Report Prepared by Philip Morris Outside Litigation Counsel

H U M A N S M O K I N G
0 B E H A V I O R
6
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HUMAN SMOKING BEHAVIOR
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

AREA C
)03285559 000000 C Idea for regulation study . Determine whether physical parameters such a s
dilution or nicotine regulation affect puf f
volume .
)03285564/5567 000000 C WLD handwritten introduction of a proposal to Smokers are resistant to changes in thei r
study how much tar reduction the smoker will consumption patterns . Although smokers ma y
sustain . modify their smoking behavior to reduc e
personal conflict between their smoking an d
their health concerns, few will qui t
entirely . Switching to a low delivery
cigarette is the option which will cause the
most durable change ; "although probably more
illusory than real in effective intak e
reduction, since he will likely compensat e
with larger and more frequent puffs and/o r
more cigarettes, it is more likely to effec t
long term change . "
000334095/4124 560224 C Dupuis presentation to Amer . Chem . Soc . We have found by studying human smokers tha t
Symposium on Tobacco, "The Tobacco Industry - no two people smoke in the same way .
Background & Current Research . "
003288327/8328 660930 C C WLD Monthly Report . Study whether smokers adapt puffing pattern
across cigarettes in search of constan t
intake .
.003295418/5426 661118 C Dunn Annual Report, "Consumer Psychology ." Smokers did not adapt to varying TPM
delivered as expected . No conclusions coul d
be drawn from differences between cigarett e
types .
_ 003286561/6590 661118 C Dunn Annual Report, 651100-661100 . Investigate variation in puffing pattern s
among smokers, across types of cigarettes ,
(Dup . 1003288415/84301 and from the front end to the butt end of th e
cigarette .
Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

972403 G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulatio n
L6L9Z10022
)03295500/5502 670728 C C WLD memo to RBS, "Study of the Effect of Lip Two explanations of mainstream volum e
4 Occlusion of Air Holes on Mainstream Delivery constancy have been put forth : (1) smoker s
in Air Diluted Cigarettes ." adjust puff intake in order to maintain TP M
and/or nicotine constancy, (2) occlusion of
air holes does not linearly reduce ai r
dilution ; thus blocking of holes will resul t
in increased compensating flow through th e
remaining unblocked holes .
X00307721/7724 670810 C C WLD memo to HRRW and RBS, "Study of the Results are "further evidence that smoker s
Effect of Air Hole Blockage on Gross Puff adjust puff intake in order to maintai n
Volume in Air Diluted Cigarettes ." constant smoke intake . "
[Dup . 1001892505 1
000322554/2555 670811 C C HRRW memo to Paul Smith, "Plastic Dilution "In smoking a dilution filter cigarette, th e
S Tipped Parliament ." smoker adjusts his puff to receive about th e
same amount of "undiluted" smoke ." Smoking
[Dup . 1000307719/7720] machine data are apparently erroneous and
misleading .
003288337/8338 670825 C C WLD Monthly Report . "further support to the postulate tha t
smokers adjust puff intake in order t o
maintain constant smoke intake . "
003288300 670908 C C WLD Bi-Monthly Progress Report . This is interpreted to be further evidence o f
the tendency of smokers to adjust smok e
intake . "
003288316 671027 C WLD Bimonthly Report . Failed to support preliminary findings that
indicated smokers left longer butts whe n
smoking 100 mm cigarettes .
.003293536 680507 C WLD memo, "TPM Intake by Smokers ." "Since there is evidence that the smok e
adapts his puff, it is reasonable t o
anticipate that he adapts to maintain a
fairly constant daily dosage ." Dunn believes
the critical measure will be found fro m
dynamic inhalation measures on the smoker ,
not from the cigarette .
Areas : C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

72403 0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulatio n
86L9ZTOOS3
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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S

03287880/7890 690000 C C Ryan/WLD Third draft of Board Presentation . A smoker will tend to seek a constant intak e
level regardless of cigarette . "It als o
means we are being unfairly criticized fo r
producing a high delivery cigarette as B&H . "
People begin smoking for psychosocial reason s

but "after adolescent preoccupation wit h
self-image has subsided, the cigarette wil l
even preempt food in times of scarcity on the
smoker's priority list . "
03287621/7630 690303 C Proposal for Phase II of the study of the Determine the effect of switching from 85 mm
cigarette smoker's Daily Smoke Intake (SEX- to 100 mm cigarettes (or vice versa) on dail y
II) . intake .
X03288257/8258 690404 C WLD Quarterly Report . Determine if smoke intake level is a functio n
of smoker or cigarette or both .
101880505/0508 690408 C WLD memo "Modified Design of Sex-2 ." "'To what extent is daily smoke intake a
function of the cigarette smoked?'" "'I f
daily smoke intake is altered by changes i n
the performance characteristics of the
cigarette, does change in daily smoke intake
occur as a function of change in the numbe r
of cigarettes smoked, or as a function o f
change in intake from a single cigarette ."'
)03289890/9892 690925 C WLD memo to HRRW re Hausermann paper on Consumption rate is determined by the smoker ,
cigarette consumption . and not by the brand smoked, and that th e
smoker's brand choice is determined by ho w
much smoke he wants . "
)03287583/7586 691015 C [WLD] notes, Sex-II preliminary analysis . Smokers whose TPM delivery increased 5 m g
increased their daily intake 37% of the
predicted increase . Those who decrease d
their intake decreased by 49% of th e
predicted decrease .
Areas : C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

2403 0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 3 -
•
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS 7

00273741/3771 691126 C C HRRW presentation to Board of Directors, "Why do 70 million Americans and-countles
7 s
P "Smokers Psychology Research ." millions outside of the United States smoke
despite parental admonition, doctors '
[Dup . 1000273741/3771] warnings, governmental taxes, and healt h
agency propaganda? What benefits do smoker s
wittingly or unwittingly find in smoking tha t
outweigh the real or imaginary risks that th e
same smokers feel? "
Learn more about the psychology of smoking ,

"hopefully to discover ways to exploit th e
benefits of smoking to the advantage an d
profitability of our maior company business . "
" . . We are of the conviction, in view o f

the foregoing, that the ultimate explanatio n
for the perpetuated cigarette habit reside s
in the pharmacological effect of smoke upo n
the body of the smoker, the effect being mos t
rewarding to the individual under stress . "
"The smoker's report of how many cigarettte s
he smokes per day is a poor measure of hi s
actual smoke intake . "A smoker's intake
level is determined by the smoker himself ,
not by the manufacturer of the cigrettes . "
003288243/8245 700515 C WLD Annual Report . Results do not support hypothesis tha t
smokers adjust smoking pattern to maintai n
constant intake .
003285464/5477 701105 C Schori proposal, "Tar, Nicotine, and Smoking Determine effect of N on consumption when T
Behavior ." is constant, and effect of T when N i s
constant . Consumption was not found to be a
function of N . "[P]erhaps the smoker doe s
develop a quota for nicotine" bu t
relationship may have been obscured by
unpleasant taste .

72403 0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation
0089zJ00Sz
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03285484 701117 C Schori memo to Long, "An Experimental Determine how cigarette consumption i n
Evaluation of the Effect of Tar and Nicotine influenced by T&N .
Content on Cigarette Consumption, Projec t
1600, Study No . TNT-1 . "
00306916/6197 701228 C Johnston memo to Udow, "Switchers and Data show that switchers to "health "
Quantity per Day ." cigarettes do not increase their daily
consumption nor do switchers from "health "
cigarettes to regular cigarettes (both group s
decreased consumption) . People who smoke d
the same type both years did increase thei r
consumption . "This suggests othe r
interesting hypotheses . "
03285444/5445 710118 C Schori memo to Long, "Smoking on Low Delivery Study TNT-2 . Determine whether cigarette s
Cigarettes ." low in T but relatively higher in N might b e
acceptable alternatives to normal cigs .
103288441/8442 710128 C WLD Monthly Report . Determine whether smoker's have daily intak e
quotas for T or N .
103288507/8508 710406 C WLD Quarterly Report . Smoking and stress studies in progress : 1 )
P smoking rate as a function of state o f
anxiety ; 2) smoke consumption as a functio n
of film-induced stress ; 3) effectiveness o f
smoking in increasing efficiency of tas k
performance ; 4) effect of smoke deprivatio n
on mood .
Smokers discriminate small increments o f

nicotine from 1 .2 mg to 3 .0 mg and prefer th e
lowest level .
)03285449/5462 710813 C Schori report to WLD, "Nicotine and Cigarette Acceptability of cigarettes with differin g
Acceptability ." nicotine deliveries is largely determined b y
what smokers are used to .
Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

2403 G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 5 -
1.089Z1002Z
s 0

00719351/9353 710819 C Schori memo to FER, "Tar, Nicotine, and Lowest N delivery was most acceptable at al l
Smoking Behavior ; Report on Preliminary T levels . Number of cigarettes smoked pe r
Findings ." day was consistent with acceptability .
(Dup . 1003285446/5448 ]
103285443 710910 C Martin memo to Special Smoking Panel, "Tar, Asks whether the number of cigarettes smoke d
P Nicotine and Smoking Behavior ." varied becuase of nicotine level or becaus e
of acceptability . Also asks if any
particular personality factor (from th e
personality test) is related to the kind o f
cigarette preferred .
)03288445/8446 710916/ C WLD Monthly Report . "[D]ifferent types of people have different
711015 tar and nicotine intakes . "
)00350158/0188 711100 C C Schori Special Report, "Tar, Nicotine, and [TNT-1] Change in consumption greater wit h
Smoking Behavior ." change of T than with change of N . Smoker s
have daily intake quota for T and/or N an d
they titrate . Recommendation : T of bes t
selling cigarettes be slightly reduce d
leaving N the same without decreasing ci g
acceptability .
D03285439/5440 711101 C Schori memo to Long, "Smoking and Low Determine whether cigs with low T and high N
Delivery Cigarettes ." might be acceptable alternatives to norma l
cigarettes .
003285403/5416 720100 C C Schori draft paper, "Tar, Nicotine and As nicotine increased, cigarette consumptio n
Cigarette Consumption ." rate decreased . Supports idea of a smoker' s
daily nicotine intake quota which suggeste d
that smokers modify their consumption rate i n
order to maintain their normal quota . No
support was found for the analogous notio n
for daily tar intake quota . Thus, while dat a
do support hypothesis of a nicotine intak e
quota, they also provide support for the
acceptability hypothesis .
003285436/5437 720113 C Schori memo to Long, "Smoking and Low Determine T&N deliveries for optimall y
Delivery Cigarettes (Part 2) - TNT-3 ." acceptable low delivery cigarette .

