Study: The Virgin of Guadalupe????
From Religion to Race
Social hierarchy
-indians pay tribute, africans were slaves, whites managed
-intermarriage confused hierarchy
Castas Paintings
-portraits that displayed rules of hierarchy with mixed genes
What do we see?
European powers sought to recreate their way of life in the Americas though they ended
up creating new societies that mixed indigenous, European, and African cultures.
(lecture 7) pg. 378-87, 491-6, 9:17, 11:19
West Africa and the Slave Trade
Two big ideas:
As in the Americas, there was no single African identity between 1500 and 1800.
Individuals and groups in the continent defined themselves according to their
ethnic group, their family, their religion, their position within their society, and
perhaps the region where they lived.
Societies within the continent of Africa changed fundamentally as a result of their
trading relationships with Eurasia. Many of the problems faced by contemporary
Africa were the result of the slave trade, not the cause of it.
Africa as a Global Crossroads
Religion
Islam
Christianity
-practiced in Kingdom of Kongo
-many small scale tribal religions
-Vodun (one of many small scale religions)
-If you think about it, one of the parts of our own lives where we experience globalization
is through food.
(lecture 9) pg. 630-38
The Great Divergence
Main Points:
Only in the early 1800s do we see a European country (England) begin to surpass other
parts of the world in economic productivity and technology.
On the eve of British industrialization, China had the same science, technology, and many
other advantages associated with industrialization.
Many of the elements that allowed England to industrialize came from outside of
England itself.
What is industrial capitalism in theory?
-
food
Farming techniques in Britain were better
Demography (patterns in populations)
Better health
Factory owners started with desire to be efficient as possible
produce more
Britain
(international)
Coal
(local)
(international)
Raw materials
(international)
Effects
(local)
[international