HVAC Controls and Building Automation Systems

Chapter-1 Introduction to HVAC Control Systems
Chapter-1 Introduction to HVAC Control System

(
(chapter)
( )
control
HVAC
ACMV system
control
() Control product
() Control system
control loop
( ) Control loop
block
control strategy
algorithm
Study Objectives
(chapter)
(
) HVAC system
control system
( ) Open loop control
closed loop control
() Two-position floating
modulating control loop
() Modulation control loop

action
Reverse action
( ) Normally Open(NO)
(
Proportional (P) Integral (I)

control loop
( ) Direct action
Normally Closed(NC)
tune
controlled device
Control System
Derivative (D) control
) Controller
?
(
control
control
system
1-1
HVAC Controls and Building Automation Systems
(condition)
equipment
control
Equipment
control
Control
(current input)
(output device)
(monitor
output
control
(speedometer)
(accelerator)
closed-loop manual control
)
Manual
(controller
controller
Closed-loop
control action
process
control
feedback
control
feedback
loop
(operator)
control action
plant
control
(speedometer)
cruise control
automatic control
(manual)
control
Automatic control
control action
control
cruise control panel
cruise controller
(monitor
(accelerator)
(desired speed)
Set Point
Controller
control loop
set point
(desired speed)
Cruise control system
(set point)
(speed)
Automatic control
(desire result)
HVAC
refrigeration system
control
(speed)
HVAC system
dry bulb
control
(temperature)
(speed)
(temperature)
(speed)
1-2
(major factor)
(co
(temperature)
peak power output

(speed)
(output)
control
(accelerator)
HVAC system
Peak cooling load
heating load
(actual) cooling/ heat load
system output
control
HVAC system
automatic control
(operator)
(operator cost)
System
(consistent)
(performance)
HVAC system
control
facility
process
environment
occupants)
(productive atmosphere)
HVAC system
(air)
(water)
(movement)
(regulate)
heating cooling
humidification source
(regulate)
control
energy m
Control system
system
(capability)
HVAC function
(safety)
automatic control
function
Safety function
HVAC equipment
equipment
equipment
Safety control function
(overheating)
(freezing)
(high temperature)
fuse
fire protection
(low temperature)
(high pressure)
(low pressure)
over current protection (current
smoke detection
. Control
Automatic control
(device)
space heating system
(device)
combustion rate
(boiler) output
(boiler)
combustion air
1-3
damper
radiator
control
steam heating coil
(manually)
steam radiator
control
Dr.Andrew Ure
thermostat
Thermostat
thermometer
(temperature)
mercury switch
control
contact
complete circuit
(adjust
Mercury switch
tube
(mercury)
Refrigeration system
refrigeration
refrigerant
manually control
constant pressure valve(automatic expansion valve)

Control
contact
thermostat
(valves)
low side float
valve
device
damper
fan
pump
(electric circuit)
(Break)
control
control device
Self-powered
high side float

control device
(Make)
(external source)
mercury
Mercury thermometer
system
thermostat
control
(expansion)
steam
(self-powered)
control device
control
power
process
power
modulating control
compressed air
pneumatic control device
Modulating control
(state)
controlled device
- valve
damper
Pneumatic control
0%
100 %
analog
(modulating)
analog electronic control device

analog solid state (semiconductor) device
function
control
Direct Digital Control (DDC)
control
Modern control system
1-4
control system
()
()
Self-powered controls
() Analog electronic controls
()
Electric controls
() Digital control
()
Pneumatic control
digital
control system
control system
()
Hybrid control system
temperature control system

control
hardware
(fundamental principle)
(fundamental concept)
(ASHRAE publication - Heat and Cold Mastering the Great Indoor
)
- Diagram of control loop
. Control Loops
(speed)
control loop
(speedometer)
(speed)
(speed)
(accelerator)
(speed)
(accelerator)
(speed)
(speedometer)
(accelerator)
(accelerator)
decision
controller
(speed)
Controlled Variable
(-)
(engine)
(speedometer)
Control Point
Process Plant
control system
Control
Control Variable
(accelerator)
Controlled Device
information
loop
schematic
information
)
(speedometer)
control
(speed)
Sensor
controlled variable
(speed)
Controller
controller
(speed)
point
(instruction)
Controlled device (accelerator)
output
cont
speed set
accelerator
process plant (car engine)

1-5
Control loop
process plant controlled variable controller controlled device set
point control point
(essential element)
- Simple heating system

(-)
(steam)
(hot water)
heating coil
heating source
air-heating system
fan
set point
supply air
controller
(temperature)
sensor
Controller
sensor
(control point)
error
Controller
valve
position
actuator
error
(hot water)
(set point)
set point
control point
Actuator
signal
(steam)
information
controller
sensor
(direct link)
1-6
controller
(feed)
Closed Loop
controlled variable
sensor
output signal
Open-loop control system
coil
Feedback Control System
process plant
Controlled variable
coil
supply air
cycle
sense
Feedback Control System
set point
) process plant
system
Controlled device
valve opening
Controlled variable
output signal
(heating medium flow rate
sensor
controller
controlled device
controlled variable
feedback
(outside air temperature)
controller

controller
Open loop control

controller
Controller
outside air temperature
(feedback
control valve
control
supply
controller
air
temperature
controller
(response)
control valve
Open-loop
control valve
control variable
sense
Table 1-1 Control Comparison for Automobile and Heating
Term
Controller
Automobile
Heating system
Example
Example
Sensor
You
Speedometer
Definition
The device that
The device that provides a signal to the
provides a signal to
controlled device in response to
the valve
feedback from the sensor
Supply air temperature
The device that measures the current
sensor
status of the controlled variable

The device that changes the operation of
Controlled
The accelerator
device
The control valve
the process plant in response to a

control signal
Controlled
variable
The car speed
Process
The car engine
plant
The supply air
The signal that the sensor senses
temperature
The device that produces the change in
The heating coil
the controlled variable

This is the reference or desired input
Input signal
Desired speed
(set point)
Supply air set point
that is compared to the controlled

variable
Open-loop control system
end result
variable sensed by the controller
(indirect connection)
outdoor air temperature
open-loop control
heating load
(presume
open-loop
(performance)
HVAC continuous control system

Time clock occupancy sensor
on/off
open-loop control
control
(space temperature)
control system
setpoint
closed-loop control
open-loop control
continuous control
reset control
Reset control
closed-loop
1-7
(-)
(outside temperature)
water temperature
adjust
heating supply
open-loop control
temperature)
(outside
(predetermined) schedule
open-loop output
open-loop output
(boiler)
set point
- Boiler reset control

Reset control
heating system
capacity
control
loop
output
(ability)
control
(second) control loop
input
Cascading
control loop
controlled device
essential element
process plant
sensor controller
control system
system
sensor
humidistat
elementary control loop
controller
Sensor
(complex)
package
controller
stat
pressurestat
Stat
- thermostat
sensor
controller
(enclosure)
Stat
water
controlled device
control
device
stat
control damper (air flow
(temperature)
Hydronic heating system
controlled variable
variable
1-8
sensor
(humidity)
cooling system
(temperature)
(velocity)
hot
Sensor
(pressure)
(pressure)
(measurement)
accuracy
control
Controlled variable
(velocity)
control valve (steam
accuracy
(accuracy)
()
control
controller
controlled device(valve
signal
(physical force)
Actuator
damper
device(valve)
valve
damper)
actuator
Actuator
controlled
Linkage
control system
(term)
(fundamental)
Controlled variable
: Control
(temperature)
(pressure)
Control point
(flow)
(humidity)
(velocity)
(condition)
(properties)
control variable
Sensor
: Controlled variable
sense
(existing
Sensed variable
condition)
: Heating coil
property
process plant
controlled variable
output
cooling coil
controlled variable
: Sensor
set point
controlled device
Control loop
control
equipment
Controller
sense
sense variable
: Valve damper
Process plant
: Temperature pressure humidity

closed loop control
Controlled device
signal
controller
: Sensor controlled device process plant
controller
control loop
Closed-loop
: Sensor
controlled variable
control loop
plant
open loop
Controlled device
process
controlled variable
(direct impact)
controlled variable
(property)
. Control Modes
Closed loop controller
controlled variable
Controller
set point
controlled device
Output signal
output signal
error signal
output signal
1-9
Error
error signal
control point
controlled variable
set point
set point
Controller
control mode
Control
mode
() Two-position control
() Floating control
() Modulating control
Error signal
output signal
control algorithm
(performance)
control mode
Control mode
subcategories
(desired result)
HVAC system
control system
controller
sensor
process plant
(response)
(time
(time delay)
controller
lag)
(valve)
output signal
(operation
) coil
coil
- Dead time and time constant

sensor
duct
(response)
sensor
sensing material
controller
sensor
signal
steady state
information
update
set point
(time delay)
constant
time
Controlled device
device
constant
1-10
process plant
system time
controlled
(react
device
Controller gain
gain
controller
process plant
Controller Gain
controller
System Time Constant
(short) control system
quickly)
sensor
controlled
Control system
performance
process plant
System gain
controller
Table 1-2
Controller Setting
Controller Gain
Control Action
Higher
Small change in measured variable creates
Open valve from zero to 100% for

a 1F change in measured.
a big change in output. 1F causes
valve
100%
0%
controller to request 100% valve opening
Open valve from zero to 100% for
Lower
Large change in measured variable

required to create a significant change in
valve
100%
0%
output. 1F causes controller to request
only 20% valve opening
Full load
system gain
process plant
full output
50% load
controller gain
process plant
full output
process plant
required output
System gain
capacity
System gain
controller gain
system gain
capacity
controller gain
function
load
gain(high
system
gain)
(controlled device
system
)
signal
controlled variable
system
(over
Signal
output
control
(-)
outdoor reset
system capacity
load
over capacity
(adjust
gain
time delay
(linear relation)
controller
Tune
(adjust
control system
(non-linear relation)
(delay)
(uneven response)
hysteresis
-
(valve)
(stem)
(delay)
Heating coil
system gain
(linear movement)
(hot water supply temperature)

(air flow)
system
gain
system
control mode
control
1-11
Fan
pump
equipment
(state)
(closed)
(run)
Damper valve
state
(stop)
device
Equipment
(open)
device
control
two
position control
HVAC system
furnace
two-position control
system
system
air conditioner
State
heating thermostat
(-)
heating
(action)
- Two-position control diagram for a heating system

Two position control
water
on/off
open/close
heating medium
control differential
Control
(temperature)
control
differential
valve
-(
valve
) Two-position heating control

valve
(supply air temperature)

set point
1-12
differential
(temperature)
set point temperature

actuator
hot

valve
controller
set point
Steam
heating medium
set point
on-point
cycle
valve
(point)
Set point + control

valve
Set point
differential
off-point
on-point
(point)
off-point
(mid point)
valve
set point
two position thermostat
set point
(adjust)
(overshoot)
Overshoot
(-)
(undershoot)
undershoot
operation differential
controlled variable
Operating differential
maximum temperature
anticipation device
thermal lag
operating differential
Resistance heater
sensor
(space temperature)
control
Cooling
Cooling
sensor
cooling coil
differential
heat
temperature sensor
false reading
heater
Overshoot
differential
Single zone heating thermostat
anticipatory
HVAC system
(natural time delay)
minimum temperature
operating
anticipation device
signal (supply air temperature)
set point
-( ) Temperature versus time for Two-position cooling control

1-13
- Control differential
anticipation device
set point
(undershoot)
(overshoot)
(temperature fluctuation)
(desired condition)
set point
Control differential
control
Short-cycling
valve
(open)
(close)
equipment
heating
(on)
cooling system
(off)
efficient
short-cycling