0

D0351570/1595 720623 C C Schori Technical Report, "Smoking and Low "A low delivery cigarette with medium tar ,
Delivery Cigarettes ." medium nicotine (proportionate reduction i n
tar and nicotine) would be best for optima l
cigarette acceptability . "
03288479/8480 721101/ C WLD Monthly Report . Determine effect of changing T&N on smokin g
721130 behavior when cigarette nicotine values g o
below smoker's accustomed level .
00353355/3410 730300 C C WLD/Schori Special Report, "Smoking Behavior : Sex-III . "these findings suggest . . . tha t
Real World observations ." a tar and/or nicotine quota mechanism may b e
operative . That is, they may be smoking mor e
(more cigarettes and more rod) to compensat e
for the decreases in tar and nicotine
delivery of their cigarettes ." Those smokin g
cigarettes delivering less tar than befor e
smoke more cigarettes while those smokin g
cigarettes delivering more tar than before
now smoke fewer cigarettes . This is not tru e
for nicotine delivery .
)03288190 730318 C WLD Quarterly Report . Evidence that smoker calibrates puffing
behavior to his needs . The smoker i s
insensitive to rather large changes in smok e
composition (21-15 mg tar) .
)03288191/8196 730318 C WLD Monthly Report . Data indicate that C .I . report underestimate s
actual smoker intake, "often severely . "
)03295120/5121 730416 C Ryan memo to Keritsis re "Commander-Marlboro Preliminary analysis of data indicate tha t
Test ." four Commander smokers took more puffs an d
lower puff volumes than four Marlbor o
smokers . Puff durations and interpuf f
intervals were similar for the two groups .
Observed differences only approache d
significance or were nonsignificant .
Areas : C = Compensation, E= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

E099 10092
00353473/3507 730600 C Ryan report, "Puff Two : Differences in Measure puff characteristics in relation onl y
Student Smoking Behavior with Six Cigarette to cigarette differences, not smoke r
Brands and Two Little Cigars ." personality . Smokers compensated for a
weaker smoke mixture ; data suggest a muc h
higher nicotine delivery in brands tested
than FTC values show . Low delivery
cigarettes may be unsatisfying because other -
than-normal puff durations must be taken t o
"take in any significant amount of tar o r
nicotine . "
03295359/5362 730802 C Ryan and Hancock memo to WLD, "Progress i n

Puffing Studies . "
0354257/4277 730900 C Ryan, et al ., report, "Puffing Behavior on Determine whether smokers smoke cigarette s
High and Low Delivery Cigarettes ." differing in delivery differently in terms o f
puff interval, volume and flow rate . Smoker s
puffed these two cigarettes in a similar
fashion . Flow rate differed slightly but wa s
found not to affect delivery .
03288167/8168 730917 C WLD Monthly Report . Smoking does not affect attentional capacity .
P
Smokers smoked 3 levels of N at 3 levels o f
T . 14 mg T and .75 mg . N most acceptable .
In-house smokers smoked 14 .6 and 20 .7 mg ta r

cigarettes in a similar manner .
100354581/4604 731000 C Schori, et al ., report, "Smoking and Low Deviations in either direction from the T& N
Delivery Cigarettes-II (TNT-3) ." ratio of natural state tobacco ( .07 )
adversely affect cigarette acceptability .

G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 8• -
!103
V099Z 00Gz 0
r i

03288176/8177 731008 C WLD Quarterly Report . Subject's puff volume appeared to b e
determined by rod length, not by number o f
prior puffs taken, nor cumulative amount o f
tar and nicotine previously taken into the
body .
Observed decrease in cigarette consumptio n

was not due to the increase in nicotine pe r
se but rather to the decreased acceptabilit y
associated with the increased nicotine .
These results do not support a nicotine quot a
hypothesis . "
)03295354/5358 731106 C Hancock and Ryan memo to WLD, "Puff Four : Changing interpuff interval from 60 to 3 0
Puffing Behavior at 30 and 60 Second seconds did not significantly affect puf f
Interpuff Intervals ." volume, duration and flow rates .
)03288164/8166 731113 C WLD Monthly Report . Puffing Behavior (Ryan) .
)03288139/8140 740000 C C [WLD] notes for 740000 5-year-plan re Develop evidence that the smoker regulate s
compensation studies . his intake other than by his choice o f
cigarettes, specifically, by inhalatio n
patterns . Expects "that there will continue
to be pressure brought to bear upon th e
industry to reduce available tar and
nicotine . "
D03294955/4968 740000 C Presentation re study of smoke inhalation "Behind all this interest is our belief that
patterns . smokers regulate their dosage to suit thei r
personal need . "
[Dup . 1003294969/4971 ; 1003294972/4976 ]
003288465/8468 740102 C TSO memo to FER, "Year End Report from only small differences in puffing behavior
Research ." were found using a human smoking recorder
with popular cigarettes . Low delivery
cigarettes were smoked at higher puff volume s
and flow rates .

12403
9 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 9 -
90 Z1009Z
103293267/3273 740115 C WLD memo to TSO, "1974 Plans and Objectives ." Hypothesis : 1) puffing patterns vary as a
function of changes in delivery ; 2) dos e
[Dup . 1003293183/31853 control continues even after the puff o f
smoke is drawn into the mouth .
740301 C C Smoking and Health Presentation to N .Y . Smoker responses to cigarettes with differen t
103293476/3493
Personnel, "Some Unexpected observations on filter systems were different in terms o f
Tar and Nicotine and Smoke Behavior ." flow, volume, count . Subjects smokin g
various brands of cigarettes with a puf f
recorder showed that smoke volume and tar
intake differed from FTC values . "Smoker s
are taking in more than FTC ratings . "
"The FTC standardized test should be

retained : (1) it gives low numbers ; (2) i t
permits comparisons between brands . "
"People smoke to get nicotine ; more nicotine

will compensate for less tar . "
C WLD memo, "Experimental Design for the First Premise : " . . . that the smoking habit i s
)03294977/4982 740724
Study of Patterns of Smoke Inhalation maintained by the reinforcing effects of th e
(designated Inhalation I) ." pharmacologically active components of smoke .
A corollary to this premise is that the
smoker will regulate his smoke intake so a s
to achieve his habitual quota of th e
pharmacological action . "
C Schori Special Report, "Does the Smoker No evidence of regulatory behavior i .e . ,

000356550/6576 740800
Compensate for Changes in Delivery in orde r smokers failed to compensate for decreasing
to Re gulate Intake (TNT-4) . " availability of T + N by changing the numbe r
of cigs smoked or the amount of rod consumed .
States that the intake constancy hypothesi s
must be viewed with skepticism . Intake quot a
mechanism is not operative for short-ter m
changes in cigarette delivery levels .

P2403 G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 10 -
9099zroose
103288114/8116 740814 C WLD Monthly Report . Identifying the agent responsible for smok e
E impact will enable manipulation of impact an d
aid in development of full-flavored low -
delivery cigarette .
Smoke inhalation does not appear to influenc e
subject's control of alpha activity .
)03294036/4037 740900/ C Quarterly Report . "The pharmacological effects of nicotine, o r
741200 better of smoke, together with the psycho -
physiological state of the smoker, form a
short-term regulated system in which th e
quantity of nicotine involved, is settled by
the smoker at each puff, more or les s
independently of the available quantity, a s
expressed by the standard yield . "
D03288110/8113 740916 C WLD Quarterly Report . Smokers deprived performed better than
P smokers or non-smokers . Smokers exhibited
fewer mood changes .
"No change was observed in rod 'consumed o r
number of cigarettes smoked as tar deliver y
varied . Unless some other mechanism fo r
regulating intake can be uncovered, th e
intake consistency hypothesis must be viewed
with skepticism . "
Puff Six (Ryan) . "Obviousy a compensation
is taking place . "
000258064 741126 C C HRRW letter to Hausermann . "It is true that a particular individua l
appears to have some kind of a consisten t
(Dup . 1001812881] puff profile, but it is also true that
individuals change the duration and volume o f
thier puffs when they make radical changes i n
the type of cigarettes being smoked ." PM i s
not ready to release these data .

72403
d = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulatio n - 11 -
V r .{
LO89ZIOO IC J .:~
03293177/3182 741127 C WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for Study the effects of smoking on a subject' s
E 1975 ." ability to concentrate as measured by
P maintenance of alpha brain wave dominance ; 2 )
to study "the influence of smoking upon
control of aggressivity . "
Conduct studies to investigate the hypothesi s

that smokers regulate the amount of nicotin e
retained in the body and how they regulat e
it .
)03295335/5338 750103 C Goodman memo to Meyer, "Marlboro-Marlboro As a group regular Marlboro smokers did not
Lights Study ." significantly change smoking behavior whe n
switched to Marlboro Lights .
)03721133/1148 750205 C Clafllin memo to RBS, "Effect of Flow Rate on Major changes in delivery are not observe d
Smoke Component Deliveries ." for the range of flow rates at which mos t
people smoke . "A smoker's change in volum e
or puff count has a more direct relationshi p
to his smoke intake . "
)00024914/4920 750514 C C WLD memo to RBS, "Observations on the Smokers are insensitive to major deliver y
Relationship of Nicotine Change and Sales level changes (i .e ., 24-18 mg) . This appear s
Change in the Marlboro ." contrary to contention that seasoned smoker s
smoke for nicotine . "Both the literature and
the internal P .M . R&D findings to date are
not fully supportive of the postulate .
Suggestive, yes, but there has been no study
which revealed the smoker to be titrating t o
the degree necessary to maintain constancy in
his nicotine supply when he is faced with a
variation in delivery levels of the cigarett e
smoked, or when he is preloaded o r
predeprived ." "what the smoker gets in th e
way of smoke is independent of smok e
concentration levels as delivered within th e
range of commercially available cigarettes . "

72403
e0ege zQOSz
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DOCUMENT-ID-
OCUMENT I D DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S
03287978/7980 750625 C C WLD Quarterly Report . Effect of Smoking on Risk Taking in a

P Simulated Auto Passing Situation . Manuscript
approved for publication .
After deprivation smokers (1) increased thei r

no . of puffs by 371 ; (2) increased no . of
cigs consumed by 28% . Lighter smokers showe d
the greatest percent increase in no . of cig s
smoked and no . of puffs taken .
X03200909/0916 750717 C HRRW Quarterly Progess Report . Smoke deprivation study completed during thi s
period suggests that smokers increase thei r
number of cigarettes smoked and number o f
puffs per cigarette in the two hour perio d
following a two hour "no-smoking" period, an d
that light smokers (under 2 cigarettes pe r
hour) showed the greatest increase .
)00359382/9403 751000 C C WLD/Meyer Special Report, "Low Delivery Provides evidence that optimum nicotine t o
Cigarettes and Increased Nicotine/Tar Ratios, tar ratio for a 10 mg tar cigarette a highe r
a Replication ." ( .09) than that occurring in smoke from
natural state tobacco ( .07) . Support s
findings that increasing N/T ratios increase s
subjective strength and acceptability of lo w
delivery cigarettes . Cautions that N/T rati o
should not be increased to extent tha t
acceptability is lost .
Areas : C = Compensation, 8•= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

72403
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulatio n - 13 -
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0

003294212/4217 751030 C C Drafts of presentation to a Swiss group re "Identify the behavioral options available t o
smoker regulation . the smoker for regulating rate of uptake
determine the degree to which he exercise s
[Dup . 1003294218/4226 ; 1003294227/4233] these options ." "That smokers do alte r
behavior in the direction of intake constanc y
by a) varying number smoked b) varyin g
intake/cigarette ." "Viewing the body o f
information collectively, we're optimisti c
that we can convincingly document th e
position that the smoker gets what he wants ,
such that the imposition of tar limits by FT C
fiat or by law will have little influence on
the smoker's uptake . "
.003288087/8091 751106 C C WLD Monthly Report . Objective : "to find evidence which support s
the notion that smokers regulate the amount s
of physiologically active substances the y
receive from cigarettes by altering thei r
inhalation pattern . "
L003293172/3176 751121 C C WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for Measure changes in smoke inhalation as ta r
1976 ." and nicotine deliveries vary . "To furthe r
articulate the role of nicotine in th e
reinforcement of smoking behavior ." "We
assume that some smokers regulate the amount s
of physiologically active substances tha t
they obtain from smoking cigarettes ." "W e
expect to see changes in their smoking
behavior which will compensate for th e
differing deliveries, resulting in a constan t
intake of nicotine and tar . "
1003293191/3195 760000 C Plans and Objectives . "To determine if quitting success is a

