Portalframes Europe Design

SKILLS%Project%%
PORTAL%FRAMES%IN%SINGLE%STOREY%BUILDINGS%
LEARNING%OUTCOMES%
! Structural%elas>c%analysis%including%second%order%eects%and%
imperfec>ons%
! Design%procedure%of%portal%frames
%%
! Design%procedure%of%roof%bracing%and%ver>cal%bracing!
3"
LIST%OF%CONTENTS%
! Introduc>on%
Presenta)on!of!industrial!steel!buildings!
" Examples!
! Global%Analysis%
" General!
" Second!order!eects!
" Frame!imperfec)on!!
" Rigidity!of!joints!
! Design%Procedure%of%portal%frames%
" Structural!stability!of!frames!
" Stability!of!columns!and!ra>ers!
! Ver>cal%Bracing%
! Roof%Bracing%
! Conclusion%
"
4"
INTRODUCTION%
INTRODUCTION %%
Typical!design!of!single!storey!
steel!buildings!!
6"
INTRODUCTION %%
Purlins!
7"
INTRODUCTION %%
Haunched!portal!frames!
8"
INTRODUCTION %%
Roof!bracing!
Photo APK
9"
INTRODUCTION %%
Ver)cal!bracing!
Photo APK
10"
INTRODUCTION %%
Photo APK JP Muzeau
11"
INTRODUCTION %%
12"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
! Methods!of!structural!analysis!!
EN!1993J1J1!!5.4!
!!
" Elas)c!analysis!!
!#!Material!is!supposed!to!behave!perfectly!linear!elas)c!
!
" Plas)c!analysis!
!#!Material!non!linearity!is!taken!into!account!
!#!Redistribu)on!of!internal!forces!and!moments!
14"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
! Eects!to!be!taken!into!account!when!signicant! EN!1993J1J1!!5.1!
!!
" Eects!of!deformed!geometry!(2nd!order!eects)!
" Imperfec)ons!
" S)ness!of!joints!
" GroundJstructure!interac)on!!!
15"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
!!! First!order!and!second!order!analysis!
"
First!order!analysis:!performed!on!the!non!deformed!
structure!
"
Second!order!analysis:!performed!including!eects!of!
deformed!geometry!!
16"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
! Eects!of!deformed!geometry/Second!order!eects!
V!
I!
First!order!analysis!of!the!structure!gives:!
H!
h!
MI = H h
H h3
=
3EI
I
I!
17"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
H! V!
Second!order!analysis!of!the!structure!gives:!
!!
M II = H! h + V ! II
!
II
#!itera)ve!calcula)on!of! !necessary!
n+1II
II!
= H h + V n
II!
18"
II
h2
3EI
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
H! V!
II!
II!
II
n+1
= H h + V n
II
h2
! 3EI
!
!
!!
h2
II
II
Supposing: !n+1 n!!!!!!!And:! (H h)
=I
3EI
!
h2
1
1
II
I
H h
!
V
3EI
Vh 2
1
1
Vcr
3EI
!
!
!With:!! Vcr =
19"
3EI
h2
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
!
!
H! !
!
!
!
V!
II!
II = I
Vcr
= cr
V
!Subs)tu)ng:!!
II
II!
1
V
1
Vcr
=
1
II
cr
1
M =M
1
20"
cr
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
! Global!and!local!second!order!eects!!
"
Global!2nd!order!eects!!PJJeects!
P!
!of!the!whole!structure!
#Concerns!the!deforma)on!
!
"
Local!2nd!order!eects!!PJJeects!!
#Concerns!the!deforma)on!
P!
#Generally!covered!by!member!
21"
!between!member!ends!
!checks!EN!1993J1J1!!6.3!
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Summarizing!the!eects!of!deformed!geometry!
" Taking!
the! deforma)on! of! the! structure! into! account!