Process plant
Equipment
controlled variable
(function)
HVAC system
capacity
set point
system gain
load
HVAC system
capacity
two position control

HVAC system
Load
1-14
load
control
(oversize)
(over sized)
system capacity
control
control
Controlled variable
(
set point
) Control differential
( ) System
Load
Operation differential
system capacity
(two position)
step control
set point
system
control
High-Low-Off
step control
High fire-Low fire-off
multiple compressor multi-speed compressor
compressor with cylinder unloading
multi-stage refrigeration system
-(
)
stage
) Step control
heating system
operating position
High fire Low fire

controller
first step heating
first step
ON
capacity
1)set point
(stage
Two-position control
(stage 2) set point

second heating stage
second heating stage
ON
ON
first heating stage
operating range
Set point
ON
Control
ON
(overlap
ON
Off
control system
(stage 1) set point
controller
Multiple stage
multi-speed motor
multi-stage gas burner
-(
Multiple stage capacity
(multiple steps)
capacity
Step control
differential
first stage ON point
overlapping range
over
all
operating
short-cycling
) stage
differential
stage
operating
(
control
1-15
Floating control
Floating control
modulating
system
state
controlled device
damper
System
valve
-( ) Floating control for heating

Floating control
controller
mode
() Drive open (
()
() Drive closed (
Floating control
floating controller
point adjustment
upper set point
set point
lower set point
set
upper set point
lower set point
(differential)
-() Floating control for heating

-( )
-()
differential
Valve
controller
coil
heating medium
)
1-16
valve
Valve
valve

differential
floating controller
valve
differential range
valve
temperature
line)
floating controller
differential
valve (actuator)
(upper
coil
(heating
(temperature)
differential range
medium flow rate)
valve
Air temperature
differential range
Floating control
(-)
actuator
controller
Drive signal
(close) signal
(open) signal
Floating control
controlled device
- Floating diagram with actuator

(fully open)
)
(fully close)
(opening %
floating control
differential

(excessive) short-cycling

differential
Time delay
controlled device
floating control
control
stability
control
thermal lag
floating control
valve
full open
damper
(full closed
overshoot
valve timing
full open)
overshoot
undershoot
valve timing
valve
control
valve
damper
Floating
floating control
two position
anticipation device
floating control
(speed)
(desired speed)
1-17
(speed)
(power)
(accelerator)
control
HVAC system
load
load
set point
controlled variable
modulating control
accelerator
Floating control
modulating control
Modulating control
Analog Control
Digital Control
Proportional control
modulating control
controller
Proportional control logic function

modulating
Proportional logic
sophisticated algorithm
Automatic
control
(accelerator)
(accelerator)
(speed)
(accelerator)
(speed)
(speed)
accelerator
(accelerator)
(speed)
(accelerator)
control system
control equation
Vo
Vp
Error
Vp
Error
1-18
error
Error
desired speed (set point)
Vp
actual speed
control loop
desired speed(set point)
actual speed
Vp
Error
Desired speed(set point)
error
actual speed
Error
Error
Vi
error
(speed
(speed
(accelerator)
Integral Term
Error
integrate
Calculus
Set point
average error
-
(speed)
(desired speed)
(accelerator)
Vd
Calculus
Vd
set point
controlled variable
(speed)
set point
(desired speed)
(approaching)
(speed)
set point
(desired speed)
(accelerator)
- Proportional, Integral and Derivative control

derivative control logic
Proportional
Error
(-)
term(Vp)
set point
term
error
(set point)
1-19
Error
controlled variable
Integral term(Vi)
error
set point
time weight average
Curve
(Area under the Curve.) Derivative term(Vd)

(Slope of the error line)
Set point
error line
set point
Term
control system
(accuracy)
equation 1-1
Integral term
Derivative term
Proportional term
equation 1-2
(desired
controller
speed)
set
point
accelerator
Proportional only control logic
(mathematics
Pneumatic thermostat
electric controller
pneumatic controller
Proportional gain (Proportional only) control logic
(-)
equipment
Proportional only system
point
System
Set
undershoot
undershoot
set point
controlled variable
set point
error
offset
Droop
steady-state
offset
Continuous offset
Proportion control
Proportional only control
load
Equation 1-2
controlled variable
droop
Proportional logic
(heating) coil
coil
set point
heating coil
control
load
equation 1-2
set point
offset
steady load
heating
(flow rate)
(valve opening %)
controller
output signal
Output
V
controlled variable
error
second term
V0
(flow rate)
1-20
set point
timer delay
overshoot
signal
set point
(response)
medium
analog
control signal
V0
load
V0
adjust
offset
V0
Load
(flow rate)
(flow rate)
valve
zero
equation 1-2
error
signal
second term
(Non-zero) error
Offset
offset
Kp
(offset=function of constant Kp)

Kp
controller
Kp
Kp
offset
Kp
system stability
Set point
controlled variable
Hunting
signal value
system
Overreact
error
overshoot
gain
Proportional gain
device
Stable control
offset
valve
closed)
load
adjust
P Gain
damper
Throttling range
controlled
(full open)
(fully
- Proportional-only control
Throttling range
Proportional only logic
- Proportional Plus Integral control
Proportional gain
offset
Integral logic
Integral term
Integral term
(
Proportional plus Integral(PI) control logic
equation 1-3
(oscillation)
Gain
error
hunting
offset
error
controlled variable
set point
offset
1-21
(-)
PI control
Proportional gain(Kp)
Control
Integral gain (Ki)
gain
sensitivity
stable control
wind up
logic
Tune
Wind up
Integral term
control loop
(in operation) controlled
device
Controlled variable
set point
Controlled variable
Integral term
system
valve
(wrong side)
Integral
over shoot
term
system
set point
controlled variable
system
wind up
unstable
system
controller
System
system
control loop
Derivative control
Anti-wind up device
Analog electric controller

anti-wind up algorithm
algorithms
system
integral term
PI control
analog electric control
controller loop
pneumatic control
Digital control system
(standard)
Equation 1-1
term
Derivative (PID) control logic
Proportional plus Integral plus

Derivative term
Integral term
(brake)
derivative control
HVAC system
(very fast response)
industrial process
derivative control
Differential term
(responses)
digital control application
derivative function
modulating control loop
equipment
1-22
capacity
PID loop
PID logic
(accuracy)
controlled variable
HVAC application
tuning
control
sequence
modulating function
staged capability
real device
control
Second loop
control
virtual output
PID logic
step control logic
differential
system
) operating differential
on-
pulse width
(PWM)
step
system
Pulse-width modulating
off type output
control
Pulse-Width Modulation
Output
step
modulating
output
Controller
pulse
length)
pulse
(A Series of pulses of varying
controlled device
step motor
Control loop
control
electric heater
output signal
Valve
control device
position
(actual position)
control system
input
control system
position
control
feedback
(feedback
(actual position)
control
pulse
- Time-proportioning control
Controlled device
input
damper
ON-OFF control
- Pulse-width Modulation
device
operating
PWM
device
Time-proportioning control
PWM
time cycle
output
on/off pulse
Cycle
(%)
PWM
on time
off time
cycle
(ontime)
(offtime)
cycle
(%)
. Gains and Loop Tuning

(accelerator)
(accelerator)
adjust
control loop
tune
HVAC system
Control
HVAC system
control loop
(ware
heating coil
system
(adjust)
time constant
house)
heating
coil
controller
controller gain
Tune
1-23
- Proportional control
(-)
proportional control loop turning
gain
offset
G
oscillation
- Proportional-integral control
(-)
Proportional plus Integral(Pl) control loop turning
control
P Gain(Kp)
G
(-)
Ki )
HVAC system
1-24
1.5
oscillation
PID control loop tuning

control loop
P only
Set point
Heating load
cooling load
(response)
Proportional gain Integral gain

accuracy
Derivative gain
system stability
curve
Loop turning
trial-and-error
- Proportional-integral-derivative control
Tune
Proportional gain
offset
Derivative gain
Derivative gain
tune
PID
gain
rule-of-thumb
(manufacturer)
(recommended value)
tune
gain
Control system
logging
oscillation
Trend
control system
(performance)
oscillation
gain
PID
(performance)
(manufacturer)
turning
loop turning
digital control system
automatic loop turning software
input
Proportional control logic

relation)
process
(linear
Error
operating condition
function
manually
characteristic
(independent)
PID logic
process
operation condition
error
(zero error)
1-25
(-)
heating coil
valve
supply temperature
characteristic
heating coil
Valve
steam
%
hot water
(opening)
supply air temperature
Hot water
steam flow rate
turn
flow
control
flow
turning
(response)
(precise) control
gain
system
dynamically self-turned capability
Dynamic self-tuning
operating
(adjust
control loop
system
Dynamically self-tuned
condition
(response)
(fast responding)
manual tuning
commissioning
fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic
PID control logic
Fuzzy logic
control action
Neural network
artificial intelligence
operation condition
self turning technique
control system
(response)
. Control Action
control
gain
Normal Position
Control action
Direct Action (DA)

control action
controlled variable
Reverse Action (RA)
control direction
Control
controller
output signal
direction
Direct Action(DA)
controlled variable
output signal
controller
Reverse Action(RA)
controller
Cooling valve
controller
controlled variable
output signal
cooling valve
coil
(behavior)
(discharge air temperature)
set point
discharge air temperature
set point
output signal
valve
(cold water)
signal
Direct Action
Cooling coil
Heating valve
output signal
1-26
Heating coil
-
(temperature)
heating valve
set point
coil
controller
hot water(steam)
Control
action
(term)
variable
control
direction
Two
position-action floating action modulating

Control logic
control mode
control action
Proportional action Integral action
control action
- Proportional control
(-)
direct acting
Output signal
reverse acting signal
error signal
equation 1-2
Slope line
(sign)
(magnitude)
action
action
Proportion gain
Direct action
Slop
slope sign
Reverse
slope sign
(-)
throttling range
controlled variable
valve full-closed
Set point
throttling range
(-)
set point
(-)
set point
valve full-open
controlled variable
Two-position
floating control
set point
(user)
throttling range
Damper
valve
Normally Closed(NC) position
Set point
switch
controlled device
Normally Open(NO) position
Normally Open(NO)
1-27
Power supply
(fail)
Fail
Open
- Control Action and Normal Position

Damper
valve
switch
power (electricity power

Device
normal position
control air-pneumatic
normal position
device
)
(spring)
self power
Normally closed damper
(spring)
actuator
power supply
actuator
damper
(spring)
Normally open damper
actuator
spring
damper
spring return damper
power supply
damper
(Stay in the last position.)
damper/actuator
water
normal position
Three-way valve
way valve
Normally closed damper
1-28
Actuator
stream
diverting
compressed air
mixing
steam
Diverting
Mixing three
Three way valve

valve
port
Diverting
common port
mixing valve
Normally open(NO)
common port
common port
Normally closed three way valve

common port
Three way valve
Normally Closed (NO)
Coil
controlled device
Outdoor air damper
Normally Open (NO)
normal position
(every day)
Normally Closed(NC)
outdoor air damper

fan
damper
actuator
damper
device
power
fail-safe position
normal position
open)
valve
Normally Open(NO)
(fully closed
Fan
(fully
- outdoor air intake coil
power
Supply fan
inlet guide vane
coil
outdoor
Normally Closed(NC)
damper
inter lock
inlet guide
Inter lock
fan
outdoor air damper
control device
Control signal
position)
damper
supply fan
control signal
control action
hot water
hot water
damper
Spring return
Fail-safe position
air intake damper
controlled device
normal position
normal position
(normal
controller
process plant
1-29
Controller
(-)
heating system
control
valve
action (thermostat)
valve
NO
Controller
normal position (
Valve
control signal
control signal
duct
control signal
Valve
coil
(-) heating coil