M function of delivery levels of cigarette s
smoked prior to quitting ." Suggests tha t
reducing delivery levels may provide a
stepping stone to quitting, thus posing a
risk to the industry .

e72403
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 14 -
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03288079/8084 760210 C C WLD Monthly Report . People accepting a low tar cig with added N
are people who smoke, at least in part, fo r
N.
00362772/2795 760709 C C Behavioral Research Annual Report, approved Smokers did not change their puff volume o r
by WLD . inhalation volumes when smoking markedly
different cigarettes .
[Dup . 1003293201/3205]
No significant differences in puff volumes or
inhalation volumes when subjects smoke d
cigarettes with different T&N deliveries .
Regulators took more puffs on the lo w

delivery cigarette under non-deprived smokin g
conditions . "All subjects tended to tak e
larger puffs on the low delivery cigarette . "
)00744611/4616 760916 C Ryan memo to Daniel, "Consumption Changes Smokers either do not change number o f
Following Reduction in Delivery Changes ." cigarettes consumed when delivery is lowere d
or change by very trivial amounts . I t
appears when a person switches from a full -
flavored to a low-delivery cigarette, he
reduces his T&N intake almos t
proportionately .
303288042/8043 760924 C Levy and Ryan memo to TSO re Smoker "Because we are having trouble findin g
Psychology Program . regulators we are considering modifying ou r
theories ." Habitual smokers may not show
compensation when nicotine is decreased .
Areas : C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

t T99ZTOOG Z
0
003293209/3214 770000 C C Ryan Report, "5-year Plan Discussion ." Why people smoke based on how people smoke .
Ryan assumes that smokers need to maintain a
certain level of nicotine in their system .
When nicotine falls below this level, th e
smoker smokes a "need" cigarette . A
cigarette smoked when nicotine is above the
optimal level is a "habit" cigarett e
associated with certain external cues . "Mos t
cigarettes are smoked in the same way '
regardless of delivery or other cues ,
" . . . however, "more puffs will be taken o n
a need-cigarette than on a habit-cigarett e
particularly when the need is high . "
770224 C Goodman memo to Garwin, "Effect of Filter and An overtipped cigarette is smoked wit h
003295450/5451
Rod Length on Smoking Profiles ." slightly smaller puff volumes and fewer puff s
than a regular cigarette . Otherwise, lengt h
of tipping paper or total length of th e
cigarette do not change smoking parameters .
770613 C C Behavioral Research Annual Report . Regulator Identification Program (Levy) .

. 000369089/9121
P "regulators obtained more nicotine from the
high delivery cigarette when they wer e
deprived than when they were non-deprived .
Regulators and Non-regulators respon d
differently to smoke deprivation . "
Smokers, nonsmokers and smokers deprive d

performed equally well under the no stres s
conditions . Under stressful conditions ,
nonsmokers worsened performance, deprive d
smokers remained the same and smoker s
improved performance .
Smoking can help people better handl e

disruptive effects of stressful situations .
C Dunn presentation to Goldsmith, Proposes a study to monitor delivery leve l

L003295039/5043 770913
"Acceptability of Varying Tar Deliveries ." preferences over the next six years . . . .
Also asks, "so how far down should we go? "

172403 d = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 16 -
Z199ZTOOGZ
• 0
1001521417/1418 771111 C C WLD Monthly Report . Investigate whether people smoke for nicotin e
or something else . "[M]any of his cigarette s
[Dup . 1003287995/79961 will be smoked out of habit . . . rather than
out of any nicotine need . . ." Two-par t
study planned-- (1) distinguish those smoke s
who smoke many cigarettes from habit and fe w
from need, from their opposites ; (2) switch
to groups from high (or low) nicotine to low
(or high) nicotine . Smokers who smoke mainl y
from habit should show little compensation ,
others who smoke from need should sho w
compensation .
1003293160/3165 771123 C C WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives-1978 ." Plans : 1) to repeat a modified SEX II study .
2) to predict how delivery changes modif y
consumption . For people who smoke primaril y
for nicotine "we would expect changes i n
nicotine delivery to produce compensatory
changes in in the number of cigarette s
consumed ." Relatively few changes ar e
expected for smokers whose motives are othe r
than nicotine . 3) to investigate upper and
lower nicotine thresholds . Ryan will develo p
a theory that "smoking is a multidetermine d
act, which in the long time smoker is base d
on a nicotine need . which smoking ha s
become a almost unconditioned response) . "
780123 C C WLD memo re whether switchers to low tar Although switchers to low tar cigarette s
1003293384
cigarettes smoke more to compensate . probably smoke more cigarettes and might tak e
longer, deeper and longer puffs, their actua l
tar intake is less because compensatio n
cannot totally make up for the deliver y
difference .

10872403
11

100369449/9495 780630 C C Behavior Research Annual Review - Part I . "subjects reduced the number of low nicotine
cigarettes they smoked per hour over the ten -
day period of the study .' A similar reduction
for the high nicotine cigarettes was not
observed ." "[T]he intercigarette interva l
was shorter for the low nicotine cigarette s
than for the high nicotine cigarettes . "
1000370391/0403 780726 C C Levy/Lieser Completion Report, "Regulator "It has been our contention for some tim e
Indentification Program ." that many people smoke for nicotine, and tha t
these people will alter their smokin g
behavior in response to changes in nicotin e
availability in an attempt to regulate thei r
nicotine intake ." "these findings al l
provide support for our contention that some
people smoke for nicotine and some do not . "
1003293151/3159 781206 C Dunn memo, "Plans and Objectives-1979 ." "To understand the psychological reward th e
P smoker gets from smoking, to understand the
psychophysiology underlying this reward, and
to relate his reward to the constituents i n
smoke ." This knowledge will strengthen R&D
capability in developing new products .
"The low nicotine delivery will ensure tha t

total nicotine in the system remains at or
near the nicotine need threshold, thus
maximizing the proportion of the day' s
cigarette consumption which is smoked out o f
need and minimizing the nicotine augmentatio n
from those cigarettes which are smoked out o f
habit ." "our working hypothesis remains tha t
the smoker does alter inhalation in respons e
to cues of smoke composition . . "

1oe72403
tr189Zi409Z
1003293314/3321 781213 C Gullotta, Levy and Ryan memo to WLD, "We were unable to conclude that low-deliver y
M "Accomplishments, 1978 ." cigarettes wean smokers away from the
accustomed nicotine intakes thus making i t
easier to quit" . Assume there is a
disproportionate number of low delivery
smokers who are health conscious which lead s
to higher quit ratios .
"Beginning with the assumption that at leas t

some people have a developed need fo r
nicotine, we suggested a theoretica l
explanation for their smoking frequency base d
upon a homeostatic attempt to keep the amoun t
of nicotine in the system suprathreshold . "
"The nicotine intake from the habi t
cigarettes serves to postpone withdrawa l
symptoms associated with need . "
1003293218/3224 790200 C C WLD presentation program review . "Until recently we have entertained a
titration hypothesis - we have postulate d
that the habituated smoker is seekig t o
maintain some optional (optimal?] level o f
nicotine in his bloodstream . As a corollary
we would expect to see the smoker attune
intake to blood level . Given a more dilute d
smoke, he would smoke more, with mor e
cigarettes or bigger puffs, or deepe r
inhalations . "
Understand the psychological reward th e

smoker gets from smoking ; understand th e
psychophysiology underlying this reward ;
relate this reward to the constituents i n
smoke .
Areas : C = Compensation, S = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

10872403 a = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 19 -
St89z1O
9

1003295088/5093 790816 C C Ryan memo to Dunn, "Puffing Behavior "These observations strongly support the dos e
Following Long and Short Inter-cigarette hypothesis ." "The data of this experimen t
Intervals-PUFF SIX ." suggest that smokers will compensate fo r
periods of enforced deprivation by
subsequently taking in more smoke on thei r
next cigarette . "
1003293065/3066 791012 C C WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology ." "Just as we have postulated that a smoke r
needs to maintain a certain minimal amount o f
nicotine in the body, we suspect that over -
smoking may create a nicotine excess which i s
unpleasant ." Investigate possible ceiling
effects .
1003285395/5401 800428 C C Johnston memo to Daniel, "The Relationship The best predictor of consumption is race ,
Between Average Daily Cigarette Consumption but when data are corrected for race and sex ,
and Tar, Nicotine and Puff Count ." nicotine shows high correlation with averag e
daily consumption . "[n]icotine delivery i s
the strongest of the three variables i n
predicting cigarette consumption . "
1003293058/3060 800512 C WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology" Some smokers show deep inhalation and
immediate exhalation, whereas other s inhal e
less but retain the smoke longer .
1000395482/5522 800801 C WLD Behavior Research Annual Report Part II Determine if inhalation patterns vary as a
function of the tar delivery level of the
cigarette smoked .

10872403
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 2d -
9t89 OOsz
1003293130/3137 801126 C C WLD memo, "Plans and objectives - 1981 ." Exploratory study on psychosocia l
E determinants of smoking behavior of 45 year -
P old, white, college-educated upper-middl e
class women on social, personality ,
attitudinal and situational factors relate d
to smoking .
Gullotta & Schultz believe "that th e

reinforcing properties of cigarette smokin g
are directly relatable to the effects tha t
smoking has on electrical chemical event s
within the central nervous system . "
spectral analysis of EEG from variou s
electrode locations under smoking an d
deprivation conditions ; study effects o f
smoking on visual information processing ;
pattern reversal evoked potentials in a ful l
scale investigation to determine if smoking
facilitates concentration ; using brainstem
auditory evoked potentials "to ascertai n
sites and modes of action for centrally
active smoke constituents . "
"Smokers modify smoking behavior to maintai n

certain levels of nicotine in the blood .
Changes in level may be more important tha n
absolute levels -- that the input of nicotin e
form a cigarette creates a 'spike' which i s
the summation of the discrete puff-induce d
spikes . "
Determine how smokers alters inhalatio n

patterns in response to changes in chemica l
composition of cigarette smoke .
100389969/0047 810227 C Martin, et al ., Physical Research Annual Smokers occlude the dilution channels with
Report re project GROW . their lips to derive its large subjective
impact, thus reducing dilution and receivin g
six times the tar predicted by FTC testing .

10872403
a = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulatio n - 21 -
LIs93IOOG
1003289223/9228 810310 C WLD Monthly Report . Inspiratory volume across cigarettes within a
day and across days remains constant although
variability within a given cigarette is high .
1003289199/9201 811209 C WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology ." [S]moking high nicotine delivery (0 .9 mg )
cigarettes decreases P100 latency whether o r
not smoke deprived . However, the latenc y
endured longer when subjects wer e
nondeprived . A low delivery (0 .3 m g
Nicotine) cigarette decreased P100 latenc y
only under smoke deprivation conditions .
1003179058/9107 820705 C Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological smokers can get CNS effects with ultra-lo w
E Studies -- 1982 Annual Report ." delivery cigarettes comparable to thos e
obtained with high delivery cigarettes ; "th e
data indicate the possibility that smoker s
might modify their smoking behavior in orde r
to obtain some optimal CNS levels o f
nicotine . "
C Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological "Finally, our data indicate that the PREP may
1003179058/9107 820705
E Studies -- 1982 Annual Report . be an extremely sensitive alternative metho d
for assessing the actual nicotine deliverie s
of current and new brands, and fo r
determining how smokers modify their smoking
behavior in response to different cigarette s
and brand modifications . "
820719 C Jones, "Behavior Research Laboratory Annual Data suggest titration . Evidence that
1003179010/9056
Report - Part II ." cigarette acceptability or "impact" may
influence smoke inhalation .
Puff volume seems to be the critical variabl e

in determining nicotine delivery to th e
smoker .