generally!leads!to!higher!internal!forces!(shear!force)!and!
moments!for!portal!frames.!
" The!lesser!the!rigidity!of!the!structure!is,!the!higher!are!the!
deforma)on!and!therefore!the!2nd!order!eects.!
" cr! is! representa)ve! for! the! inuence! of! 2nd! order! eects!
(high! values! of! cr! stand! for! li`le! inuence! of! 2nd! order!
eects!)!
22"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Second!order!eects!in!ENJ1993J1J1!
" First!order!analysis!is!permi`ed!if:!
cr 10 for!elas)c!analysis!!
!
EN!1993J1J1!!5.2.1!
cr 15 for!plas)c!analysis!!
" If!criterion!is!not!respected!#!2nd!order!eects!have!to!be!
accounted!for!
23"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Accoun)ng!for!second!order!eects!in!ENJ1993J1J1!
3 cr < 10
" 2nd!order!analysis!(buckling!length!=!member!length)!or!
" 1st! order! analysis! followed! by! amplica)on! of! sway" eects"
(buckling!length!=!member!length)!or!
" 1st!order!analysis!(buckling!length!according!to!sway!buckling!
mode)!!
cr < 3
" 2nd!order!analysis!(buckling!length!=!member!length)!!
24"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
! Amplica)on!of!sway!eects!
" Amplica)on!factor:!
1
1
" Sway!eects:
!
!
!
!
cr
!Horizontal!loads!(e.g.!wind)!
!Eects!due!to!imperfec)on!
!Eects!due!to!geometry!of!the!structure!
25"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Calcula)on!of!cr!
" Simplied!formula:!! cr
& HEd #& h #

! EN!1993J1J1!!5.2.1!(4)!
!$
= $$
!
$
!
% VEd "% H,Ed "
VEd
!!
H,Ed
!
H
!
h
!
!
if!roof!slop!is!swallow:! !<!26!
Af y
0,3
if!axial!force!in!the!ra>er!is!small:!or!
Ed
NEd
26"
NEd 0,09Ncr
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Prac)cal!calula)on!of!cr!for!portal!frames!
Hunit!
VEd!
unit!
cr
h
VEd!
0,5!Hunit!
& Hunit
= $$
% VEd
#& h
!$
!$
"% unit
#
!
!
"
VEd!
0,5!Hunit!
0,25!Hunit!
unit = mean . column
0,5!Hunit!
unit = mean . column

27"
0,25!Hunit!
IMPERFECTIONS%
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Structural!imperfec)ons!
" Due!to:!lack!of!ver)cality!
!lack!of!straightness!
!eccentrici)es!in!joints!
!residual!stresses!
!inhomogeneity!of!material!
!
" Physical!imperfec)on!are!replaced!by!equivalent!
geometric!imperfec)on!!
29"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
! Equivalent!geometric!imperfec)on!
!!
"
Global!ini)al!sway!imperfec)on!
"
Local!bow!imperfec)on!
e0
e0
30"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Global!sway!imperfec)on!
!!
EN!1993J1J1!!5.3.2!
= 0hm
" 0:!Basic!value!
0 = 1/ 200
" h:!Reduc)on!factor!for!the!height!of!the!columns!
!
h! =
!but!
2
h 1
3
" m:!Reduc)on!factor!for!the!number!of!columns!per!row!
!
!
! &
m = 0,5$1 +
%
1
! #
!
m"
!!
! m! is! the! number! of! columns! carrying! at! least! 50%! of!
!the!average!ver)cal!load!of!the!column!row!considered!
31"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Direc)on!of!sway!imperfec)on!
"
Every!possible!direc)on!has!to!be!considered,!but!only!one!
direc)on!in!a!)me!
%
32"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! System!of!equivalent!forces!replacing!outJofJplumb!
NEd!
NEd! N
Ed!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
33"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! System!of!equivalent!forces!replacing!outJofJplumb!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
34"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Possibility!of!disregarding!global!frame!imperfec)on!
"
!
"
Rela)vely!high!horizontal!loads
HEd 0,15VEd
!!
EN!1993J1J1!!5.3.2!
Frame!stability!check!with!equivalent!column!method!
! (buckling! length! of! columns! are! based! on! overall! sway!
!buckling!!mode)!
EN!1993J1J1!!5.2.2!
35"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Local!bow!imperfec)on!
"
Local!2nd!order!eects!are!generally!included!in!the!member!
verica)on!formulas!of!EN!1993J1J1!6.3!
"
Local! bow! imperfec)on! has! to! be! considered! for! slender!

members!under!high!compression!axial!force!
36"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! If!
frame! is! sensi)ve! to! 2nd! order! eects,! local! bow!