Open(NO)
valve
hot water flow
chilled water coil
control valve
Normally
controller
valve
chilled water flow
Valve
control signal
controller
Table 1-3 Required control action

Normal Position
Application and Controlled Device
NO (Normally Close)
NC (Normally Open)
Heating valve or damper
Direct Action
Reverse Action
Cooling valve or damper
Reverse Action
Direct Action
Heating
cooling application
(-)
control action
(-)
normal position
(relationship)
control
schematic
normal position
device
process plant (heating plant
plant)
Proportion
cooling
normal position
controller
(conflict)
reversing relay
control action
controller
action
- Normally Open(NO) heating valve
controller
reverse acting
reversing relay
- Control Range
Gain
adjust
equation 1-1
Error
0%
0%
100%
output
3 psi
13 psi
Controller device
output range
control range
controller
controlled device
controlled
output
2Vdc
12 Vdc
controller
Control range
output range
controller
output
Pneumatic controller
Electric controller
controlled device
output
direct-action loop
controlled device
pneumatic controller
adjust
- control loop
100%
device
control loop
gain
scale
1-30
1-3
output range
3 psi
13 psi
Controlled device
Pneumatic device
Control
control range
range
3 psi
device
8 psi
fully closed
- Normally Open(NO) pneumatic control valve

valve
3 psi
8 psi
13 psi
control range
3 psi
8 psi
8 psi
- Sequencing
Control
span
control
pneumatic control valve

controlled device
range
control span
control range
normal position
controller
control
function
(energy
valve
control range
- heating valve
control range
control range
over lapping
%
cooling valve
Heating valve
(controller
fully
code)
fully open
heating valve
Valve
) fully
fully
ASHRAE 90.1-2004
overlapping
1-31
. Control Documentation Maintenance and Operation

Control system
sequence
drawing
I/O point list
data sheet
device
damper
(site plan location)
valve
schedule
input/output point list
control device
control
remote device
drawing
(installation)
Testing & Commissioning

Control
system
adjustment
(result data)
(periodic maintenance)
calibration
(semi annual)
(quar
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004
(maintenance)
outdoor air damper
actuator
-End
Contents
Control System
. Control
? ................................................................ 1
....................................................................................... 3
. Control Loops ................................................................................................................... 5

. Control Modes .................................................................................................................. 9
. Gains and Loop Tuning ................................................................................................... 23
. Control Action
- Control Range
Normal Position ............................................................................. 26

............................................................................ 30
. Control Documentation Maintenance and Operation ........................................................ 32
1-32
INTRODUCTION TO HVAC CONTROL SYSTEM

.
Control System
. Control
. Control Loops
. Control Modes
. Gains and Loop Tuning
23
. Control Action
26
Normal Position
- Control Range
30
. Control Documentation Maintenance and Operation
32
1-33
Chapter-2 Control Systems for Buildings

. Modem Control System
control system
(occupant)
HVAC plant
control system
efficient
(operate)
HVAC plant
(sophisticated) control system
control system
(energy saving)
(greenhouse gas emission)
control system
digital
data
sequence of number
analogue value
(transmit)
digital data
(communicate)
Error detection
Direct Digital Controller(DDC)
data
(numerical message)
data
communication
Data communication
origin device
variable
destination device
(information)
(value)
data
device
data communication protocol
2-1
HVAC Control and Building Automation Systems
Central computer
(computing power)
(sophisticated)
consumption monitoring
(central function)
report printing
energy
trending
Microprocessor
(function)
monitoring
central computer
control function
Microprocessor
monitoring control
communicating function
central computer
Digital Controller(DDC)
action
supervisory controller
supervise
alarm
set point
schedule time(operating time)

Data communication
Direct
Local Area Network (LAN)
PC
DDC
Network
(communicate)
(operate)
Building Management System (BMS)
control system
control system
Building control system

communication device
control element
central controller
software
controller
database
Building Management System (BMS)

monitor
component
service system
control
device
(communicate)
(single point)
network
(manage)
(operation)
(information)
system
(business)
process
. Sustainable Development and Global Environment

UN world mission
sustainable development
(future generation)
(compromising)
(development)
()
()
()
()
2-2
(social progress)
(environment)
(natural resources)
.. Energy Efficiency
(building)
BAS
system
(energy)
(
) Building envelope
thermal efficiency
() Thermal insulation (
() Air tightness (
()
( ) Indoor environment
() Temperature schedule
() Ventilation needs
() Humidity control
() Indoor air quality
() Lighting requirement
() Hot water requirements - lifts and mechanical services
( )
() IT equipment
() Industrial process
(business)
(
)
(actual energy expenditure)
(base
requirement)
(avoidable
waste)
() Poor time and temperature control of the building interior

() Ineffective utilisation of internal heat gains
() Plant oversizing
() Excessive ventilation
() Low operating efficiency of the HVAC system
() Poor system design and installation
()
() Unnecessary use of
)Heating
cooling
optimal start/stop strategy

heating
occupancy sensor
2-3
( )
(operation)
( )Equipment
(malfunction)
(warning
(monitoring)
. Building Control System

Control system
controller
(element)
controlled device(control
Sensor
controller
(temperature)
(transmit)
controlled device
Sensor
device)
(pressure)
Controller
(-)
control variable
sensor
output signal
(value)
Controlled device
load output
- Open loop control system
- Feedback in a closed-loop system
Closed Loop Control System

feedback
Loop
Feedback System
loop
controlled variable
control system
Open
Feed Forward System
- Common control system

control system
closed loop
(-)
setpoint
heater
output
Heater
output
controller
point
2-4
sensor

Controller
output
controlled variable
set
- System using heating coil
- Air Handling Unit
Controlled device
(operation)
controller
Weather compensator
sensor
(value)
measured variable
open loop Proportional control
heating system
(temperature)
control system
control
(temperature)
Control loop
input signal
output signal
Control loop
control sequence
- RTD
Controller
valve
input
output
control
control system
control system
System
interlock
variable
interlock
Open/Close
Input(DI)
alve
Input
Binary Input(BI)
output
Binary Output(BO)
system
On/Off
Digital
Digital Output(DO)
2-5
Control system
component
component
- Thermostat
Thermistor
Controller
Valve and actuator
- Control system
component
. Control Modes
(-)
closed loop system
Control system
(respond)
controlled variable
Mode
Control
control
control
(control mode)
control mode
.. Two Position (ON/OFF) Control

Two position control mode
(minimum) output
open/close
controlled variable
Controlled device
)
valve
sensor output
2-6
On/Off
set point
)
Heating
(maximum) output
output
Control system
(desired temperature)
(
control device
(
(space
set point
temperature)
Heating control
set point
Cooling control
Heating valve
(
temperature)
set point
(switch off)
) differential
(space temperature)
set point
controller
(space
heating valve
output
- Two-position(on/off) control
Upper limit
Band
lower limit
gap
Differential Gap
Differential
American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE)

Deadband
Differential gap
deadband
output state
switching
Heating valve
radiator
(hot water)
(temperature swing)
(desired temperature)
set point
Heating load
Heating load
set point
(mean temperature)
set point
(mean temperature)
2-7
set point
(peak space temperature)

Swing
Operation Differential
Differential
thermostat
two position controller
accelerator heater
Thermostat
operation differential
heater
thermostat
load
Power
parallel
thermostat
operating
differential
(mean temperature)
Set point
load error
Accelerated thermostat
pseudo-proportional
- Floating control
.. Floating Control
Floating control
Controlled device
output
Three position
tristate control
hotwater
(flow)
Controller
(close position)
Signal
(open position)
valve
Within natural zone
2-8
output signal
Cooling Valve
(shut)
(hold)
controller
tristate control
Heating Valve
Above upper limit
Below lower limit
valve
three position
Temperature
control
(open)
(open)
(hold current positioin)
(shut)
(-)
floating control
(floating control mode)
upper temperature limit
controller
Valve
valve
upper limit
valve
controller
natural
hold signal
upper limit
zone
upper
limit
controller
lower limit
low
signal
limit
valve
actuator

System
controlled
(fully open)
device
(fully closed position)
Load

-
Sensor
(immediately downstream)
downstream
floating control
- control damper
coil
Long lead time
natural zone
system
floating control
controlled variable
actuator
disturbance
correction
Integral control
.. Proportional Control
controlled
device
(variable)
output
controller
Setpoint
measured variable
error
)
controlled device
System
Error signal
output
load
output
(controller
controlled variable
) set point
offset
- Proportional control showing steady-state conditions

(-)
Controlled variable
controller output
offset
Set point
Tc
System load
(-)
steady-state
heating system
Throttling range
steady state condition
load error
offset
offset
Proportional control output
Steady state
0%
control point
100%
equilibrium
2-9
set point
Offset
load
heating load
- Proportional control loop (cooling system)
Proportional controller
Proportional band
control
(unit)
pascal
control
(Pressure)
scale range
Proportional band
0C
control
Proportional band
2-10
Proportional band
control
Proportional band
control scale range
80
Proportional band
25%
width
Physical unit
(Non-dimensional)
Proportional gain
(response)
physical quantity
(Temperature)
C
Proportional band 50%

controller sensor span
Proportional band
Proportional gain 2
industrial control system
gain
(term)
Proportional band
- Proportional-Integral control response to load changes

(-)
controller
(-)
Proportional control system
Controlled variable
(value)
steady state offset temperature

Proportional band
gain
Proportional band
control system
Proportional band
control action
on/off control
time proportioning
two position outpu

output
Proportional
On/Off
Control
(on)
(off)
control
40% output
Output device
constant cycle period
cycle time
()
control
control device
Cycle time
gain
over all system
(longer response time)
response time
system
2-11
system
two position on/off control
Control
(behavior)
Time
Proportional
(heater)
temperature swing
Proportional control system
control
switching
load error
frequency
disturbance
.. Integral Control
Integral control
Integral control
PI control
I control
Integral control
Integral control
set point
(integrate
Integral control
(deviation)
action
Steady state
set point
offset
PI control
Steady output
PI control
width
(zero
steady state
floating control
2-12
time constant
system
long time constant
control device
Natural zone
) output
Integral control
reaction rate)
System
(response)
control variable
- Integral control
system
system
(over correct or over react)
variable speed actuator
Integral control
(fast
(slow response)
Control response
(variable) rate of change
Controller
variable
Valve
pulse
constant speed actuator
(speed of closure of valve)
speed
Proportional
controlled system
Integral
response
PI control
.. Proportional Plus Integral (PI) Control

Integral
HVAC control
offset
load error
PI control
control output
adjust
(deviate)
set point
control
stable control
Proportional
PI control
Set point
Proportional
Proportional band
offset
(zero offset) stable control

controller
Integral
PI control
Integral setting
integral
correction
error
Integral control
Error
integral setting
unit
reset rate
Reset rate
PI controller
reset
Integral time
Proportional band
Integral time
Integral time
PI control
Integral time
Integral term
Equipment
steady state error
steady state error
integral time
Integral time
PI control
control system
output
time constant
controlled variable
error
wind up
() System
() Heating
() Control loop
cooling medium
override
error
Integral action
system
windup
gain
2-13
(normal operation)
control loop
Anti wind up feature

Equipment
disable
(not in operation)
Integral action
controller
disable
PI
system
Proportional band
.. Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative (PID) Control