8t89Zx00SZ
1003285503/5514 830000 C Draft of WLD paper, "The Effect of Finger Investigate Koslowski's suggestion tha t
Coverage of Cigarette Ventilation Holes Upon smokers cover dilution holes with fingers and
Smoke Delivery ." receive more tar than FTC smoking procedure s
imply . No evidence that low and ultralow
[Dup . 1003285517/5544] delivery smokers compensate for reduced tar
by covering dilution holes or by takin g
longer duration puffs . Coverage was found t o
be random during puff and grasping o f
cigarette between puffs .

10872403 a = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 2~ -
6189Z1O O Sz
0
0
0

AREA E
1000344589/4596 690610 E Outline for Consumer Psychology Annual Report Determine measures discriminating smokers and
P [no author] . nonsmokers, deprived and nondeprived smokers ,
such as heart rate and nervousness, . . .
determine role of smoking upon behaviora l
consequences of stress .
Determine if smoking affects brain waves vi a

arousal system .
1003288197/8200 730209 E WLD Monthly Report . Determine the influence of smoking upon the
rate of acquisition of alpha wave control .
1003288114/8116 740814 E WLD Monthly Report . Identifying the agent responsible for smoke
C impact will enable manipulation of impact an d
aid in development of full-flavored low -
delivery cigarette .
Smoke inhalation does not appear to influenc e
subject's control of alpha activity .
1003293177/3182 741127 E WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for Study the effects of smoking on a subject' s
C 1975 ." ability to concentrate as measured by
P maintenance of alpha brain wave dominance ; 2 )

retained in the body and how they regulat e
it .

10872403
TZ89ZtiOOSZ
• r
1003293344/3348 741212 E WLD memo, "2600 Accomplishments, 1974 ." Smokers manifest no change in their abilit y
P to maintain a dominant alpha brain wav e
pattern as a function of interval betwee n
smoking and observation .
Smokers-deprived performed significantl y

better than other two groups . No difference
between performance of smokers an d
nonsmokers . Smokers exhibited fewer moo d
changes than other groups .
E Martin memo to WLD, "Alpha Habituation to an "[T]est whether there is a difference i n

1003285984/5985 761101
Auditory Stimulus : A Proposal ." alpha habituation to an auditory stimulu s
between smokers and nonsmokers as well a s
between placebo and own cigarette smoking . "
E WLD memo, "Accomplishments-1976 ." Smokers showed less performance impairmen t

1003293331/3335 761215
P under anger-inducing situations .
[I]nitiated a study to confirm previou s

findings that smoking caused differences i n
ability to maintain a dominant alpha brai n
wave pattern under anger-inducin g
conditions . "
C E WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives-1978 ." [M]onitor brain wave frequency patterns ,
1003293160/3165 771123
early and late components of the visua l
evoked response, auditory evoked response an d
contingent negative variation in response t o
changes in nicotine content of cigarettes .
E WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology ." Determine what happens to EEG of brain afte r
1001521440/1441 790110
smoking cessation .
E WLD Program Review presentation . Gullotta joined PM about 770800 and set u p
1003293218/3224 790200
EEG lab .
E WLD Quarterly Report . Purpose . [A]ssess whether VER from othe r

1003293116/3119 790622
brain loci vary in response to cigarett e
smoking .

ZZ99Z1OO 3
1000377036/7104 790810 C E WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part "modifications in the evoked response woul d
M H. be result of the effects of nicotine upon th e
CNS . VER was modified following cigarett e
[Dup . 1003720335/0340] smoking of high delivery cig only .
2 . Long-term smoke deprivation and brai n

electrical activity (Gullotta) . Examine
effects of smoking cessation on visual evoke d
response ; mood scale interview showe d
exceptional tiredness, irritability ,
sleeplessness . Taken as a whole, brain VER
does not change following cigarette smokin g
cessation . "These data further suggest tha t
the 'withdrawal' phenomenon often reporte d
following the cessation of cigarette smokin g
may be more behavioral than physiological .
Disturbances of sleep, increases i n
irritability, substitution (i .e ., snacking o n
sweets, potato chips, etc .) suggests the
interruption of well-learned habit rathe r
than physiological withdrawal .
1003293067/3068 790912 E WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology ." [F]ind out why smoking affected VER amplitud e
when subjects were one hour deprived, but no t
overnight deprived .
1003293112/3115 790920 E WLD Quarterly Report . [D]etermine how generalizable VER results ar e
to other brain systems .
1003293061/3062 791213 E WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology ." [S]moking seems to depress amplitude of som e
AEP components . Depression is greatest afte r
overnight smoke deprivation .
[S]moking after no deprivation does not seem

to affect visual evoked response . Smoking
may depress VER after overnight deprivation .

•

1003293138/3144 800107 E WLD memo, "Plans and objectives - 1980" Electrophysiological Program . [0]f smok e
inhalation "to determine 1) if the effect i s
discernible in any of the various monitorabl e
EEG patterns and if so 2) whether furthe r
knowledge of the nature of the effect can b e
inferred from its EEG manifestation . "
1000046445/6448 800215 E Gullotta report to WLD, "The Effects of It appears that "smoking exerts selectiv e
Cigarette Smoking on the Auditory Evoked influences on the CNS . Therefore, in term s
Response ." of the brain, smoking does not act as a
generalized stimulant . "
1003293109/3111 800320 E Dunn Quarterly Report . [C]igarette smoking has more selective tha n
general effects on the CNS .
1003060644/0645 800424 E DeNoble memo to WLD re Nicotine Program . In collaboration with Gullotta, DeNoble wil l
begin a series of electrophysiologica l
studies to locate sites of action in th e
brain .
1000017375 800602 C E WLD memo to Osdene . Dunn expects "to find changes in inhalation
in response to changes in smoke composition . "
EEG changes are consistent with the idea that

smoking has a salutory effect upon th e
arousal system .
1000019244/9245 800618 E WLD memo to TSO re restructuring of "identify the effects of smoking upon the
P behavioral research lab . social psychology of the smokers . "
Experimental Psychology (Ryan) .
"(1) to identify and quantify the motori c

behavior associated with the consumption of a
cigarette ; (2) to evaluate the contributio n
of smoke constituents to cigarett e
acceptability . "
"identify the unique pharmacological action s

of smoke constituents as manifested i n
neuroelectrical phenomena . "

0

1003293054/3056 800710 E WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology ." [H]abituation of AEP occurred after overnigh t
smoke deprivation, but not under short-ter m
deprivation conditions .
1000385482/5522 800801 C E EEG Program Smoking had specific rather than generalize d
I I effects on CNS .
Areaes C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, N = Motivation/Quitting ,

10872403 G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 2 .8 -
0
0

1003293130/3137 801126 C E WLD memo, "Plans and objectives - 1981 ." Exploratory study on psychosocia l
P determinants of smoking behavior of 45 year -
- C old, white, college-educated upper-middl e
attitudinal and situational factors related
to smoking .
Gullotta & Schultz believe "that the

reinforcing properties of cigarette smokin g
scale investigation to determine if smokin g
facilitates concentration ; using brainste m
sites and modes of action for centrall y

spikes . "

1003293284/3293 801223 C E WLD memo to TSO, "The Effects of Cigarette "that cigarette smoking produced differentia l
Smoking on the Electroencephalogram ." effects on EEG power spectra, which depen d
upon degree of deprivation, nicotine deliver y
and electrode location . "

9399ZTOOGZ
1003289220/9222 810511 E WLD Monthly Report . Habituation and Pattern Evoked Potential s
(Gullotta) .
1000040519/0522 810528 E Gullotta/Shultz report to WLD, "Sustained Investigate neural correlates of sustaine d
Stimulation and Pattern-Reversed Evoked attention and effect of cigarette smoking on
Potentials : Smoking Effects ." these mechanisms .
1003289369/9370 810623 E WLD Quarterly Report . Smoking does not affect decrease but seems t o
cause increase in amplitude of primary
component of PREP .
[S]ystematic nicotine administration alter s

EAEP amplitude in experimental animals .
Determine if cigarette smoking causes simila r
changes .
100329367/9368 810924 E WLD Quarterly Report . Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential s

(Gullotta, Shultz) . [S]ystemic injection o f
nicotine in animals does not correspond wit h
effects of smoking in humans .
2 . Perception and Pattern Reversal Evoke d
Potential : Smoking Effects (Gullotta ,
Shultz) . interaction of perceptual an d
pharmacological factors .
Areas : C = Compensation, E'= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

10972403
0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulatio n - 3U -
LZ89Zti00SZ
0

1003289027/9035 811105 C E WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives - [E]xamine electroneural signals on premis e
P 1982 ." that CNS events reinforce the smoking act .
M
Study cigarette preference . . . study
primary and secondary determinants of smoking
behavior .
Focus on why people smoke, "the mos t

fundamental unanswered question for th e
cigarette industry today . "Smoking i s
complex behavior requiring any one a
combination of neuropharmacological and/o r
psycho-social explanations . We now believ e
that not only do smokers vary amongs t
themselves as to their motives for smoking ,
but a given smoker's motives will vary wit h
psychological state and circumstance . "
1003289202/9204 811111 E WLD Monthly Report . Smokers report that time seems to pass mor e
P quickly when smoking . Suggests that smoking
is reinforcing not only because it relieve s
anxiety, but because it lowers perceived
duration of anxious condition .
[B]rains response reflects bot h

pharmacological and perceptual factors .
1003475443/5445 819014 E Gullotta/Shultz report to WLD, "The Effects BAEP is not an effective means of assessing
of Cigarette Smoking on Brainstem auditory smoke induced signs of brainstem involvement .
Evoked Potential . "
1003289190/9192 820310 E Dunn Monthly report, "Smoker Psychology ." [E]ffects of cigarette smoking on PRE P
S latencies reflect nicotine delivery .
Nicotine gum does not produce CNS effects .
Examine the relationship between smokin g

parameters and nicotine recovered on a
cambridge pad by comparing smoking machine
and human smoking data .
Areas : C = Compensation, B = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

10972403 O = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 31 -
8Z$9ZTOOSZ
1003179058/9107 820705 E Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological smokers can get CNS effects with ultra-lo w
C Studies -- 1982 Annual Report ." delivery cigarettes comparable to thos e
obtained with high delivery cigarettes ; "the
data indicate the possibility that smoker s
might modify their smoking behavior in orde r
to obtain some optimal CNS levels o f
nicotine . "
1003179058/9107 820705 E Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological "Finally, our data indicate that the PREP ma y
C Studies -- 1982 Annual Report . be an extremely sensitive alternative metho d
for assessing the actual nicotine deliverie s
of current and new brands, and fo r
determining how smokers modify their smokin g
behavior in response to different cigarette s
and brand modifications . "
1003186535/6538 830000 E Gullotta NY Presentation Outline . [I]dentify and document the physiologica l
(especially brain) response to smoking" i n
order to "improve our products . "
830626 E Gullotta, et al ., Annual Report, [T]o further understand the

1003186659/6717
Electrophysiological Studies for 820700- electrophysiological consequences of smoking ,
830700 especially in regard to nicotine ; to develo p
and use new techniques in order to quantif y
physiological responses to smoke constituent s
and tobacco flavorants .
830825 E Gullotta and Hayes memo to Owens re Brain Current work indicates that human CN S
1003186743/6746
Responses to Ammonia-treated Cigarettes . responses cannot be explained in terms o f
nicotine delivery as the cigarette with th e
lowest produced the largest latenc y
decreases .

a = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 32 -
10072403
6389ZT00 9Z
0 0

AREA (3
1001909348/9349 580121 G Haynes memo to Harrow, "'Lick and Spit Test' No nicotine is transferred from tip of flus h
for determining contact transfer of tar and filters to tongues of smokers .
nicotine . "
1003192061/2063 720221 G Charles memo to WLD, "Nicotine retention by Determine whether nicotine in exhaled smok e
the smoker ." could be measured and to what degree it s
retention is a function of depth o f
inhalation . N in exhaled smoke can b e
determined only in a "no inhalation" smoking
situation . "[N]icotine is retaine d
quantitatively with even moderat e
inhalation . "
1000360604/0659 760217 G Special report approved by Meyer, Classification of 167 R&D smokers compile d
"Classification of the R&D Smoking Population for general data collection .
by Average Puff Volume . "
1003285430/5431 760701 G WLD memo to RBS re Goodman memo on nicotine Sex III nicotine residual index is useful .
residue in cigarette butts .
1003293166/3171 761201 G WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and objectives - "[I]dentify a quantifiable behavioral or
1977 ." physiological phenomenon" which is altered by
smoke inhalation and involved in "the
reinforcement of the smoking act . "
1000376320/6355 790622 G Levy and WLD Behavioral Research Annual Develop method of noninterfering measurement
Report Part I . of the smoking act .