imperfec)on!has!to!be!applied!on:!
" !
compressed!members!that!have!at!least!one!moment!
!resistant!joint!and!
Af y
EN!1993J1J1!!5.3.2!
"! whose!reduced!slenderness!! > 0,5
NEd
!!
%
%is!calculated!supposing!a!pin!ended!column:!
!!
2
A# fy
& #
=
!
!
!And N!cr = $ !!! EI
%L"
Ncr
37"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Value!of!local!bow!imperfec)on!
Elas>c%analysis%
Plas>c%analysis%
e0/L%
e0/L%
a0!
1/350!
1/300!
a!
1/300!
1/250!
b!
1/250!
1/200!
c!
1/200!
1/150!
d!
1/150!
1/100!
Buckling%curve%
e0!
EN!1993J1J1!!5.3.2!
38"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! System!of!equivalent!forces!replacing!local!bow!imperfec)on!
NEd!
NEd!
e0!
4NEde0,d/L!
8NEde0,d/L2!
L!
4NEde0,d/L!
NEd!
NEd!
39"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! System!of!equivalent!forces!replacing!local!bow!imperfec)on!
e0!
e0!
4NEd!e0,d/L!
8NEde0,d/L2!
4NEd!e0,d/L!
L!
8NEde0,d/L2!
4NEd!e0,d/L!
40"
4NEd!e0,d/L!
STIFFNESS%OF%JOINTS%
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Examples!of!Joints!
Rigid!joint!
Nominally!pinned!joint!
42"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Classica)on!of!joints!by!s)ness!
M!
EN!1993J1J8!!5.2.2!
Joint!A!
Joint!B!
Joint!C!
43"
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Classica)on!boundaries!
M!
Joint!A!
kb
EN!1993J1J8!!5.2.2.5!
EI beam
Lbeam
SemiJrigid!joints!
Joint!B!
Rigid!joints!
0,5
EI beam
Lbeam
Joint!C!
44"
Nominally!pinned!joints!
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Value!of!kb!for!the!classica)on!of!joints!
kb! =! 8! :
reduces! the!
80%!
" kb! =! 25! :
storey!!
!Kb/Kc!!0,1!
! Kb:!
"
! Kc:
! !Ic/b:!
!Lc/b:!
! frames! where! the! bracing! system!

! horizontal! displacement! by! at! least!
! other! frames,! provided! that! in! every!
! mean! value! of! Ib/Lb! for! all! beams! at! the! top!!!
!of!the!storey!
! mean! value! of! Ic/Lc! for! all! columns! of! the!!!
!storey!
!second!moment!of!area!of!a!column/beam
!!
45"
!height/length!of!a!column/beam!
GLOBAL%ANALYSIS%
%
! Prac>cal%comments!
"
The! designer! will! probably! choose! the! assump)on! of! rigid!

ra>erJtoJcolumn!joints.!!
"
The!designer!will!probably!choose!the!assump)on!of!either!
pinned!or!rigid!column!bases.!!
"
The!assump)ons!will!have!to!be!checked!a>erwards.!
46"
DESIGN%PROCEDURE%OF%PORTAL%FRAMES%
%
! Structural!stability!of!frames!
"
EN!1993J1J1!!5.2.2!
cr!!10!:!
$ 1st!Method:!
$ 1st!order!analysis!without!imperfec)ons!
$ Column!inJplane!stability!check!using!buckling!length!
according!to!sway!buckling!mode!
$ 2nd!Method:!
$ 1st!order!analysis!with!global!imperfec)on!
$ Column!inJplane!stability!check!using!member!length!
48"
%
"
EN!1993J1J1!!5.2.2!
cr!<!3!:!
$ Check!if!introduc)on!of!local!imperfec)on!is!necessary!
$
if!necessary:!
$ 2nd! order! analysis! with! global! imperfec)on! if!
necessary!
$ Column!inJplane!stability!check!=!check!of!resistance!
of!sec)on!!
49"
%
"
EN!1993J1J1!!5.2.2!
cr!<!3!:!
$
if!not!necessary:!!
necessary!
$ Column!inJplane!stability!check!using!member!length!
50"
%
"
EN!1993J1J1!!5.2.2!
3!!cr!<!10!:!
$
if!necessary:!
necessary!
$ Column! inJplane! stability! check! =! check! of! sec)on!
resistance!
51"
%
"
EN!1993J1J1!!5.2.2!
3!!cr!<!10!:!
$
$
$
$
$
if!not!necessary:!!
1st!Method:!
1st!order!analysis!without!imperfec)ons!
Column! inJplane! stability! check! using! buckling! length!
according!to!sway!buckling!mode!
Verica)on! of! joints! and! ra>ers! including! second! order!
eects!(amplica)on!of!sway!eects)!
52"
%
"
EN!1993J1J1!!5.2.2!
3!!cr!<!10!:!
$
$
$
$
$
if!not!necessary:!!
2nd!Method:!
1st!order!analysis!with!global!imperfec)on!if!necessary!
Amplica)on!of!sway!eects!
Column!inJplane!stability!check!using!member!length!
53"
%
Buckling!length!=!Member!length!:!
!
!
!
!
!
Lcr!
Buckling!length!according!to!sway!buckling!mode!:!
Lcr!
54"
%
Geometry!+!Boundary!condi)ons!+!Loads!
Calcula)on!of!cr!
cr!<!3!
3!!cr!<!10!
cr!!10!
Slide!!
58!
Slide!!
59!
Slide!!
57!
55"
%
Calcula)on!of!cr!
cr!!10!
Global!imperfec)on!
1st!order!analysis!
In!plane!stability!check!of!
columns!using!member!length!
In!plane!stability!check!of!columns!using!buckling!
length!according!to!global!buckling!mode!
56"
%
Calcula)on!of!cr!
cr!<!3!
Global!imperfec)on!if!necessary:!!EN!1993J1J1!!5.3.2!(4)!
!
Local!imperfec)on!if!necessary:!!!!EN!1993J1J1!!5.3.2!(6)!
Not!necessary!
Necessary!
2nd!order!analysis!
In!plane!stability!check!of!columns!
=!resistance!check!of!sec)on!
57"
columns!using!member!length!
%
Calcula)on!of!cr!
3!!cr!<!10!
Local!imperfec)on!if!necessary:!!!!EN!1993J1J1!!5.3.2!(6)!
Not!necessary!
Necessary!
Global!imperfec)on!if!necessary:!!EN!1993J1J1!!5.3.2!(4)!
Necessary!
2nd!order!analysis!
columns!=!resistance!
check!of!sec)on!
Amplica)on!of!
sway!eects!
columns!using!member!
length!
58"
Not!necessary!
1st!order!analysis!
In!plane!stability!check!of!columns!using!
buckling!length!according!to!sway!buckling!
mode!
STABILITY%OF%COLUMNS%AND%RAFTERS%
%
! Stability!of!columns!and!ra>ers!
"
Columns! and! ra>ers! are! subjected! to! axial! forces! and!