Derivative action
control signal
Controlled variable
control variable
set point
control action
derivative action
Controlled variable
Inertia
(rate of change)
set point
over s
system
D
controller
Measured variable
derivative action
amplitude
Derivative action
Proportional
Proportional gain
Proportional gain
Integral
erratic output
Integral gain
Derivative
steady control
PID control
Integral
zero offset
Offset
(respond)
PID control
disturbance
steady state
zero offset
load
steady control
Derivative gain setting

control output
action
PID controller
derivative time
Process control application
(-)
PID control
derivative time
PID controller
derivative
zero
PI action
PID control loop
- P only PI
2-14
HVAC application
PID control mode

(start up) control variable
control
behavior
ideal characteristic
set point
output
Control variable
(stabilize)
Integral control
set point
control variable
stable operation
Derivative control
overshoot
overshoot
control variable
set point
- Room temperature
Controller
controller
set point
set point
reset
Cascade control
control
.. Cascade Control (Reset Control)

(application)
submaster
controller
sub system
Master controller
set point
Submaster controller
submaster loop
controller system
control
controller
(master controller
intermediate part
control
master
submaster controller
Master controller
hot water flow rate
supply air set point

control
control
Heating coil
Submaster controller
hot water modulating valve
control
(term)
control
Cascade
UK
USA
Cascade controller
master
control
Control
sub master controller
Master-slave
Cascade control
Reset Control
Control loop
primary- secondary
PI control
PI control
feedback control loop
control system
Incoming air temperature

hot water temperature
submaster controller
(response)
heating coil

2-15
set point
reset
control
Master controller
Space temperature
reset
supply air temperature set point
Control loop
- System
supply air set point
Integral action
(response)
t=0
system
dead time
valve
(space temperature)
(response)
Feedback control loop
control system
control system response

() Transport delay
(delay)
Distance Velocity Lag
heating medium
controlled output
Heat source
controlled space
(heat)
Transport Delay
heating system
()
delay
Transfer Lag
Component
(-)
hot water
heating circuit
heating coil
controller
(heat transfer)
heating coil heating coil
supply air
supply air
sensor
valve
Hot water
sensor
system
respond
Integral
floating control
control system
Dead
(dead time
output
2-16
(system
) system
controller
PI control
P band
control
Integral time
stable
load error
- PID control mode

. Logic Control
Logic control function
controller
control operation
Hysteresis
Hysteresis module
filter
Hysteresis module
process
(fluctuation)
Control variable
control system
module
Averaging
fluctuation
Averaging module
input
hysteresis
(respond)
input
(zone)
Logic Operator
(response)
temperature sensor
averaging module
Logic module
Boolean AND NOT OR

logic
XOR gate
gate
software interlock
(operate
Safety
critical interlock
interlock
2-17
Look up table
Look up table
resistance
functional relationship
Thermistor
temperature
(conversion
up table
linearization
.
control element
resistance
) look
characteristic
temperature
conversion
Control Mode
control mode
()
accuracy
offset
()
load
)
()
sub system
(respond)
speed
()
start up
(situation)
control mode
(complicated) control mode
control
Derivative control
set point
equipment
setup
Derivative control
HVAC
high inertia system
approach
Overshoot
(additional equipment
Table 2.1 Recommended control modes

Application
Recommended
Notes
control mode
Space temperature
Mixed air temperature
PI
Chilled water coil discharge
PI
temperature
Hot water coil discharge temperature
PI
Air flow
PI
Use wide Proportional band and short

Integral time. PID may be required.
Fan static pressure
PI
Some applications may require PID
Humidity
Possibly PI for tight control
Dewpoint
Possibly PI for tight control
Static pressure control of supply fan
PI
Flow tracking control of return fan
PI
Space temperature control
PI
Steam heat
2-18
PID
. Optimum Start
Building control system
(function)
equipment
(shut down)
equipment
HVAC equipment
(continuous operation)
building)
(lightweight
thermal inertia
(saving)
intermittent heating
cooling
) Lightweight building (low thermal mass)
( ) Short occupancy period

( ) Over sized plant
Heat output 30kW
heating system
timer
time switch
Optimal start controller
heating system
occupant
(comfortable)
)
(start too early)
occupant
(comfortable)
Optimizer start
controller
(-)
period
control characteristic
heating
occupied period
unoccupied
cooling
occupied period
Optimal start controller
(primary function)
(internal space temperature)
temperature)
Optimal stop function
) cooling
heating
occupancy period
(comfortable)
()
optimal stop
Optimal
(energy saving)
HVAC system
)
(max condition)
system
control behavior
occupant
start
(external air
capacity
part load
Part load condition
design
(operate)
VAV system
(air flow)
system gain
system stability
design flow(max flow)
system gain
system
system gain
2-19
- Optimum start control
- Weather compensation control characteristic with two adjustable slopes
Sampling Time
2-20
controlled variable
interval
sampling time
Sampling time
(
) Time period required by the A/D converter
( ) Any multiplexing between sensor inputs

( ) Density of traffic on a bus system
Sampling time
(too fast) BAS/BMS

(
system
)data
data handling
handle
(changes)
Sampling time
Detect
Equipment
system
data
information
(performance)
Sampling
control
evaluate
data
information
information
Aliasing
sampling frequency
Maximum frequency(time max)
system
time max
equipment component
frequency
sampling frequencies
Theoretical
sampling frequencies
Disturbance
Control system
disturbance
) Supply disturbances
(Chilled water supply temperature
( ) Demand disturbances
(Occupant
( ) Set point changes

)
()Ambient (environmental) variable changes
(
. Tuning
control
setting
setting
(unstable)
Controller
control loop
behavior
controller parameter
optimum
control
system
performance
control parameter setting

System
Stability
(
) Proportional band
) Integral action time
) Derivative action time

2-21
Tuning
system
manual mode
output signal
tuning
Set point
() Process noise
Controlled variable
()
()
operating region
Control loop
turning
(
) On/off controller
( ) Controlled device
open
udk operating range
Fully
fully closed
( ) Cascade control
turning
submaster
(inner) loop
turning
Primary water circuit
turning
()
Proportional action
secondary loop
controller
turning
controlled device
temperature controller
control
heating coil
operation
control
cooling coil
disable
turning
Proportional band :
Proportional band
50%
Integral time
plant output
controlled variable
Integral time
constant
open loop time

Component time constant
actuator
sensor
time
constant
Derivative time
: Control loop
delay
Derivative time
Derivative time
dead time
Sampling time
2-22
: Open loop time constant
25%
control loop
Initial controller setting
(manufacturer)
Common
application
Table 2.2 Typical settings for a PI controller
Controlled device
Controlled quantity
Proportional band
Integral time (min)
Heating coil
Zone temperature
2K
Preheat coil
Duct temperature
3K
Chilled water coil
Duct temperature
8K
Humidifier
Zone RH
15% RH
15
Dehumidifier coil
Duct RH
15% RH
Thermal wheel
Duct air temperature
4K
Run around coil
6K
Recirculation damper
Mixed air temperature
4K
Ventilation supply
Zone CO2 concentration
100 ppm
10
Room terminal unit
Zone temperature
3K
Supply fan
Static pressure
1000 Pa
. Complexity of Control Systems

control system
Manually control
Simple automatic controls

Direct Digital Controls (DDC)
Building management systems (BMS)
Integrated control systems
complexity
Manually operated controls
Increasing capability, cost and
Integrated control system
- Relative capability and complexity of key control systems (Based on diagram from BSRIA AG
15/2002)
-End-
2-23

. Modem Control System
. Sustainable Development and Global Environment
. Energy Efficiency
. Control Modes
.. Two Position (ON/OFF) control
.. Floating control
.. Proportional control
.. Integral control
12
.. Proportional Plus Integral (PI) control
13
.. Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative (PID) control
14
.. Cascade Control (Reset Control)
16
. Logic Control
.
18
Control Mode
19
. Optimum Start
20
. Tuning
23
. Complexity of Control Systems
24
. Modem Control System ..................................................................................................... 1

. Sustainable Development and Global Environment .............................................................. 2
.. Energy Efficiency ........................................................................................................... 3
. Control Modes .................................................................................................................. 6
.. Two Position (ON/OFF) Control ........................................................................................................
.. Floating Control ..............................................................................................................................
.. Proportional Control ........................................................................................................................
.. Integral Control ..............................................................................................................................
.. Proportional Plus Integral (PI) Control ..............................................................................................
.. Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative (PID) Control .....................................................................

2-24
.. Cascade Control (Reset Control) ...............................................................................................

. Logic Control .................................................................................................................. 17
.
Control Mode
..................................................................... 18
. Optimum Start ................................................................................................................ 19

. Tuning ........................................................................................................................... 21
. Complexity of Control Systems......................................................................................... 23
2-25
Chapter-3 Sensors and Transducers
Chapter -3 Sensors and Transducers

(measurement)
(Direct Method)
Direct method
(unknown quantity)
(Indirect Method)
Indirect method
(unknown quantity)
unknown
quantity
(volume flow rate)
(cross sectional area)
(velocity)
(multiply)
. Classification Of Instruments
Absolute Instruments
instrument
Absolute
Instrument
Secondary Instruments
Instrument
calibrate
calibrate
absolute instruments
secondary instrument
Instrument
()
function
(Indicating function)
()
(Recording function)
-
() Device
(Controlling function)
1-1
- Chilled water flow valve
control
supply temperature
Measurement system
(application)
() Monitoring of process and operation.

() Control of processes and operation.
() Experimental engineering analysis.
Sensor
control system
sensor
sensor
(sophisticated)
(chapter)
building control system
Sensor
sensor
controlled variable
control
Operator
(monitoring)
plant
sensor
- Anatomy of a sensor system

HVAC
(application)
sensor
Dioxide (CO2) Carbon Monoxide (CO)

velocity sensor
flow sensor
Relative Humidity
dewpoint
temperature
differential pressure
Sensing technology
sensor
(measured variable) control module

process
sensor
Sensor
(function)
() Sensing element:
(measured variable)
sensing element
1-2
Carbon
input
() Transducer:
Sensing element
electrical signal
active device
() Transmitter:
Transducer
transducer
electrical signal
device
control module
transmitter
transducer
transmitter
transmitter
Signal Conditioning
Signal conditioning
() Filtering to remove noise
() Averaging over time
() Linearization
system
sensing element
thermocouple
controller
controller
signal conditioning
controller module
Transmitter
Transmitter
signal
(data)
signal
device
(device)
Transmitter
Transmitter
milliamp (mA)
signal
HVAC
420 mA signal
Sensor
05 volt
voltage output
(robust)
transmitter
accuracy
Sensor
sensor
interoperability
010 volt or 420
interchangeability
control system
Interchangeability
sensor
sensor
(physical replacement)
Interoperability
sensor
control system
(operability)
Sensor
repeatability
Status
installation time
durability
maintenance
sensor
ON output
accuracy
repair/replacement costs
precision
reliability
compatibility
binary output(on/off)
setpoint
Setpoint
OFF output
1-3
Sensor
mechanical device
pressure switches
Thermostats
t tu
software interlock
sensor output
digital input
controller
(safety-critical)
interlock
(hardwired)
Sensor status
Software interlock
voltage-free contact
measured variable
electrical signal
input signal
Analogue sensor
controller
-(
control
1
NTC "K2"
or "K10"
humidistats
) Passive Sensor
+ 15 V supply
temperature 0...10 V
Com
-( ) Active Sensor
Analogue sensor
(
) Passive devices: Transducer
sensing element
Signal conditioning
device
controller
resistance type temperature sensor

analogue input
passive device
controller
passive sensor
( ) Active devices: Sensing element
signal conditioning
active device
transducer
transmitter
Controller analogue input
sensor
Transmitter
standard electrical signal
passive
industry
Table 3.1
Table 3.1 Standard signals for transmission of sensor readings