0S89ZT00SZ 9J
0

AREA M
1003700128/0133 640305 M WLD memo to the Task Group Surrogate . Summary of strategies involved in the
P development of a new product which meet s
consumer needs and does not have propertie s
alleged to have an adverse effect upo n
smokers' health . Smokers' needs are defined ,
as found in literature, under four headings :
pharmacological, organoleptic, psychomotor ,
and psychosocial . Regarding pharmacologica l
need, smokers seek the subjective state tha t
results from the introduction of nicotine
into the bloodstream .
1003287849/7856 690000 M "Some Methods Notes on Past Research on Describes cigarette smoking as a reinforce d
Cigarette Smoker Motivation ." pattern behavior sequence . States pattern i s
"strongly resistive to extinction . "
1003287836/7848 690000 C M Draft of Annual Report to PM Board (first "We share the conviction with others that i t
P draft) by VP for R & D . is the pharmacological effect of inhale d
smoke which mediates the smoking habit ." "W e
have, then, as our first premise, that th e
primary motivation for smoking is to obtai n
the pharmacological effect of nicotine ." "A s
the force from the psycholosocial symbolis m
subsides, the pharmacological effect take s
over to sustain the habit, augmented by th e
secondary gratifications ." "In fact it i s
our belief that the ultimate explanation fo r
the prevalence and the refractory nature o f
the cigarette habit will be found to reside
in the beneficial effect of inhaled smoke
upon the psychological arousal state . "
Hypothesis of current research program i s
that N pharmacologically intervenes to reduc e
muscle tension, thus providing relief sought
by the smoker .

10®72403 G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulatio n - 34 -
I889ZZOOSZ
•

1003292817/2836 690700 C M Handwritten drafts of a proposal to study the Discusses psychological, pharmacological an d
V merits of smoking and risks of quitting . survey approaches to studying motivation i n
smoking, all of which fall short o f
explaining why people continue to smoke . . .
. Asserts that the smoker is aware of th e
hazards of smoking, but has decided the gain s
outweigh the risks and thus, continues t o
smoke . . . . Places smoking in a class o f
diversionary behavior which has not bee n
explained by theoretical models .
1003292806/2811 690729 M WLD memo to HRRW re Risk Study Program . Proposal for a research program to study th e
risks of "penalties" of discontinuin g
smoking . Plan to determine the nature of th e
"penalties" involved and to do a risk/benefi t
analysis of quitting .
1003287898/7901 690729 C M WLD proposal to HRRW, "Stating the Risk Study [D]ocument the penalties imposed by th e
Problem ." discontinuation of cigarette smoking . "
1003288218/8220 700925 M WLD memo, "Five-year Objectives and Plans for Identify psychological or psychophysiologica l
Project 1600 ." effects of smoking . Determine motivation s
sustaining smoking habit . Forecast trends in
smoking behavior and preference .
11000348671/8751 710300 C M Ryan report BIRD-I . Study of quitting "Even after eight months (!) many of thos e
experiences, success rate, etc ., of smokers who quit successfully reported that they were
in Greenfield, Iowa, eight months after "Cold still wiggling, jiggling, and twittling more
Turkey" Day . than they were before Cold Turkey Day . "
Quitters had significant weight gain . "Thi s
is not the happy picture painted by th e
Cancer Society's anti-smoking commercia l
which shows an exuberant couple leaping i n
the air and kicking their heels with jo y
because they've kicked the habit . A more
appropriate commercial would show a restless ,
nervous, constipated husband bickering
viciously with his bitchy wife, who i s
nagging him about his slothful behavior an d
growing waistline . "

0

1003292145/2163 710900 C M Ryan report, "Cold Turkey in Greenfield, Those who are most apt to quit smoking are
Iowa : A follow-up Study ." among the top of the social structure .
Smoking behavior is highly dependent upo n
personality characteristics and demographi c
variables .
1003292063/2095 710916 C M WLD personal views, "Experimental Methods and Evaluates three experimental designs used t o
Conceptual Models as Applied to the Study of study motivation of the cigarette smoker .
Motivation in Cigarette Smoking ." . . Proposes a model crossing temporal
phases and motives of smoking to compar e
psychological and psychopharmacological
models of explaining motivation .
1003291964/1981 720000 C M WLD review of St . Martin's Conference, General agreement among conferees that the
"Motives and Inventives of Cigarette primary incentive for smoking is th e
Smoking ." physiological effects of inhaled smoke and
that nicotine is the most important activ e
constituent of cigarette smoke . Suggests the
real Product being sold is nicotine, and th e
cigarette is but "a dispenser for a dose uni t
of nicotine . "

1"872403
0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulatio n - 36 -
F, g89ZI() () 9Z t
0

1003293355/3361 721114 C M WLD memo, "1600 Objectives for 1973 ." Identify the significant characteristic o f
P the smoker and the significant elements of
the situation which interact to reinforc e
smoking .
Determine if smoking can affect the abilit y

to handle stress .
Determine if there are differences betwee n

smokers, non-smokers, and deprived smokers in
spare mental capacity .
Considering a study to determine whethe r

smoking affects driving performance .
Compare cigarette consumption with socia l

class and personality type .
Examine differences in smoking behavio r

associated with differences in smokin g
material .
11003295122/5125 730000 C M Handwritten report, "Puffing Behavior and Smokers who take many puffs at shor t
P Personality ." intervals appear to be more intelligent, more
immature, submissive, timid, tender-minde d
name, excitable and "to show less will powe r
in general (that's good--means they'r e
unlikely to quit) . "

10®72403
tSggzT009Z
1003295309/5310 730201 C M Dunn memo, "Nicotine and Inhalation Impact ." Determine whether the smoker seeks inhalatio n
impact rather than the pharmacological effec t
of nicotine . "Many of us have argued that i t
is the pharmacological effect of nicotin e
which the smoker seeks ." However, recent
observations indicate that inhalation impac t
may play an important role in the
acceptability of a cigarette .
Determine whether a cigarette made from de -

nicotinized uncased burley has residua l
impact which is acceptable to the smoker .
1003288120/8121 740403 M WLD Quarterly Report . Publication : "Smoking and Multiple-Task

P Performance ." Schori & Jones, Vircrini a
Journal of Science .
Heart rates increments due to smoking and t o

physical exercise are additive, counter to
predictions that smokers smoke to decreas e
autonomic response to arousal .
1003290519/5031 741023 M Schori/Jones proposal, "Smoking and "For the vast majority of cigarette smokers ,
P Aggression ." it is very difficult to quit smoking . "
Determine effects of smoking on aggressio n

and performance in a simulated driving task .
1003295068/5071 750809 M Ryan and Lieser memo to Dunn re additional Dan Horn suggests that smokers who score hig h
comments on smoking Behavior following Smoke in Tension Reduction and Physical Addiction
Deprivation . categories on his "Why do you smoke?" scal e
"will have a particularly hard time in goin g
off smoking . "
1003293191/3195 760000 M Plans and Objectives . "To determine if quitting success is a

C function of delivery levels of cigarette s
smoked prior to quitting ." Suggests tha t
reducing delivery levels may provide a
stepping stone to quitting, thus posing a
risk to the industry .
Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M Motivation/Quitting ,

10872403 U = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 38 -
se$sz7oosz
1003287994 771010 M WLD Monthly Report . There is no brand or category that stands ou t
as last smoked prior to quitting .
1000368057/8081 780300 C M Ryan Special Report, "Exit-Brand Cigarettes : "We think that most smokers can be considere d
A Study of Ex-Smokers ." nicotine seekers, for the pharmacological
effect of nicotine is one of the rewards tha t
come from smoking . When a smoker quits, h e
foregoes his accustomed nicotine . The change
is very noticeable, he misses the reward, an d
so he returns to smoking ." "If th e
industry's introduction of acceptable low-
nicotine products does make it easier fo r
dedicated smokers to~cuit, then the wisdom o f
the introduction is open to debate . "
1000370553/0590 780818 C M Ryan and WLD Behavioral Research Annual Smoking is a "multi-determined behavior . "
Review Part II "It is the argument of our position that mos t
cigarettes smoked by most people are 'habi t
cigarettes' it is relatively rare for smoker s
to ever fall into a need state . "
1003293314/3321 781213 M Gullotta, Levy and Ryan memo to WLD, "We were unable to conclude that low-deliver y
C "Accomplishments, 1978 ." cigarettes wean smokers away from the
accustomed nicotine intakes thus making i t
easier to quit" . Assume there is a
disproportionate number of low deliver y
smokers who are health conscious which lead s
to higher quit ratios .
"Beginning with the assumption that at leas t

some people have a developed need fo r
nicotine, we suggested a theoretica l
explanation for their smoking frequency base d
upon a homeostatic attempt to keep the amount
of nicotine in the system suprathreshold . "
"The nicotine intake from the habi t
cigarettes serves to postpone withdrawa l
symptoms associated with need . "

10872403 d = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - '39 -
9E89zT.0093
1000377036/7104 790810 C M WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part "modifications in the evoked response woul d
E II . be result of the effects of nicotine upon th e
CNS . VER was modified following cigarett e
[Dup . 1003720335/0340] smoking of high delivery cig only .
2 . Long-term smoke deprivation and brai n

electrical activity (Gullotta) . Examine
effects of smoking cessation on visual evoke d
response ; mood scale interview showe d
exceptional tiredness, irritability ,
sleeplessness . Taken as a whole, brain VER
does not change following cigarette smokin g
cessation . "These data further suggest tha t
the 'withdrawal' phenomenon often reporte d
following the cessation of cigarette smoking
may be more behavioral than physiological .
Disturbances of sleep, increases i n
irritability, substitution (i .e ., snacking o n
sweets, potato chips, etc .) suggests th e
interruption of well-learned habit rathe r
than physiological withdrawal .
1003289036/9095 791100 M Five Year Plan 800000-840000 . To clarify the role and motivational aspect s
of nicotine in smoking .
1003293063/3064 791112 M WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology ." Nicotine in Saliva .
Determine if the nicotine level in the syste m

is a cue for smoking .