moments!
!#!Use!of!interac)on!formula!
EN!1993J1J1!!6.3.3!
M y ,Ed + M y ,Ed
M z,Ed + M z,Ed
NEd
+ k yy
+ k yz
1
y NRk
M y ,Rk
M z,Rk
M1
LT
M1
M1
M y ,Ed + M y ,Ed
M z,Ed + M z,Ed
NEd
+ k zy
+ k zz
1
z NRk
M y ,Rk
M z,Rk
M1
LT
M1
M1
60"
%
! Simplica)on!for!common!frames!
Columns! and! ra>ers! are! not! subjected! to! outJofJplane!

moments!
" Columns!and!ra>ers!are!usually!double!symmetric!sec)ons!
"
NEd
+ k yy
y NRk
M1
NEd
+ k zy
z NRk
M1
M y ,Ed
1
M y ,Rk
LT
M1
M y ,Ed
1
M y ,Rk
LT
61"
M1
ROOF%BRACING%
ROOF%BRACING%
%
!!
Photo APK
63"
ROOF%BRACING%
Ra>ers!
Purlins!transmipng!
horizontal!loads!to!
roof!bracing!
Roof!bracing!
64"
ROOF%BRACING%
%
! Ground!view!of!roof!bracing!
Roof!bracing!
Purlins!transmipng!
horizontal!loads!to!roof!
bracing!
6!Ra>ers!
65"
ROOF%BRACING%
%
! Idealisa)on!of!roof!bracing!
NEd!
Fexterior!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
m!ra>ers!whose!anges!are!
subjected!to!the!axial!force!NEd!
(including!ra>ers!ac)ng!as!
upper!and!lower!ange!of!roof!
bracing)!
Horizontal!loads!transmi`ed!
by!purlins!
Roof!bracing!
66"
ROOF%BRACING%
%
! Imperfec)on!for!roof!bracing!!
NEd!
Fexterior!
e0!
NEd!
NEd!
e0!
e0!
NEd!
e0!
EN!1993J1J1!!5.3.3!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
m!ra>ers!whose!anges!are!
subjected!to!the!axial!force!NEd!
and!that!are!subjected!to!
imperfec)on!e0!
NEd!
Horizontal!loads!due!to!
imperfec)on!e0!and!axial!
forces!NEd!and!to!Fexterior!
Roof!bracing!
67"
ROOF%BRACING%
%
! Imperfec)on!for!roof!bracing!!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
Fexterior!
e0!
e0!
e0!
e0!
NEd!
NEd =
NEd!
NEd!
e0 =
MRafter,Ed
hSection
mL
500
AupFlange
ASection
NEd!
Horizontal!loads!due!to!
imperfec)on!e0!and!axial!
forces!NEd!and!to!Fexterior!
Roof!bracing!
68"
&
m = 0,5$1 +
%
NRafter,Ed
1#
!
m"
ROOF%BRACING%
%
! Calcula)on!of!roof!bracing!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
Fexterior!
e0!
e0!
e0!
e0!
NEd!
"
Use!of!geometric!imperfec)on!
and!2nd!order!analysis!
"
Use! of! equivalent! forces! and!