Signal
Application
010 V DC
Standard for HVAC applications
420 mA
Common in process control
Voltage-free contact
For status indication
Pulse
Energy and flow measurement

4 to 20 mA signal
environments
(two-wire connection)
process control
4 to 20 mA signal
Hostile
010 V signal
HVAC systems
Intelligent sensor
(status)
control
1-4
digital signal
(measured value)
intelligent device
Network
device
intelligent sensor
(
) Checking upper and lower bounds
( )
Calibration and compensation functions
()
Calculating derived values, e.g. enthalpy.
(Definition of Terminology)
Ambient
Sensor
control system
Attenuation
Attenuation
signal magnitude
signal strength
Calibrate
(true value)
accuracy
sensor output
uncertainty
calibrate
Closed loop
Relates to a control loop where the process variable is used to calculate the controller output.
Range
Device
operate
upper limit
lower limit
Rangeability
Rangeability
Control
Reliability
Reliability
device
specification
operation
(operating hours)
Resolution
Resolution
Self Heating
t
t to
sensor
u
Self-heating
Sensitivity
input
output
1-5
Stiction
Static
friction
(resistance to motion
Transducer
Temperature or pressure
physical quantity
resistance change
element
volts or millivolts or
device
transducer
Accuracy
Accuracy
(measurement)
accuracy
(measurement)
(amount of error)
(true
sensor
equipment)
repeatability
accuracy
value)
(measurement)
Accuracy
linearity hysteresis
(suitability measuring
total error in the measurement
Reference accuracy
(reference conditions)
(ambient temperature)
pressure)
(supply voltage)
Accuracy
error
(static
to
Systematic
random errors (imprecision)
bias
Reporting Accuracy
1-6
pt
error
(true value)
u
minimum
(amount of error)
accuracy
Accuracy
po t
Measured Variable
Reported Accuracy
Space temperature
0.5 degrees C (1 degrees F)
Ducted air temperature
1.0 degrees C [2 degrees F]
Outdoor air temperature
Water temperature
Relative humidity
2 percent RH
Water flow
5 percent of full scale
Air flow (terminal)
10 percent of reading
Air flow (measuring stations)
Air pressure (ducts)
25 Pa [0.1 "W.G.]
Air pressure (space)
3 Pa [0.001 "W.G.]
Water pressure
2 percent of full scale *Note 1
Electrical Power
CO Carbon Monoxide
10 percent of reading 0-300 ppm
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
50 ppm or 3% of reading
Note 1: for both absolute and differential pressure
- Accuracy terminology
Range of Operation
operating
o op
limit
to
specification
range of operation
Range of operation
(excessive errors)
Sensor
(malfunction)
(permanent damage)
range
(manufacturer)
(catalogue)
range
Budget/Cost
Sensor
(allocated budget)
specification
Hysteresis
Device
accuracy
previous value
direction of variation
Hysteresis
(true value)
(inaccuracy)
Previous measurement
Linearity
Linearity
curve
Sensor curve
(straight line)
(straight line)
Instrument
(straight line)
po
u
linearity
linearity
Response curve
continuous control
1-7
application
signal
(straight line)
- Hysteresis
linearise
- Linearity
Repeatability
Repeatability
(second measurement)
(second measurement)
(same) input
(same) operating condit o

u
Repeatability
Sensor
Sensor
Repeatability
repeatability
o to
hysteresis
control system
repeatability
controller
controller
device
control
deadband
- Repeatability
- Poor Repeatability
Means Poor Accuracy
Good
Accuracy
Repeatability
Means
Good
Good Repeatability Does Not

Necessarily Mean Good
Accuracy
1-8
- Accuracy and Precision (Hegberg, 20012002)

(-)
precise and inaccurate imprecise and relatively accurate
Reliability
Realibility
device
(mathematical
po
Response
Device
output
to
(respon)
t
device
(slow responding) device
continuous
control application
- Typical time response for a system with a step input.

ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration (1991)
1-9
(measurement)
(
accuracy
Accuracy of the sensing element: the claimed accuracy of the element may not be
available over the whole operating range or may be quoted under ideal conditions.
( )
Sensitivity: this is the smallest change in themeasured variable that can be detected
by the system.
()
Interacting variables: the condition of the sensormay be affected by other

environmental variables,e.g. an air temperature sensor will be affected by thermal
radiation or an RH sensor by local variations in air temperature.
()
Stability: sensors may drift with time and require checking. Stability is likely to be
affected by operating conditions.
( )
Hysteresis: the sensor reading may be affected by its past history and speed and
direction of change of the measured variable.
( )
(
Mounting: the mounting and location of the sensor will affect the reading.
)
Signal conditioning: associated transducers will introduce their own limitations to

the accuracy
. o
the measured variable has
t
p
only transmit when
to . T
to
minimise network traffic.

()
A/D conversion: the discrimination of any analogue to digital conversion will set a
limit to the achievable accuracy. Eight-bit conversion divides the range into 256
steps, 12-bit into 4096 steps. In the latter case, a measurement range of 50 to
150 C would have a step size of 0.05 K.
. Sensor Performance Characteristic

Sensor
static characteristic
characteristic
Static Characteristics
dynamic characteristic
static characteristic
Dynamic Characteristics
Accuracy
Scale range
Speed of response
Drift
Scale span
Measuring lag
Dead Zone
Noise
Fidelity
Static Error
Dead Time
Dynamic error
Sensitivity
Hysteresis.
Reproducibility
Linearity
Static correction
1-10
Actuator Expected Performance Characteristic

Sensor Type
Expected Response Time
Performance Assurance
Air Flow Damper
30 second
Sensor Feedback
Evacuation
60 second
Supervised
Admittance
1 second
Supervised
Lighting
100 millisecond
Optical Sensing
Smoke Control Damper
10 second
Supervised
Smoke Abatement
60 second
Supervised
Speed of response
Sensor
(response)
(stable)
control
Speed of response
Time constant
(accurate)
t
output singal
%
medium
o t
time constant
- Time Constant
Controlled variable
control system
sensor
time constant
po
Time constant
measured variable short term fluctuation

Sensor time constant
control action
control system time lags
. Selection Requirements
sensor
control system
Control system
sensor
sensor
control
(early failure)
1-11
sensor
(failure)
o
(inaccuracy)
sensor
to
Table 3.2 Sensor requirements

Sensor requirement
Checklist
Type
Status, analogue, intelligent
Sensed medium
Air, water, gas, oil
Sensed quantity
Temperature, pressure, velocity, humidity
Location
Space, duct, pipe
Housing
Accessibility, effect on accuracy and speed
Accuracy
Accuracy, resolution, hysteresis, repeatability
Operating range
The range over which the sensor performs accurately
Overload range
The range to which the sensor may be subjected without damage
Response time
Affected by sensor, housing and medium
Protection
Is protection required from a damaging environment?
Maintenance
Calibration requirements, ease of servicing and replacement
Interchangeability
Can sensor be replaced by another from the same or different

manufacturer?
Cost
Initial cost and total ownership cost over life cycle
Sensor selection criteria:

Sensor
Range:
Sensor accuracy
range
Sensitivity:
Linearity:
o t
Linearity between the change in input variable and the change in output
variable. Signal conditioning is required for nonlinear sensors
Response time:
The time taken for the sensor output to change for a given change in the
sensor input
Accuracy:
Sensor
(sensor output value)
(true value)
(error)
Repeatability:
Sensor consistency
Interchangeability:
R -
Ease of calibration:
The ease of establishing and maintaining the calibration of a sensor
Stability:
Sensor
1-12
sensor
Cost:
Consideration of the appropriate cost for the value of information gained

from the sensor
(manufacturer)
pressure transducer
specifications
Operation
Input range
01000 cm H2O
Excitation
15 V DC
Output range
05 V
Performance
Linearity error
0.5% full-scale operating range
Hysteresis error
Less than 0.15% full-scale operating range
Sensitivity error
0.25% of reading
Thermal sensitivity error
0.02%/C of reading
Thermal zero drift
0.02%/C full-scale operating range
Temperature range
050 C
. Classification of Error
- Effects of random and systematic errors on calibration readings.

Error
() Gross Error
Gross error
() Systematic Or Cumulative Error

(
) Instrumental error
Instrumental error
instrument
( ) Enviromental error
Measuring device
(temperature
pressure
humidity dust or of external electrostatic or magnetic field)

1-13
() Observational Error
() Random Or Residual Or Accidental Error
Residual error
(measurement)
accuracy
instrument error ()
- (
) Hysteresis error
- ( ) Linearity error
- () Sensitivity error
- () Zero shift (null) error
- ( ) Repeatability error
. Temperature Sensors
Air-conditioning application
o to
o
ot
(temperature)
Humidity
u
t
1-14
primary
Comfort HVAC application

u
radiant temperature
(temperature)
tu
air velocity
ot
Temperature sensor
- Calibration and interpolation for a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

(industrial)
temperature sensor
Contact Type
Non contact Type
Thermocouples
t
Infrared
p
tu
D t to
TD
Acoustic
Thermistors
Temperature sensor
15C
25C
(application)
accuracy 0.6
specification
temperature sensor
Chilled water temperature
temperature sensor
zone air temperature
control
accuracy 0.25 K
.. Principles of Temperature Measurement

Process material
(measuring device)
(heat energy)
(temperature measurement)
(measuring device)
analog electronic

t
tu
t
t
device
device
()
Thermistors
()
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)
()
Integrated circuit (IC) temperature sensors

Sensor
t
t
t
-
1-15
Bimetal
temperature sensor
bimetal
bimetalli
(metal strip)
(welding)
(different coefficient of expansion)
(metal strip)
control system
Two-position electric control
small glass switch
modulating
spiral bimetal
spiral
Mercury
spiral
spiral
u
bimetal
(wind)
mercury switch
two-position
(make the circuit)
(break the circuit)
- Expansion thermometry bimetallic temperature sensor
small glass switch
po t
thermostat
mercury
- Mercury switch
1-16
- Bimetallic spiral shape
.. Thermocouple
RTDs
Thermocouple
Thermocouple
hostile
Thermocouple
remote environment
Seebeck effect
(temperature)
Thermocouple
(dissimilar metal)
electromagnetic
Iron wire
constantan wire
(ambient temperature)
(voltage)
3 milli-volts
platinum-rhodium (Type S or R)
alumel (Type K) copper-constantan (Type T)

Thermocouple
force
junction
100F
thermocouple material
junction
iron-constantan (Type J)
handheld instrument
0.5F
5F
chromel-
(accuracy)
- Thermocouples E and K characteristics

Thermocouple
steady-state
hand-held temperature sensor
HVAC application
boiler
flue
u
thermocouple
Table 4-1
(advantage)
(disadvantage)
thermocouple measuring circuit
- Typical thermocouple and extension leads

1-17
- Practical thermocouple circuit
(volt)
Transmitter
linear signal
look-up table
exponents
software
(resistance)
thermistor manufacturer
coefficients
exponential equation
(advantages)
(disadvantages)
lab
o
Table 4-2
Table 4-2 Thermocouple Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
Disadvantages
Self-powered
Non-linear
Simple
Reference required for accuracy
Rugged
Least stable
Fast response
Least sensitive
Wide variety
Very weak output, millivolts
Wide temperature range
Limited accuracy for small variations in temperature
Inexpensive for lower accuracy
Sensitive to electrical noise
Wide range of operation
Complicated conversion from emf to temperature
Robust
Small size
Accurate for large temperature changes
- Thermocouples in parallel for average temperature measurement