10872403 0 = General, P-= Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 40 -
LEe 9 ZiaosZ
0
1003295196/5215 800600 C M Draft of proposal to study psychosocial Determine 1) whether smoking has
P factors influencing smokers of ultra-low psychologically reinforcing value independent
delivery brands . of smoke delivery, and 2) whether the rewar d
from smoking ultra-low delivery cigarette s
are different from those of high delivery
cigarettes and sufficient to maintain th e
smoking habit . . "It is of considerabl e
importance to the cigarette industry t o
obtain information about the psychosocia l
factors motivating smoking behavior, since
the industry's continued growth may depend t o
large extent on a great understanding of the
non-pharmacological towards received from
smoking . "
1000385482/5522 800801 C M WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part The pharmacological reward received from
II . nicotine takes over as the primary motivato r
for smoking, and social factors act a s
secondary motivations which determine smokin g
rate, style, brand, etc . Another position ,
which PM endorses, is that psychosocia l
factors act as primary motivations for th e
maintenance of a smoking habit . . . . "A s
nicotine deliveries fall, with a trend towar d
ultra low tar cigarettes, it will becom e
increasingly important for us to gain mor e
insight into the nonpharmacological reward s
from smoking . If these nonpharmacologica l
rewards can be maximized, the marketin g
position of Philip Morris can be insulate d
against the effects of continuing reduction s
in nicotine levels . "

10872403
8E89Z't OO9Z
1003289027/9035 811105 C M WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives - [E]xamine electroneural signals on premis e
E 1982 ." that CNS events reinforce the smoking act .
Y P
Study cigarette preference . study
primary and secondary determinants of smokin g
behavior .

psycho-social explanations . We now believe
1003155178 830316 C M Charles memo to Osdene, "Why People Smoke ." DeNoble's work has shown that no withdrawa l
syndrome occurs following termination o f
chronic nicotine administration ; PM canno t
defend against tolerance, since "tolerance t o
nicotine is a well-established fact . "
Areas : C = Compensation, E'= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

10872403 (; = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 42 -
6C89ZIOOSZ
0

AREA P
1003286081/6082 000000 C P Presentation by unidentified author re Recommends isolating the predispositiona l

smokers' psychology . factor and identifying those who have it ,
leaving those not possessing the factor "t o
enjoy their addiction to the weed withou t
apprehension . "
Discusses whether there are certai n

psychosocial variables in a personal history
that correlate with smoking and determine
whether an individual will become a smoker .
Suggests several reasons why cigarett e

smoking is associated with stimulus-seekin g
behavior, one of which being the
psychopharmacological effect of nicotine .
"There is a kick to the endocrinologica l
system similar to that caused by release o f
adrenalin into the system . "
1003295236/5237 000000 P "Proposal : Sex Differences in Smoking ." Identify and document different meanings o f
smoking for mean and women . . . determin e
whether these differences are a result o f
women's changing roles or do women smoke fo r
entirely different reason than men .
1003700128/0133 640305 P WLD memo to the Task Group Surrogate . Summary of strategies involved in th e
M development of a new product which meet s
consumer needs and does not have propertie s
alleged to have an adverse effect upo n
smokers' health . Smokers' needs are defined ,
as found in literature, under four headings :
pharmacological, organoleptic, psychomotor ,
and psychosocial . Regarding pharmacologica l
need, smokers seek the subjective state tha t
results from the introduction of nicotin e
I -A into the bloodstream .

1003288292/8297 681202 P WLD Annual Report . [M]easure physiological events 1) preceding
smoking - motivations or anticipator y
components, 2) during smoking - muscl e
activity and inspiration characteristics, an d
3) following smoking - changes in baselin e
body tension which "serve as the basis fo r
the reinforcement or reward effect of smok e
intake . "
1003287836/7848 690000 C P Draft of Annual Report to PM Board (first "We share the conviction with others that i t
M draft) by VP for R & D . is the pharmacological effect of inhale d
smoke which mediates the smoking habit ." "W e
have, then, as our first . premise, that the
primary motivation for smoking is to obtai n
the pharmacological effect of nicotine ." "As
the force from the psycholosocial symbolism
subsides, the pharmacological effect take s
over to sustain the habit, augmented by th e
secondary gratifications ." "In fact it i s
our belief that the ultimate explanation fo r
the prevalence and the refractory nature o f
the cigarette habit will be found to resid e
in the beneficial effect of inhaled smok e
upon the psychological arousal state . "
Hypothesis of current research program i s
that N pharmacologically intervenes to reduc e
muscle tension, thus providing relief sought
by the smoker .
1003287593 690410 P Ryan memo to WLD re Sex-II . Discuss uncontrollable variables such a s
climate and air-conditioning, and the smoking
and health hearings, which may affec t
subject's intake . Employees may interpret
hearings as implying they should decrease
intake for health reasons, or may shif t
upward due to unease over job security o r
guilt feelings .
100344589/4596 690610 P Outline for Consumer Psychology Annual Report Collect smoking histories of residents o f
[no author] . penal institutions and psychiatric hospitals .

1o8124o3 d = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 44 -
Jii89ZT OOSZ
0

1000344589/4596 690610 P Outline for Consumer Psychology Annual Report Determine measures discriminating smokers and
E [no author] . nonsmokers, deprived and nondeprived smokers ,
such as heart rate and nervousness, . .
determine role of smoking upon behaviora l
consequences of stress .
Determine if smoking affects brain waves vi a

arousal system .
11000273741/3771 691126 C P HRRW presentation to Board of Directors, "Why do 70 million Americans and countles s
C "Smokers Psychology Research ." millions outside of the United States smok e
despite parental admonition, doctors '
[Dup . 1000273741/3771] warnings, governmental taxes, and healt h
agency propaganda? What benefits do smoker s
wittingly or unwittingly find in smoking tha t
outweigh the real or imaginary risks that th e
same smokers feel? "
Learn more about the psychology of smoking ,

"hopefully to discover ways to exploit th e
benefits of smoking to the advantage an d
profitability of our major company business . "
. We are of the conviction, in view o f

the foregoing, that the ultimate explanatio n
for the perpetuated cigarette habit reside s
in the pharmacological effect of smoke upo n
the body of the smoker, the effect being mos t
rewarding to the individual under stress . "
"The smoker's report of how many cigarettte s
he smokes per day is a poor measure of hi s
actual smoke intake . "A smoker's intak e
level is determined by the smoker himself ,
not by the manufacturer of the cigrettes . "
1003287893/7897 691223 P Ryan memo to WLD re proposed research Show that smoking is more probable durin g
project, Smoking and Anxiety . anxiety producing situations than in non -
stress situations .

zt'89zIQOSz
1003288263/8264 700224 P WLD Monthly Report . Study the effect of stress and anxiety on
smoking behavior .
1003288243/8245 700515 P WLD Annual Report . Smokers display a higher anxiety level tha n
non-smokers . "It is the relationship betwee n
anxiety and smoking that we now consider t o
be of greatest significance to us . . . . W e
take as a working hypothesis that the rewar d
value of inhaled cigarette smoke is a
function of the level of anxiety being
experienced by the smoker . "
1003290714/0722 710302 P Schori proposal, "Smoking and Film-Induced Determine whether smokers can reduce th e
Stress ." severity of stress by smoking .
1003295136/5137 710312 P Ryan memo to WLD, "Laboratory Produced There was a positive correlation betwee n
Anxiety and Smoking Behavior Study II : Trait anxiety score and the number of puffs taken .
Anxiety Effects . "
1003295134/5135 710312 P Ryan memo to WLD, "Lab Produced Anxiety and Repeat Study II using subjects with moderat e
Smoking Behavior Study III : Effect of Trial anxiety scores and run only under smokin g
Duration ." conditions .
1003288459/8460 710324 P WLD Monthly Report . Determine whether high-anxiety and low -
anxiety smokers will differ in puff placemen t
relative to stressful events .
1003288507/8508 710406 P WLD Quarterly Report . Smoking and stress studies in progress : 1 )
C smoking rate as a function of state o f
anxiety ; 2) smoke consumption as a functio n
of film-induced stress ; 3) effectiveness o f
smoking in increasing efficiency of tas k
performance ; 4) effect of smoke deprivatio n
on mood .
Smokers discriminate small increments o f

nicotine from 1 .2 mg to 3 .0 mg and prefer the
lowest level .
Areas C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

10!72403
G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, 3 = Simulatio n - 46 -
0
0

1003293197/3200 710908 P WLD, Johnston, Ryan, Schori memo to Eichorn, Study the relationship between sustaine d
"Plans for 1972 ." performance and smoking through on-the-job
situations and a driving task . . . .
Investigate the relationship betwee n
emotional state and smoking . . . .
investigate the relationship betwee n
socioeconomic status and smoking behavior
such as whether or not the subject smokes as
well as type and quantity smoked .
1003285443 710910 P Martin memo to Special Smoking Panel, "Tar, Asks whether the number of cigarettes smoked
C Nicotine and Smoking Behavior ." varied becuase of nicotine level or becaus e
of acceptability . Also asks if an y
particular personality factor (from th e
personality test) is related to the kind o f
cigarette preferred .
1003288504 711004 P WLD Quarterly Report . Schori completed a study on the relationshi p
of stress and smoking and a study on
relationship of tar and nicotine to smokin g
behavior .
1003288509/8511 711016- P WLD Monthly Report . Hypothesis : extroverts smoke to increas e

711115 arousal and introverts smoke to reduc e
arousal .
No difference in performance was found

between smoking conditions at any level o f
task difficulty . Smokers were less subjec t
to mood change than non-smokers and deprive d
smokers .
Subjects took a greater number of puffs unde r

stressful conditions .
1003288503 720104 P Schori memo to Eichorn re Quarterly Report, Studies completed this quarter are Stress an d
711000-711200 . Smoking Behavior ; Smoking and Task-Induced
Stress ; and Tar, Nicotine and Smoking
Behavior .
Areas : C = Compensation, B = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

10872403 (i = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 47 -
tv~qzToosz
1003288212/8214 721001- p WLD Monthly Report . Smokers had fewer mood shifts (were mor e
721031 emotionally stable) during monotonous tas k
situation than non-smokers or deprived
smokers . There was no differential respons e
to fatigue .
1003293355/3361 721114 C P WLD memo, "1600 Objectives for 1973 ." Identify the significant characteristic o f
M the smoker and the significant elements o f
the situation which interact to reinforc e
smoking .
Determine if smoking can affect the abilit y

to handle stress .
Determine if there are differences betwee n

smokers, non-smokers, and deprived smokers i n
spare mental capacity .
Considering a study to determine whethe r

smoking affects driving performance .
Compare cigarette consumption with socia l

class and personality type .
Examine differences in smoking behavio r

associated with differences in smokin g
material .
1003295122/5125 730000 C P Handwritten report, "Puffing Behavior and Smokers who take many puffs at short
M Personality ." intervals appear to be more intelligent, mor e
immature, submissive, timid, tender-minde d
name, excitable and "to show less will powe r
in general (that's good--means they'r e
unlikely to quit) . "
1003288201/8202 730105 P WLD Quarterly Report . Determine effects of smoking upon the
magnitude of shifts in arousal level, using
heart rate as the index .
Areas : C = Compensation, 3'= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

10872403
Sfi89ZT OOSZ
1003293349/3352 730121 P WLD memo re accomplishments of Behavioral No differences in attention were found among
Research Lab - 1973 . smoking conditions . The groups did no t
differ in terms of the size of the work load s
they could handle .
Higher consumption rates and greate r

percentage of smokers in lower socioeconomi c
classes than in higher socioeconomic classes .
Menthol and very low delivery cigarettes wer e

smoked differently from popular brand
cigarettes .
1003288190 730404 P WLD Quarterly Report . Publication : "Smoking Behavior : Motives and
Incentives "
1000353827/3853 730600 P Ryan Special Report, "Laboratory Produced Smoking did not affect accuracy but lowered
Anxiety in Smoking Behavior : Puff One ." slightly the time spent before make a
decision . Contrary to expectation, no
changes in inter-puff interval or in numbe r
of puffs per cigarette under shock or n o
shock conditions .
1000353953/3992 730600 P Schori/Jones Special Report, "Smoking and No differences in performance efficienc y
Sustained Performance . between smoking conditions . . . . Smokers may
be less subject to mood change tha n
(Dup . 1000048733/87681 nonsmokers and smokers-deprived, but only i n
situations which produce less than optima l
arousal . In situations producing more tha n
optimal arousal, smokers may be more subjec t
to mood change than nonsmokers and smokers -
deprived .
1003290566/0582 730600 P Special report, "Smoking and Sustained [Manuscript for publication 730921, "Smokin g
Performance ." and Complex Performance . "
1003295105/5107 730613 P Ryan and Hancock memo to WLD, "Research Study the effects of smoking on frustratio n
Proposal Effects of Smoking on Task Produced produced by interference with speec h
Frustration ." patterns . Expect to see improvement i n
performance following smoking .