1st!order!analysis!
NEd!
NEd!
NEd!
69"
ROOF%BRACING%
%
! Equivalent!load!concept!
Fexterior!
q d!
qdL/8! qdL/4! qdL/4! qdL/4! qdL/8!
qdL/2!
qdL/2!
L!
qd =
Ed 8
e0 + g
L2
! g: deec)on! of! the! roof! bracing!!!

! due! to! exterior! load! Fexterior! and!!!
!equivalent!load!qd!
!#!itera)ve!calcula)on!of!qd!
!#!1!or!2!itera)ons!sucient!!
70"
VERTICAL%BRACING%
VERTICAL%BRACING%
%
Photo APK
72"
VERTICAL%BRACING%
%
! Design!procedure!
"
"
"
"
"
Calcula)on!of!cr!!
!#!1st!order!or!2nd!order!theory!
Determina)on!of!horizontal!loads!
!#!Wind!
!#!Loads!due!to!global!imperfec)on!if!necessary!
Calcula)on!of!internal!forces!and!moments!
Verica)on!of!stability!in!bracing!plane!
Verica)on!of!out!of!bracing!plane!stability!as!before!
73"
VERTICAL%BRACING%
%
! Calcula)on!of!cr!for!ver)cal!bracings!
Vtotal!
V!
V!
V!
V!
Hunit!
h!
cr
& Hunit
= $$
% Vtotal
74"
#& h
!$
!$
"% mean
#
!
!
"
VERTICAL%BRACING%
%
! InJplane!loads!on!ver)cal!bracing!
V
Ntot +!H!
!
Ntot
! Ntot:! Sum! of! axial! forces! of! all

!
!!columns!stabilized!by!bracing!
!H: !External!horizontal!loads!!
!V: !Ver)cal!loads!on!columns!
!:! !Sway!imperfec)on%
75"
CONCLUSION%
CONCLUSION%
! Generally% 2nd%
order% eects% and% imperfec>ons% have% to% be%

accounted%for%in%the%design%of%portal%frames.%
! Depending%on%the%value%of%cr%dierent%calcula>on%methods%
can%be%adopted.%
! For%
portal% frames% it% is% convenient% to% account% for% global%

imperfec>on% and% global% 2nd% order% eects% in% the% global%
analysis.%
77"
CONCLUSION%
! Local%2nd%order%eects%are%generally%included%in%the%member%
verica>on%formulas%of%EN%1993W1W1%6.3.%
! Physical%
imperfec>ons% are% replaced% by% either% equivalent%

geometric%imperfec>ons%or%equivalent%loads.%
! Bracing% systems% are% subjected% to% external% horizontal% loads%
and%loads%due%to%their%func>on%as%stabilizing%elements.%
78"

Portalframes Europe Design

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Portalframes Europe Design

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SKILLS%Project%%

Photo APK JP Muzeau

the! deforma)on! of! the! structure! into! account!

& HEd #& h #

unit = mean . column

unit = mean . column

Local! bow! imperfec)on! has! to! be! considered! for! slender!

frame! is! sensi)ve! to! 2nd! order! eects,! local! bow!

! frames! where! the! bracing! system!

The! designer! will! probably! choose! the! assump)on! of! rigid!

Columns! and! ra>ers! are! subjected! to! axial! forces! and!

Columns! and! ra>ers! are! not! subjected! to! outJofJplane!

Use! of! equivalent! forces! and!

! g: deec)on! of! the! roof! bracing!!!

! Ntot:! Sum! of! axial! forces! of! all

order% eects% and% imperfec>ons% have% to% be%

portal% frames% it% is% convenient% to% account% for% global%

imperfec>ons% are% replaced% by% either% equivalent%

! Bracing% systems% are% subjected% to% external% horizontal% loads%

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