1-18
- Two thermocouples used to measure temperature difference

.. Thermistors
Thermistor
semiconductor compound
Thermistor
(resistance)
(resistance)
- Thermistor characteristic
(-)
77F
axis
(resistance)
(ratio)
Y-
Resistance-temperature curve characteristic
o Thermistor
accuracy
0.5F
0.2F
Sensitivity
(fast)
(detailed response)
thermistor
(true value)
()
0.05F
(drift)
thermistor
calibration
t
thermistor
1-19
- Mineral insulated thermocouples
- Variations in thermistor sensor packaging
Thermistor
resistance
versus
temperature is highly non-linear and

usually has a negative slope.
Thermistor
thermal resistor
Thermistor
negative temperature coefficient
thermistor
resistor
(resistance)
Table 4-2 Thermistor Advantages and Disadvantages

(Advantages)
(Disadvantages)
High resistance change
Non-linear
Fast response
Fragile
Two-wire measurement
Current source required
.. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
(stable)
electronic
(accuracy)
temperature sensor
RTD
analog
RTD
(resistance)
(-)
nickel-iron alloys
to
1-20
platinum copper-nickel copper tungsten

RTD
0C
standard platinum RTDs
(resistance)
(low resistance) RTDs

(resistance)
(resistance)
three-wire
four-wire circuit
- Typical RTD and thermowell construction
- Thermistor and RTD resistance change with temperature

Platinum RTD
purity) platinum sensor
100 ohms
1.0F accuracy
accuracy
Thin-film platinum RTD
electronic
o
thermistor
Thin-film RTDs accuracy

Platinum
(high
(reference resistance)
u
RTDs
calibration point
t
(disadvantages) RTD
0.5F
F
(advantages)
Table 4-3
1-21
Table 4-3 RTD Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
Disadvantages
Most stable
Expensive
Most accurate
Current source required
Most linear
Bulky in size and fragile
Good sensitivity
Slow thermal response time due to bulk
Uses standard copper wire
Self heating problems
Copp
TD
o oup
More susceptible to electrical noise
Interchangeable
More expensive to test and diagnose
Transmitter
electronic circuit
signal
RTD
amplifie
- T
to
TD
signal
conditions
u T
DDC
o oup
RTD connection to a Wheatstone Bridge:

- Two-wire
- Three-wire
- Four-wire
Two-wire measurement
RTD
resistance
accuracy
true value
Three-wire measurement:
Three-wire measurement RTD device
resistance
wire
Two-wire device
bridge circuit
(bottom half)
1-22
bridge lead wires

Lead
(top half)
wire
- 3-Wire RTD Configuration for a Digital System

Four-wire measurement - Switched:
three-wire measurement
lead resistance
One of the limitations with the three-wire measurement, is that if the lead resistance
is not the same or suffer different effects, then the measurement will be erroneous.
The Four-wire measurement takes both sensing leads into account and alternates the
leads into the upper part of the bridge.
By alternating, the lead resistance is effectively measured in both sensing leads, but
is then cancelled out by taking the average of the two readings. This level of
complexity does make four-wire sensing more expensive.
Four-wire measurement - Constant Current:
Fou -
lead resistance
constant current
wire
voltage drop
excitation power
- 2-wire Wheatstone bridge circuit circuit
voltage
- 3-wire circuit
Shown is a 2-wire RTD connected to a typical Wheatstone bridge circuit.

Es is the supply voltage;
Eo is the output voltage;
R1, R2, and R3 are fixed resistors; and
RT is the RTD. In this uncompensated circuit, lead resistance L1 and L2 add directly to RT.
1-23
In this circuit there are three leads coming from the RTD instead of two. L1 and L3 carry the
measuring current while L2 acts only as a potential lead. No current flows through it while the
bridge is in balance. Since L1 and L3 are in separate arms of the bridge, resistance is canceled.
This circuit assumes high impedance at Eo and close matching of resistance between wires L2
and L3. TEMPCO matches RTD leads within 5%. As a rule of thumb, 3 wire circuits can handle
wire runs up to 100 feet.
- 4-wire circuit
4-wire RTD circuit
resistances
(mismatch)
A common version is the constant current circuit shown here. Is drives a precise measuring
current through L1 and L4; L2 and L3 measure the voltage drop across the RTD element. Eo
must have high impedance to prevent current flow in the potential leads. 4-wire circuits may
be usable over a longer distance than 3-wire, but you should consider using a transmitter in
electrically noisy environments.
.. Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensors

Integrated Circuit (IC) sensor
current source device
Semiconductor junction diode

Current-voltage
voltage source device
current-voltage characteristics
(temperature)
(linear relationship)
IC sensors
(
(Properties)
( )
()
()
( ) BAS
1-24
(relatively cheap)
-50 C
150 C
(relatively fragile)
(limited temperature range)

stability
(poor stability over time)
(require an external power supply)

(not quite suitable for BAS application)
- 4.3: IC sensor output types

IC sensor output types:
(
) Voltage output
( ) Current output - minimum sensed temperature

() Current output - average sensed temperature
Linear Diodes
Table 4-4 Linear Diodes Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Most linear
Use up to 330F
Inexpensive
Power
supply
required,
Slow,
Self-heating,
Limited
configurations
Semiconductor diode
temperature sensor
Integrated circuit (IC)
solid-state temperature sensor
Solid-state sensor
Table 4-4
transistor
(advantage)
Solid-state sensor
linear diode
calibration
(advantages)
(disadvantages)
sensor
(economics)
(accuracy)
(long-term reliability)
Sensor characteristics
Table 4-5
Table 4-5 Temperature Sensors Comparison
Type
Thermocouple
Thermistor
Primary Use
Advantages
Portable units
Inexpensive
and high
Self-powered
temperature use
for average
< 5,000F
accuracy
Disadvantages
Very low
voltage
output
High sensitivity
Very large
Non-linear
General use
resistance
Fragile
change
Self-heating
< 300 F
Response Time
Slow to fast
depending
on wire
gauge
Fast
1-25
Interchangeable
< 1,400F
Integrated circuit
Long for coil
Very accurate
General purpose
RTD
Very stable
Relatively
Medium/ fast
expensive
for foil Short for

thin film
General purpose
Linear output
Not rugged
Medium /
<400F
Relatively
limited selection
Fast
inexpensive
.. Summary of temperature sensors

Sensor type
RTD
Primary use
Advantages
General purpose water,

air, steam
Thermistor
Disadvantages
Very accurate,
Relatively expensive, not
stable,
interchangeable
High sensitivity
Very sensitive
very sensitive
Nonlinear, fragile, prone to
applications, chilled
self-heating
water metering
Thermocouple
High temperature
Inexpensive, rugged,
Not very sensitive, low
applications, boilers,
self-powered
voltage output
stack gas
IC sensor
General purpose, low
Very linear, high
temperature applications
output, inexpensive
(<200OC)
- C
1-26
o T
o oup
TD IC
Not very rugged, limited

physical configurations
to T
tu
Sensors
.. Temperature Sensor Measuring Errors

T
temperature
sensor
measuring errors
Random Errors
Imprecision of readings
Time and spatial variations
Systematic Errors
Insertion errors, heating or cooling of junctions
Conduction errors
Radiation errors
Recovery errors
Effects of plugs and extension wires
Nonisothermal connections
Loading errors
Ignorance of materials or material changes during measurements
Aging following calibration
Annealing effects
Cold work hardening
Ground loops
Magnetic field effects
Galvanic error
Reference junction inaccuracies
. Moisture Sensors
(gases)
(humidity)
Dew point
(moisture content)
(humidity)
Relative humidity Absolute humidity
(Humidity)
(technologies)
Relative Humidity
Absolute Humidity
Dew Point Measurement
-Mechanical
-Gravimetry
- Chilled mirror
-Wet and dry bulb
-Electrolysis
- Lithium chloride
-Surface resistivity devices
- Infrared
- Wet bulb thermometer
-Crystal frequency change
- Conductivity
- Capacitance
- Colour change
- Karl Fischer titration
- RF power absorption
- Neutron reflection
1-27
- Heat of absorption or desorption

- Nuclear magnetic resonance
.. Humidity Sensors
Air conditioning
(humidity measurement)
o t
o tu
o t
to
(nylon) film
(expansion)
o t
to
accuracy
HVAC application
capacitative polymer film sensor
sensor
Capacitative polymer film sensor

Sensing element
(netting filter)
Low humidities
chilled mirror dewpoint

relative humidity
membrane
low temperature
dewpoint
.. Relative Humidity Sensors
HVAC system
(stable)
(humidity measurement)
(Accurate)
ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable I
oo
u t
(relative humidity levels)

Solid-state technology
accuracy
accuracy
Relative Humidity sensor
calibration
HVAC control system

Humidity
relative humidity dew-point temperature
wet-bulb temperature
Relative humidity
dry-bulb temperature
Barometric pressure
Relative Humidity (RH):

Humidity sensor
material
hygroscopic material
(dimension)
1-28
Hygroscopic
(humidity)
(animal hair)
(wood)
(various fabrics)
Accuracy
portable sensor
5% relative humidity
.. Resistance-type humidity sensors

Resistance-type humidity sensor
Hygroscopic
materials
(electrical
resistance)
(humidity)
- Polymer resistance humidity sensor

.. Capacitance-Type Humidity Sensors
- 4-19 Thin-film Sensor Example (Hegberg, 2001)

Capacitance-type humidity sensor
electrical capacitance
Hygroscopic material
(humidity)
aluminum oxide
Aluminum
gold
Capacitance
(-)
polymer
gold
capacitor plate
aluminum oxide layer
(water vapor)
(very thin layer of gold)
(water
vapor)
Jason-type
85% relative humidity

(higher humidity air)
1% rh
RH sensor
hygrometer
accuracy
5% RH accuracy
1% rh accuracy
hysteresis
1-29
calibration uncertainty
1%
3%RH
calibration
.. Lithium Chloride Dew-point Sensors:
Dew-point sensor
humidity sensor
saturated salt solution (lithium chloride)
Steady state
solution
(slow to respond)
(low humidity levels)

accuracy
dew-point
u t
Sensor
2.5F
- Chilled-mirror Dew-point sensor

.. Chilled-Mirror Dew-point Sensors:
-po t
light source
chamber
two photocells
(chilled mirror)
source
(-)
Photocell
light
reference
(chilled
photocell
mirror)
dew-point
to
photocell
tu
o t
to
TD t
(scatter)
L
tu
u
condensation
dew-point
chilled-mirror sensor
humidity sensor
(advantages)
() Dew-point
Temperature
1-30
RH
commercial building
relative
() Accuracy 0.4F
()
range (20 and 80F dry bulb)