10®72403
9ti 89 a I aoSZ
0

1003288167/8168 730917 P WLD Monthly Report . Smoking does not affect attentional capacity .
C
Smokers smoked 3 levels of N at 3 levels o f
T . 14 mg T and .75 mg . N most acceptable .
In-house smokers smoked 14 .6 and 20 .7 mg ta r

cigarettes in a similar manner .
1003290624/0637 730924 P Schori/Jones manuscript, "Smoking and No differences were found among smokin g
Informational Processing Requirements ." conditions in attentional requirements .
1003288162/8163 731212 P WLD Monthly Report . Publication : "Rorschach Factors and

Somatotype," Schori, J . Clinical Psych .
1003293274/3275 740000 C P "The Behavioral Research Program (Project Identify 1) psychological states induced by
1600) ." smoking which reinforce the smoking act an d
2) smoke components which influence th e
[Dup . 1003288201/82021 reinforcing psychological effects .
Describe the behaviors whereby the smoke r

regulates his smoke input .
1003293183/3185 740115 P WLD memo to TSO, "1974 Plans and Objectives ." "Cigarette smoking improves efficiency in th e
performance of complex psychological tasks . "
Study 1) the influence of personality

characteristics upon changes in smoking
behavior under arousal, and 2) changes i n
mood under varied levels of mental work .
1003288120/8121 740403 P WLD Quarterly Report . Publication : "Smoking and Multiple-Tas k

M Performance ." Schori & Jones, Virgini a
Journal of Science .
Heart rates increments due to smoking and t o

physical exercise are additive, counter to
predictions that smokers smoke to decreas e
autonomic response to arousal .

10872403 O = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 5'0 -
Lti89Zl 0053
0

1003288122/8124 740610 C P WLD Monthly Report . Have begun to identify hyperkinetic children
who may "eventually become cigarette smoker s
in their teenage years as they discover th e
advantage of self-stimulation via nicotine . "
"It would be good to show that smoking is a n

advantage to at least one subgroup of th e
population . Needless to say, we will no t
propose giving cigarettes to children . "
1003288354/8356 740712 P WLD Monthly Report . Study the muscle contractions associated wit h
jaw clenching as an index of smoker' s
emotional response to abstention .
1000356321/6340 740802 P WLD and Ryan Behavior Research Annual Report Discover who smokes, how and why .
Part 1 .
1003288110/8113 740916 P WLD Quarterly Report . Smokers deprived performed better tha n
C smokers or non-smokers . Smokers exhibite d
fewer mood changes .
"No change was observed in rod consumed o r
number of cigarettes smoked as tar deliver y
varied . Unless some other mechanism for
regulating intake can be uncovered, th e
intake consistency hypothesis must be viewe d
with skepticism . "
Puff Six (Ryan) . "Obviously a compensation
is taking place . "
1003288117 741017 P WLD Monthly Report . Students read aloud more rapidly and mad e
fewer errors under smoking condition and als o
under immediate feedback condition, tha n
under deprived or delayed-feedbac k
conditions . Smoking slightly reduce d
inserted and omitted phonemes [smallest uni t
of speech which distinguishes one utteranc e
from another . ]

10®72403
Rt7ggz r aasz
1003290519/5031 741023 P Schori/Jones proposal, "Smoking and "For the vast majority of cigarette smokers ,
M Aggression ." it is very difficult to quit smoking . "
Determine effects of smoking on aggression

and performance in a simulated driving task .
1003290549/0550 741029 C P WLD memo to HRRW, FER, TSO, et al ., re Suggested that individuals prone to
Schori-Jones proposal . aggression learn that smoking facilitie s
control of this tendency .
"We recognize, however, that any observe d

increase in aggressivity when deprived o f
cigarettes may be as readily explained as th e
emergence of reactions to deprivation, no t
unlike those to be observed upon withdrawa l
from any of a number of habituating
pharmacological agents . "
1003288521/8545 741101 P WLD/Schori, "Behavioral Research Annual Publications : Schori and Jones, "Smoking an d
Report ." Multiple-Task Performance" Virginia Journa l
of Science .
Schori and Jones, "Smoking and Work Load "

Journal of Motor Behavior .
1003293177/3182 741127 P WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for Study the effects of smoking on a subject' s
C 1975 ." ability to concentrate as measured by
E maintenance of alpha brain wave dominance ; 2 )

retained in the body and how they regulate
it .

109124o3 d = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 52 -
099Zraase
1003293344/3348 741212* P WLD memo, "2600 Accomplishments, 1974 ." Smokers manifest no change in their abilit y
E to maintain a dominant alpha brain wav e
pattern as a function of interval betwee n
smoking and observation .
Smokers-deprived performed significantl y

better than other two groups . No differenc e
between performance of smokers an d
nonsmokers . Smokers exhibited fewer moo d
changes than other groups .
1003287992/7993 750114 P WLD Quarterly Report . Smoking as a pause-filling behavior . Smoker s
tend to puff after completing task and whil e
others are talking, not while they are
working or talking . A study is planned .
1000736386/6392 750400- P HRRW Quarterly Progress Report . Effect of smoking on risk taking in a
750600 simulated auto passing situation indicates no
difference in risk taking among smokers ,
smokers deprived and nonsmokers .
1003295072/5074 750514 P Ryan and Lieser memo to Dunn, "Research Modifications in the design of a study t o
Proposal--Verbal Serial Learning ." determine the effect of nicotine on learning
nonsense syllables .
1003295075/5080 750530 P Ryan and Lieser memo to Dunn, "Research Examine the effect of smoking on the amoun t
Proposal-Sensory Deprivation Personality and of stimulation desired by introverts an d
Smoking ." extroverts . Smokers, nonsmokers and smoker s
deprived will be tested on their rate o f
pedal pushing for sensory stimulation .
1003287978/7980 750625 C P WLD Quarterly Report . Effect of smoking on Risk Taking in a

C Simulated Auto Passing Situation . Manuscript
approved for publication .
After deprivation smokers (1) increased thei r

no . of puffs by 37E ; (2) increased no . o f
cigs consumed by 28% . Lighter smokers showe d
the greatest percent increase in no . of cig s
smoked and no . of puffs taken .
Areas : C = Compensation, S = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

1.0872403 G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 53 -
0999ZIO0sa
1003293172/3176 751121 P WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for Determine influence of smoking on rate o f
1976 ." nonsense syllable learning . . Test th e
hypothesis that "introverts and extrovert s
will differentially seek stimulation unde r
stimulus deprivation conditions" with smoking
as the stimulus . . . . Investigate i f
aggression is reduced by nicotine in animal s
and humans .
1003293336/3343 751230 C P WLD memo, "Accomplishments-1975 ." Study the effect of smoking on introverts and
C extroverts .
Since smoking increases central nervou s

system activity, smoking reduces extroverts '
need for stimulation and may completely
compensate for introverts' stimulus needs .
Smokers, nonsmokers and smokers-deprived d o

not differ in their willingness to tak e
risks .
Subjects increased smoking consumption from

28 to 37% over a comparable nondeprive d
period .
Puff volumes, total volume of inhaled air an d

nose to mouth ratio of inhaled air did no t
differ across cigarettes . However, there wa s
a significant difference in puff volum e
across days for Pall Mall which suggest s
compensation for the higher delivery .
Areas : C = Compensation, E'= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

tg89?GT005'G
0

1003285973/5983 760000 P WLD introduction to smoker aggression study . Summarizes briefly similar work done by
Hutchinson/Emley, Waldbillig ,
Miller/Matarazzo and others .
Observe the effect of smoking during a

frustrating task on the intensity o f
emotional reaction and changes in performance
efficiency .
Smokers, deprived smokers and nonsmokers al l

increased in aggression and decreased i n
extroversion, sociability, and concentration .
1003293260/3266 760000 P Plans and Objectives . Identify the critical component[s] of smoke ,
i .e ., the component which induces th e
reinforcing psychological change .
Identify those changes in psychological stat e

induced by smoking which reinforce th e
smoking act .
Study effect of smoking on induce d

frustration and arousal, EEG alertness an d
adaption to intrusive stimulation .
1003288907/8910 760114 P [WLD] draft re introduction of Merit . Nicotine alone (in gum, pills) will not
satisfy smokers ; something else must be
involved . Other satisfactions include ora l
satisfaction of puffing and tactil e
sensations of handling cigarette .
1003288048/8050 760806 P WLD Monthly Report . "Smoking as a Possible Inhibitor of the

Influence of Arousal Upon Ongoing Behavior . "
Dunn submitted paper for presentation a t

Zurich international workshop .
: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

Areas
0
S
1000221727/1742 760917 P WLD manuscript, "Smoking as a possible To study relationship of smoking and
inhibition of arousal ." aggression in smokers, nonsmokers, an d
deprived smokers in a situation contrived to
[Dup . 1000221727/1742] induce anger .
Results : contrary to expectation, all thre e

groups displayed same increases in anger, bu t
incited ancter was less disruptive of tas k
performance in smokers than in nonsmokers and
deprived smokers .
Hypothesis : "the smoker is unwittingly

triggering a physiological response sequenc e
when he smokes which has the effect at th e
psychological level of improving his copin g
efficiency in face of otherwise disruptiv e
influences . "
1003293331/3335 761215 P WLD memo, "Accomplishments-1976 ." Smokers showed less performance impairmen t
E under anger-inducing situations .
[I]nitiated a study to confirm previous

findings that smoking caused differences i n
ability to maintain a dominant alpha brai n
wave pattern under anger-inducin g
conditions . "

10077403
O = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulatio n - 56 -
CS89ZTQOSZ
• 0

1000369089/9121 770613 C P Behavioral Research Annual Report . Regulator Identification Program (Levy) .
C "regulators obtained more nicotine from th e
high delivery cigarette when they wer e
deprived than when they were non-deprived .
Regulators and Non-regulators respon d
differently to smoke deprivation . "
Smokers, nonsmokers and smokers deprive d

performed equally well under the no stres s
conditions . Under stressful conditions ,
nonsmokers worsened performance, deprived
smokers remained the same and smoker s
improved performance .
Smoking can help people better handl e

disruptive effects of stressful situations .
1000046538/6546 771019 C P WLD draft of smoker psychology program "Study the psychology of the smoker in searc h
review . of information that can increase corporat e
profits . "
(Dup . 1003293246/32541 "We provide a product that is the essentia l
commodity in a frequently recurring habitua l
act ." Compares reinforcement in an anima l
experiment with that in human smoking .
"Without the chemical compound, the cigarett e
market would collapse, P .M . would collapse ,
and we'd all lose our jobs and our consultin g
fees ." "Is nicotine component X? . If
SO : What is the lower delivery limit belo w
which the smoking act is not reinforced? I s
the site of reinforcement in the CNS? "I s
the industry placing itself at risk b y
lowering delivery levels?" "Is cigarette
smoke the vehicle of a dependency-producin g
drug? What are the fundamental difference s
between the habit of tobacco smoking and
heroin injection? "