Chilled-mirror sensor
co t
dew-point
to
accuracy
(filter)
chilled-mirror
- Examples of humidity sensors
sensor
- Sling psychrometer
.. Psychrometers
Psychrometer
wet-bulb
Wet-bulb
dry-bulb
humidity
dry-bulb
psychrometric chart
(properties of air)
Commercial building
psychrometer
humidity sensor
humidistat
relative
calibration
Sling psychrometer
Sling psychrometer
(thermometer)
(thermometer)
(thermometer)
wet-bulb
Wet-bulb
RH
Dry-bulb
dry-bulb
Psychrometric chart
moisture content
(swing)
(thermometer)
Advantages of Psychrometers
(
Physical propertie
( )
Indoor environments
()
wet-bulb
recalibration
accuracy
+5% accuracy
()
Disadvantages
(
Psychrometric chart
psychrometric chart
Wet-bulb
Dry-bulb
(locate)
1-31
( )
Duct
()
(low-relative-humidity)
()
(thermometer)
( )
error
Contamination
error
- Relative pressure scales.
- C-shaped Bourdon tube
Corrugated diaphragm
Bellows
Diaphragm
Capsule
- Elastic elements used as pressure sensors.
1-32
. Pressure Sensors
(pressure)
Fluid
fluid
(atmospheric pressure)
pipe
absolute pressure
reference pressure
(fluid)
Fluid
gauge pressure
. pou
(water pressure)
(air pressures)
pounds per square inch(PSI)
gauge pressure
inch H2O
reference pressure
Gauge pressure
duct
psig
gauge pressure
psia
absolute pressure
inches of water gauge
psi
ou
u
One
0.036 psi
(Atmospheric Pressure)
(sea
barometric pressure)
SI
(theoretical
IP
standard
Torr
kPa
Inch of Hg
M Bar
Psia
Psig
760
101.4
29.92
1000
14.696
0.0
psig = psi
psia = psi
Gu
psiv = psi
psi
level
ressure
bsolute Pressure
(positive pressure)
Vacuum Pressure
(negative pressure)
Differential pressure
pressure
(positive pressure)
(positive or negative pressure)
fluid
Pressure sensor
diaphragm
bellow
(force summing element)
reference pressure
elastic
(spring)
structure
displacement
electrical quantity
Pressure sensor
pressure transducers
(selection criteria)
temperature sensor
()
1-33
- Capacitive pressure transducer
- Inductive pressure transducer
- Strain gauge pressure transducer
- Piezoelectric pressure transducer
() Capacitive pressure transducers

Capacitor
plate
plate
Capacitance
capacitance
oscillator circuit
oscillator frequency
Oscillator frequency
() Inductive pressure transducers

Inductive type pressure transducers
induced
coil
voltages
primary coil
ac
(displacement)
() Strain gauge pressure transducers

The deformation of a piece of wire subjected to force due to pressure along its length
causes a change in wire diameter and hence the wire resistance. Resistance changes
are then measured by a suitable bridge circuit.
() Piezoelectric transducers
These use materials whose electrical characteristics change when they are deformed
under pressure, e.g. crystalline quartz exhibits a change in resistance when subjected to
pressure (piezoresistive)
() Potentiometric transducers
These consist of a 3-terminal resistor with adjustable centre connection in the form of a
wiper. The wiper moves as a result of force due to pressure, and hence pressure
measurement is related to the position of the wiper measured as a resistance.
1-34
.. Summary of pressure sensors for BAS applications

Sensor type
Primary use
Advantage
Disadvantage
Capacitive
low-pressure air; duct
Cheap
Complex signal conditioning
Rugged
Expensive, temp
static or filter
Inductive
Low pressure
compensation difficult
Strain gauge
High pressure, chilled
Linear output
Low output signal
Fluctuating pressures,
Wide pressure
Difficult to calibrate
sound, mech. vibration
range
General purpose
Cheap, high
Low accuracy, large size,
output
physical wear reduces life
water, steam
Piezoelectric
Potentiometric
- Potentiometric pressure transducers

.. Mechanical Pressure Gauges:
(-)
pressure gauge
Bourdon tube
Bourdon tube
sensing element
p
tu
atmospheric pressure
reference
Bourdon tube
(linkage)
Bourdon and spiral tube
(gear)
(indicating pointer)
water system
1-35
- 4-22 Bourdon Tube Pressure Sensor
- 4-22 Bourdon tube pressure gauge.

.. Diaphragm sensor
(- )
diaphragm sensor
chamber
flexible wall
(thin steel sheet)
diaphragm
Fabric
diaphragm
(psi)
pressure gauge
1-36
pressure range
Pressure range
t t
Diaphragm pressure gauge
water
air
system
- 4-23 Diaphragm Pressure Sensor
- Diaphragm pressure transducer

mechanical device
transmitter
transmitter
singal
- xx2 Potentiometer pressure transducer.

Pressure sensor
electrical output
transducer
.. Potentiometer
potentiometer
device
Slider
xx2
(coil)
slider
(coil)
1-37
transmitter
Potentiometric
accuracy
.. Electrical Pressure Guages:

Piezoelectric pressure sensor
pressure sensor
(measure continuous)
Piezoelectric pressure sensor
output signal
update
.. Capacitance pressure detector
Capacitive pressure measurement
p
Sensor
high frequency oscillator
pressure changes
bridge circuit
- Capacitive sensor
(-)
Capacitor
plate
O
C p
to
(-)
o
metal core
(coil)
Metal core
metal core
M t
magnetic flux
transmitter
capacitance pressure detector

p
to
Capacitive pressure measurement
1-38
to
inductive sensor
transformer
plate
oscillator circuit
- Inductive sensor
Capacitance sensor
Capacitance
diaphragm
two-plate design
(accurate)
operating range
Advantages
Disadvantages
Inaccuracy 0.01 to 0.2%
Temperature sensitive
Range of 80Pa to 35MPa
Stray capacitance problems
Linearity
Vibration
Fast response
Limited overpressure capability

Cost
- Capacitance pressure detector
. Flow Sensors and Meters

Process flow
flow
velocity
volumetric flow
mass
Air system
hydronic system
energy process control
flow sensor
energy monitoring
(indication device)
(recording device)
Sensor
sensor
(meter)
Factors affecting flowmeter performance

(
Process media (Liquid/Gas)
()
Velocity
( )
Density (Specific Gravity)
( )
Viscosity
()
Temperature
( )
Pressure
1-39
Volumetric Flowmeter
(
DP
( )
Target
( )
Turbine
( )
Ultrasonic
()
Vortex / Swirl
()
Magnetic
HVAC
ACMV
Displacement
flow control
flow condenser water flow
hot water flow
chilled water
air flow
HVAC applications
flow sensor
()
Differential pressure flow sensors
()
Displacement flow sensors
()
Passive flow sensors
()
Mass flow sensors
fluid
eddy
op
vortice
fitting
flow sensor
obstruction
Flow sensor
upstream
()
downstream
duct/pipe diameter ()
grid
duct
duct/pipe diameter ()
()
duct
accuracy
straightening vane
(water)
(air)
flow meter
Differential Pressure Flowmeters
Advantages
Disadvanteages
Use On Liquid, Gas, and Steam
Limited Rangeability
Suitable
for
Extreme
Temperatures
and
Effected By Changes In Density, Pressure,
Pressures
and Viscosity
No Moving Parts
Maintenance Intensive
Low Cost
1-40
.. Differential Pressure Flow Meters

B
pressure
ou
(flow)
u to
Differential
(flow)
Differential Pressure Flow Meters:
where V is the velocity,

C is a constant that is a function of the physical design of the meter,
DP is the measured pressure drop, and
is the fluid density.
HVAC system
(density)
.. Orifice Meter
- 4-26 Orifice Plate Flow Meter

4-26 orifice plate meter
(with round sharp edged)
Reynolds Number
plate
flow rate
Orifice plate
Orifice plate
pressure drop
fluid
1-41
Orifice plate
flow coefficient C
orifice opening
(determine
device
measured area of the pipe and
flow coefficient C
orifice meter
(experiment)
flow meter
Orifice meter
calibrate
(pressure drop)
Reynolds Number
flow
HVAC system
(lamina flow)
(wear)
accuracy
HVAC
system
.. Venturi Meter
- 4-27 Venturi flow meter

(-)
meter
Venturi
flow meter
(inlet)
Venturi meter
static pressure
(inlet)
velocity
(pressure drop)
velocity (kinetic energy)
static pressure
Flow coefficient
(test)
1-42
Venturi meter
(outlet)
orifice
- The Herschel venturi meter with the associated flow pressure drop along its axis.
Venturi meter
steam flow measurement
measurement
Water flow
air flow measurement
Standard density
- 4-28 Averaging Type, Pipe-mounted Pitot Meter

1-43
Equation 4-2
where DP is in psi and V is in feet per second (fps).

(-)
pitot flow sensor
velocity profile
(natural distortion)
pressure
port
tu u
Velocity
tube
Sensor tube
Downstream
Accuracy
static pressure
(manufacturers)
- 4-29 Annubar flow sensor

(-)
Annubar flow sensor

(symmetrical)
Annubar sensors
(negative side)
system
secondary piping system
pass pipe
1-44
to
sensing port
Bi-directional pressure transmitter

pressure transmitter
Bi-directional
(zero mark)
(positive side)
transmitter
(Bi-directional) sensor
HVAC
chilled water system
decoupling pipe
Primaryby
- 4-30 Paddle Flow Switch

.. Displacement Flow Meters
fluid stream
flow meter
displacement flow meter

Paddle flow switch
Paddle flow switch
Fu
4-30
o
switch
activate
Air system
p
Sail switch
- 4-31 Inline Turbine Flow Meter
- Cutaway view of a turbine flow meter.
.. Turbine Meter
(-)
turbine meter
Fluid stream
propeller-shaped rotor
HVAC system
water flow measurement
1-45
Magnetic sensor (metal rotor)
Infrared light
reflection
Non-magnetic radio frequency impedance
sensors
Turbine meter
(bi-directional)
Dual turbine meter
accuracy
(opposite directions)
current
Turbine
counter-rotating rotor
(cancel out)
Turbine Meter
High accuracy (.5% of rate)
Clean water applications only
High rangeability (up to 50:1)
NIST Traceable Factory Calibration
Compact design
Low cost, Easy to install
Fast response time
In and out of line, under pressure
Broad range of sizes

Turbine Flowmeters
Advantages
Disadvanteages
High Accuracy
Only For Low Viscosities
Suitable
for
Extreme
Temperatures
and
Moving Parts
Pressures
Can Be Used On Gas or Liquid
Sensitive to Flow Profile
Pressure differential flowmeters

Helical gear
Oval gear
Nutating disk
Rotary
Oscillating piston
.. Target Meter
- 4-32 Target Meter

1-46
swirling
(-)
target meter
Fo
Drag-force meter
p
Flow rate
flow rate
bending action
Strain-gauge
stress
stress
(moving parts)
- In the vortex shedding flow meter, the flow path is obstructed by a bluff body (or
strut) that creates the vortex swirl.
(flow path)
bluff body
ot
.. Vortex meter
Vortex meter
flow
rate
sensor
t
accuracy
HVAC system
- Swirlmeter
Vortex / Swirlmeter
Advantage
Disadvantage
No Moving Parts
Span Limitations Due to Viscosity
For Liquid, Gas, or Steam
Flow Profile Sensitive (Vortex)
Uneffected by Pressure, Temperature, or

Density Changes.
Wide Rangeability
Vortex / Swirlmeter Benefits
High Accuracy 0.50% of Rate
Versatile
No Moving Parts
Electronics can be used for Diagnostics
Minimal Upstream Piping
Works with Entrained Liquids

1-47
Measures Low Flows

.. Passive Flow Meters
Passive flow meter
fluid stream
o t u to
flow rate
(pressure drops)
Fluid stream
- Ultrasonic meter
- Principle of a transit time (ultrasonic) flow meter.

.. Transit time ultrasonic meters
Transit time ultrasonic meter
flow rate
fluid velocity
sound waves
(-)
Transit time ultrasonic
meter
fluid
downstream
sensor
Ultrasonic wave
ultrasonic sound wave
(travel time)
Transducer
average flow velocity

t
Transmitte
fluid
downstream
tt
receiver
ultrasonic
sound wave
no air bubbles
1-48
sensor
straight flow
Fully developed very clean water

accuracy
accuracy
5%
other practical limitation

Ultrasonic Flowmeter
(
Piping dimensions fluid properties
accuracy
doppler
time of flight
) Doppler effect, used for dirty, slurry type flows
( ) Transit time measurement, used for clean fluids

Ultrasonic Flowmeters - Performance Considerations
Reynolds number constraints
Installed without process shut down
Entrained gas or particles for doppler
Straight upstream piping requirements
Clean liquids for time of flight

Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Advantages
Disadvanteages
No Moving Parts
For Liquids Only (limited gas)
Unobstructed Flow Passage
Flow Profile Dependent
Wide Rangeability
Errors Due To Deposits
.. Magnetic flow meters

Magnetic flow meter
flow rate
magnetic field
fluid
deionized water
sludges
magnetic induction
o -
u t
Tu u
slurrie
- Magnetic Flowmeters
1-49
- Electromagnetic principle as applied to a working flow meter.