. g9GI0052
1003293322/3330 771219 P WLD memo, "Behavioral Research Non-smoker extroverts seek more'stimulatio n
Accomplishments-1977 ." than non-smokers introverts . Smoking
conditions had no effect on the amount o f
stimulation sought by smoker extroverts .
Data do not support the hypothesis tha t

smokers should have more difficulty learnin g
that non-smokers or that smoking moderat e
delivery cigarettes would retard rat e
learning more than smoking low deliver y
cigarettes .
1003293102/3103 780112 P WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology ." Investigate the extent to which externa l
events, rather than need for nicotine ,
control smoking behavior .
1000369449/9495 780630 C P Behavior Research Annual Review - Part I . "Deprived smokers are more susceptible to th e
disruptive influences of a frustrating an d
stressful experience with failure than ar e
smokers and nonsmokers . It is Clear tha t
these data do not support our origina l
hypothesis that smokers would be les s
affected by the helplessness-inducing
treatment . However, the data do suggest tha t
deprived smokers are less able to cop e
effectively with frustration under the
conditions of this study . "

0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulatio n - ~8 -
10872401
9989ZT OOGGZ
1003293151/3159 781206 P Dunn memo, "Plans and Objectives-1979 ." "To understand the psychological reward th e
C smoker gets from smoking, to understand the
psychophysiology underlying this reward, an d
to relate his reward to the constituents i n
smoke ." This knowledge will strengthen R& D
capability in developing new products .
"The low nicotine delivery will ensure tha t

total nicotine in the system remains at o r
near the nicotine need threshold, thu s
maximizing the proportion of the day' s
cigarette consumption which is smoked out o f
need and minimizing the nicotine augmentatio n
from those cigarettes which are smoked out o f
habit ." "our working hypothesis remains tha t
the smoker does alter inhalation in respons e
to cues of smoke composition . . "
1003295230/5231 79010 2 P Sandra Dunn memo to WLD, "Plans and Initiate a psychosocial approach to cigarett e
.1 1 Objectives ." smoking and responses to nicotine .
Areaes C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

95S39ZT QQGZ
1003293238/3239 790222 C P HRRW memo to RBS re smoking Behavior Program Emphasis on psychopharmacology of N is wrong .
Review . "I do not deny that many smokers maintain th e
habit for psychopharmacological reasons ." .
. Industry has no good basic info on positiv e
aspects of cigarette smoking . Lists fiv e
reasons why PM should research more than jus t
the N effects on CNS : (1) youth take up the
habit for psychosocial reasons befor e
becoming aware of nicotin e
psychopharmacology ; (2) half the population
does not smoke habitually ; (3) that smokers
smoke for flavor is not merely a marketing
strategy, but must be one of the motivating
factors ; (4) titration hypothesis has not
found support ; (5) many regular smokers smoke
upon situational prompting . Suggests a
balanced program to include psychosocial an d
cultural factors in smoking behavior . Claims
the program at R&D is in a rut and PM mus t
get out of it .
1003293244/3245 790223 P Fagan memo to BRS, "Program Review-Smoking "There is no doubt that nicotine is a
Behavior ." powerful pharmacologic agent and that i t
gives rise to a large variety of physiologi c
responses ." However, efforts to sho w
nicotine alone affects cigarette consumptio n
have failed .
1003293138/3144 800107 P WLD memo, "Plans and Objectives - 1980 ." Social Psychology Program will begin in 1980 .
To understand how "social change effect s

changes in behavior, attitudes and self -
perception of the smoker and how, conversely ,
cigarette smoking can have psychosocial
consequences . "
Areas : C = Compensation, E'= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

Z e9eTQQ C,,2`a
DOCUMENT ID DATE C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS
1003295196/5215 800600 C P Draft of proposal to study psychosocial Determine 1) whether smoking ha s
M factors influencing smokers of ultra-low psychologically reinforcing value independen t
delivery brands . of smoke delivery, and 2) whether the rewar d
from smoking ultra-low delivery cigarette s
are different from those of high deliver y
cigarettes and sufficient to maintain the
smoking habit . . "It is of considerabl e
importance to the cigarette industry to
obtain information about the psychosocia l
factors motivating smoking behavior, sinc e
the industry's continued growth may depend t o
large extent on a great understanding of the
non-pharmacological towards received from
smoking . "
1000019244/9245 800618 P WLD memo to TSO re restructuring of "identify the effects of smoking upon the
E behavioral research lab . social psycholoc;y of the smokers . "
Experimental Psychology (Ryan) .
"(1) to identify and quantify the motori c

behavior associated with the consumption of a
cigarette ; (2) to evaluate the contributio n
of smoke constituents to cigarett e
acceptability . "
"identify the unique pharmacological action s

of smoke constituents as manifested i n
neuroelectrical phenomena . "
1003293107/3108 800620 P Dunn Quarterly Report . To understand why the college educated 4 5
year-old plus, white, professional woman i s
the most avid smoker of low delivery
cigarettes . Will study their social and
psychological characteristics which relate t o
smoking behavior and cigarette choice .
Areao : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

9s89 Ioasz
•

1003293130/3137 801126 C P WLD memo, "Plans and objectives - 1981 ." Exploratory study on psychosocia l
E determinants of smoking behavior of 45 year -
C old, white, college-educated upper-middl e
attitudinal and situational factors related
to smoking .
Gullotta & Schultz believe "that th e

reinforcing properties of cigarette smoking
scale investigation to determine if smokin g
facilitates concentration ; using brainstem
sites and modes of action for centrall y

spikes . "

1000392170/2226 810605 C P WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part I . The social psychological correlate of smoking
is studied with hope that the informatio n
will contribute to explaining smoking rate ,
smoking style and brand choices .

10®72403
r
0

11003289027/9035 811105 C P WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives - [E]xamine electroneural signals-on premis e
E 1982 ." that CNS events reinforce the smoking act .
M
Study cigarette preference . study
primary and secondary determinants of smokin g
behavior .

psycho-social explanations . We now believe
1003289202/9204 811111 P WLD Monthly Report . Smokers report that time seems to pass mor e
E quickly when smoking . Suggests that smokin g
is reinforcing not only because it relieve s
anxiety,-but because it lowers perceive d
duration of anxious condition .
[B]rains response reflects bot h

pharmacological and perceptual factors .
Areas : C = Compensation, F = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

0

AREA S
IOQ3295412/5415 000000 S Proposal, "Smoking Simulator ." Proposes the development of a new and
improved smoking machine .
1000322554/2555 670811 C S HRRW memo to Paul Smith, "Plastic Dilution "In smoking a dilution filter cigarette, th e
C Tipped Parliament ." smoker adjusts his puff to receive about the
same amount of "undiluted" smoke ." Smoking
[Dup . 1000307719/7720] machine data are apparently erroneous and
misleading .
1003285478/5483 700817 S WLD memo to HRRW, "Considerations Pertinent Argues that acquiescence by PM would be "les s
to the Proposed FTC Requirement of Published damaging" than publicity associated wit h
Numbers ." counteraction .
1) Increased awareness of presence o f
"deleterious" substances in smoke ma y
dissuade smokers from smoking but there i s
"'strong' evidence that the will to smoke i s
impervious to concerted dissuasive
pressures . "
2) When deliveries become public "[ilt wil l
be no longer possible to surreptitiousl y
sneak down," and will risk alienating bran d
loyal smokers .
3) Regulation may be attempted to regulat e
product specifications . Initiate study to
determine whether printed values of T&N
influence taste and preference evaluations .
1000353710/3742 730521 S Osmalov Annual Report on Smoker Simulation "Humans do not, as a rule, smoke like a
Studies (721000-730500) . smoking machine . The individual's smokin g
behavior is influenced by : environment ,
habit, and needs (physiological and/or
psychological), etc . "
1000353938/3952 730628 S WLD, et al ., Smoker Psychology Annual Report, Evidence suggests the recorder is missin g
720701-730630 . brief puffs .
1000356026/6101 740521 S Keritsis Annual Report on Smoker Simulation Delivery to smoker is substantially greate r
Studies (730500-740500) . than reported values obtained on smoking
machines .

10®72403
J989zt0 z
0
DOCUMENT ID DATE "C''' AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S

1004863921/3922 740708 S HRRW letter to MH re June FTR research Standard smoke test conditions fo r
progress report . determining human smoking habits are no t
indicative of the way people smoke . Strong
denunciation of present test as being
unrealistic might evoke claims tha t
advertised numbers are false and misleading .
HRRW suggests, pursue research but hold bac k
on publicity until pro-industry approach i s
found .
1000111546/1547 741210 S Kelley memo to Meyer, "1974 Report - Smoker "Regular smokers given the lower delivery
Stimulation Studies ." cigarette did not change their smokin g
profile significantly . Smokers given the
cigarette with higher delivery than thei r
normal brand showed a drastic decrease i n
smoke intake . "
1000364678/4704 770316 C S Goodman report, "Changes in Smoker Profiles Under normal (off recorder) smokin g
with Changes in Nicotine and Tar Deliveries, conditions, panelists smoked test cigarette s
Both on and Off Smoking Profile Recorders ." so they received an equal amount of nicotin e
from each of the three models .
1003289190/9192 820310 S Dunn Monthly report, "Smoker Psychology ." [E]ffects of cigarette smoking on PREP
E latencies reflect nicotine delivery .
Nicotine gum does not produce CNS effects .
Examine the relationship between smokin g

parameters and nicotine recovered on a
cambridge pad by comparing smoking machine
and human smoking data .

0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, 3 = Simulatio n - 6.5 -
10®72403
Z999ZTOOSZ

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H U M A N S M O K I N G

HUMAN SMOKING BEHAVIOR

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

Areas : C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S

People begin smoking for psychosocial reason s

Areas : C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS 7

Learn more about the psychology of smoking ,

" . . We are of the conviction, in view o f

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

Smokers discriminate small increments o f

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S

Areas : C = Compensation, E= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

03295359/5362 730802 C Ryan and Hancock memo to WLD, "Progress i n

In-house smokers smoked 14 .6 and 20 .7 mg ta r

Areas : C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

Observed decrease in cigarette consumptio n

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

"The FTC standardized test should be

"People smoke to get nicotine ; more nicotine

C Schori Special Report, "Does the Smoker No evidence of regulatory behavior i .e . ,

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

Conduct studies to investigate the hypothesi s

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

03287978/7980 750625 C C WLD Quarterly Report . Effect of Smoking on Risk Taking in a

After deprivation smokers (1) increased thei r

Areas : C = Compensation, 8•= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

1003293191/3195 760000 C Plans and Objectives . "To determine if quitting success is a

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

Regulators took more puffs on the lo w

Areas : C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S

770613 C C Behavioral Research Annual Report . Regulator Identification Program (Levy) .

Smokers, nonsmokers and smokers deprive d

Smoking can help people better handl e

C Dunn presentation to Goldsmith, Proposes a study to monitor delivery leve l

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S

"The low nicotine delivery will ensure tha t

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

"Beginning with the assumption that at leas t

Understand the psychological reward th e

Areas : C = Compensation, S = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

Gullotta & Schultz believe "that th e

"Smokers modify smoking behavior to maintai n

Determine how smokers alters inhalatio n

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,

Puff volume seems to be the critical variabl e