Magnetic Flowmeters
Advantages
Disadvanteages
No moving parts to wear out
Liquid Must Be Conductive
Very Wide Rangeability
Physical Pressure and Temperature Limits
Ideal For Slurries

no obstructions or restrictions to flow
No pressure drop or differential
Accommodate solids in suspension
No pressure sensing points to block up
Temperature independent
Capable of measuring flow in either direction
Magnetic Flowmeters Advantages Over Other Technologies
No moving parts
Measure dirty liquids with solids
No pressure drop
Measure highly corrosive fluids
Flowrate independent of viscosity,
Very large turndown
temperature, and density

Minimum upstream piping requirements
Linear output
Electronics interchangeable without regard to

size
Direct Measurement
Coriolis
1-50
Mass Flowmeter
Thermal Dispersion
.. Mass Flow Meters

Coriolis force meter
angular momentum meter
mass flow meter

anemometer
mass flow meter
Thermal anemometer
HVAC
hot-wire
air flow measurement
- 4-34 Thermal Anemometer

(-)
thermal anemometer
heated probe
mass flow rate
heated probe
element
Air stream
Probe
temperature sensor
electric resistance-heating
Heated probe
200F
electrical current
velocity signal
thermal anemometer
heating element
Self-heated thermistor
air density
Temperature sensor
air velocity
2% to 3% accuracy
Anemometer
Pitot sensor
velocities range
anemometer
temperature sensor
entering air temperature
Thermal anemometer
(air density)
upstream
accuracy
pitot tube sensor
Commercial model
100 fpm
500 fpm
accuracy
velocity 150 to 5,000 fpm
20 fpm
accuracy
400 fpm (0.01 inch wg)
Pitot sensor
Thermal
VAV system
anemometer
thermal
fan
inlet
1-51
- Air flow meter

(4-35)
air flow meter
- Pitot tube sensor

(-) Pitot tube sensor
(speed of aircraft)
HVAC application
(-)
total pressure
static pressure
Total pressure
static pressure
velocity pressure
Pitot tube velocity differential pressure
standard density
air flow
where DP is measured in inches of water gauge (wg) and V is measured in feet per minute
(fpm).
1-52
- Figure 4-37 Air Flow Measuring Station

Figure 4-37 shows an air flow measuring station (FMS) commonly used in duct applications.
In large ducts, the FMS is composed of an array of pitot sampling tubes the pressure signals of
which are averaged. This signal is fed to a square root extractor, which is a transmitter that
converts the differential pressure signal into a velocity signal. (With digital control systems, this
calculation can be made in software with improved accuracy over the use of a square root
extractor.) The velocity measured in this way is an approximate average of duct velocity, but it is
not a precise average because pressure and velocity are not proportional (the average of the
square of velocity is not equal to the average of the velocity).
Where fan air flow rate measurement is required, the preferred location of the pitot sensor is in
the inlet of the fan. Two arrangements are available. The first, which can be used with almost
any fan, has two bars with multiple velocity pressure and static pressure ports mounted on either
side of the fan axis. The second, much less common arrangement has multiple pinhole pressure
taps that are built into the fan inlet by the fan manufacturer. Differential pressure is measured
from the outer point of the inlet to the most constricted point, much like a Venturi meter.
Locating the air flow sensor in the fan inlet has many advantages compared to a duct mounted
pitot array. First, air flow is generally stable in the inlet (except when inlet vanes are used, in
which case this location is not recommended) and velocities are high, which increases accuracy
because the differential pressure signal will be high. Even where inlet vanes are used, a location
in the mixed air plenum space could be found. This location also reduces costs because the
sensor array is smaller than the array required in a duct. Perhaps the most important advantage
of this location is that it obviates the need to provide long straight duct sections required for the
duct mounted array. The space needed for these duct sections seldom seems to be available in
modern HVAC applications where the operating space occupied by HVAC systems is heavily
1-53
scrutinized by the owner and architect, reduced to its smallest area possible, and consciously
minimized.
.. Displacement Flow Meters:
air stream
flow meter
Displacement flow meter

Propeller or Rotating Vane Anemometers: Propeller or rotating vane anemometers are commonly
used hand-held devices for measuring air velocity. They are seldom used as sensors for control
systems because they are accurate only for measuring velocity at a single point, and velocity in a
typical duct system varies considerably over the duct face.
- Rotating Vane Anemometers:
Table 4-6 summarizes some of the velocity and flow sensors that we have been discussing.
Table 4-6 Table of Flow Sensors (Hegberg, 20012002)
Velocity and Flow Sensor Summary
Sensor Type
Primary Use
Orifice plate
Water
Venturi
Accuracy &
Maximum Range
15%, 5:1
Water, high-
Advantage
Disadvantage
Inexpensive, great
Sharp
selection
lowering accuracy
Low head loss
Expensive, large
edge
can
erode
velocity air
Turbine
Water
0.150.5%, up
Blades susceptible to
to 50:1
damage
Ultrasonic
Water
0.252%, 100:1
Vortex
Water
0.51.5%, 25:1
Air flow
Minimum velocity
shedding
Pitot tube
Inexpensive
400 fpm
Thermal
anemometer
1-54
Air flow
20 fpm at
100 fpm
Can plug with dirt, limited

in lowest velocity
Good at low velocities,

small sensor easy to
insert into duct
Dirt can reduce

accuracy
Rotating
Hand-held
Vane
Air flow
Inexpenisve
Not robust, large
Electromagnetic
The operating principle of an electromagnetic flow meter (8) is based on the fundamental
principle that an electromotive force (emf) of electric potential, E, is induced in a conductor of
length, L, which moves with a velocity, U, through a magnetic field of magnetic flux, B. Simply,
when an electrically conductive liquid moves through a magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the
liquid at a right angle to the field. The voltage is detected by metal electrode sensors with the
voltage magnitude and polarity directly proportional to the volume flow rate and the flow
direction, respectively. This physical behavior was first recorded by Michael Faraday (1791
1867). In principle,
where symbols in bold face are vector quantities.

The electromagnetic flow meter comes commercially as a packaged flow device, which is
installed directly in-line and connected to an external electronic output unit. Special designs
include an independent flow sensor unit that can clamp over a nonmagnetic pipe, a design
favored to monitor blood flow rate through major arteries during surgery. The sensor is
connected to a control unit bywiring. External sensors are also available as an in-line union,
which can measure flow rate in either direction with instantaneous changes (Figure 10.16).
The electromagnetic flow meter has a very low pressure loss associated with its use due to its
open tube, no obstruction design, and is suitable for installations that can tolerate only a small
pressure drop. It can be used for either steady or unsteady flow measurements, providing either
timeaveraged or instantaneous data in the latter. This absence of internal parts is very attractive
for
o o
t u
.T
op
t o luid density
and viscosity, responding only to average velocity, and there is no difficulty with measurements
in either laminar or turbulent flows, provided that the velocity profile is reasonably symmetrical.
Uncertainty down to 0.25% (95%) of the measured flow rate can be attained, although values
from 1% to 5% (95%) are more common for these meters in industrial settings. The fluid must
be conductive, but the
u t t
p t u
Fluids with values as low as 0.1 microsieman (msieman)/cm have been metered. Adding salts to
a fluid increases its conductivity.
Stray electronic noise is perhaps the most significant barrier in applying this type of meter.
Grounding close to the electrodes and increasing fluid conductivity reduce noise.
1-55
. CALIBRATION METHODOLOGY
CALIBRATION
It t
po
u o t
o parision
with the standard ones.
The standard of device with which comparison is made is called a standard instrument.
The instrument which is unknown and is to be calibrated is called test instrument.
In calibration test instrument is compared with the standard instrument.
DIRECT COMPARISON
METER CALIBRATION
GENERATOR CALIBRATION
TRANSDUCER CALIBRATION
INDIRECT COMPARISON
METER CALIBRATION
GENERATOR CALIBRATION
TRANSDUCER CALIBRATION
Contents
. Classification Of Instruments ............................................................................................. 1
.
(Definition of Terminology) ............................................................... 5
. Sensor Performance Characteristic ................................................................................... 10

. Selection Requirements ................................................................................................... 11
. Classification of Error ...................................................................................................... 13
. Temperature Sensors ...................................................................................................... 14
.. Principles of Temperature Measurement ...........................................................................................
.. Thermocouple .................................................................................................................................
.. Thermistors ....................................................................................................................................
.. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) ........................................................................................
.. Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensors ...........................................................................................
.. Summary of temperature sensors ....................................................................................................

.. T
tu
o M
...........................................................................................
. Moisture Sensors ............................................................................................................ 27

1-56
.. Relative Humidity Sensors .......................................................................................................
.. Resistance-type humidity sensors .............................................................................................
.. Capacitance-Type Humidity Sensors .........................................................................................
.. Lithium Chloride Dew-point Sensors: ........................................................................................
.. Chilled-Mirror Dew-point Sensors: ............................................................................................
.. Psychrometers ........................................................................................................................
. Pressure Sensors ............................................................................................................ 33
.. Summary of pressure sensors for BAS applications ....................................................................
.. Mechanical Pressure Gauges: ...................................................................................................
.. Diaphragm sensor ...................................................................................................................
.. Potentiometer .........................................................................................................................
.. Electrical Pressure Guages: ......................................................................................................
.. Capacitance pressure detector ................................................................................................

. Flow Sensors and Meters ................................................................................................. 39
.. Differential Pressure Flow Meters .............................................................................................
.. Orifice Meter ...........................................................................................................................
.. Venturi Meter ..........................................................................................................................
.. Displacement Flow Meters .......................................................................................................
.. Turbine Meter .........................................................................................................................
.. Target Meter ...........................................................................................................................
.. Vortex meter...........................................................................................................................
.. Passive Flow Meters ................................................................................................................
.. Transit time ultrasonic meters ..................................................................................................
.. Magnetic flow meters ............................................................................................................
.. Mass Flow Meters ..................................................................................................................
.. Displacement Flow Meters: ....................................................................................................
Coriolis
Advantages
Direct Mass Measurement
Disadvanteages
High Purchase Price

1-57
1-58
High Accuracy
High Installation Cost
Additional Density Measurement
Size Limitations
Uneffected By Flow Profile
Vibration Sensitive
Chapter-4 Control Valves and Dampers

. Introduction
control system
output
valve
damper
(flow)
Valve
Valve
damper
(control
specialist)
Valve
control specialist
(option)
(basic terminology)
.. Study Objective
HVAC system
control
control valve
(hot water/cold water flow)
control damper
(air flow)
device
device
control
valve
(flow)
Mixing valve
control valve
(application)
valve
diverting valve
(operation) hydromic system

parallel blade damper
damper design
opposed blade damper
(leakage)
4-1
HVAC Control and Building Automation System
(leakage)
Mixing damper
((sizing)
. Two-Way Control Valve

Fluid distribution system
control valve
process
(flow rate)
Regulate
(flow rate)
valve
HVAC system
control valve
condensor water flow

steam
refrigerant
actuator
chilled water flow
control
hot water flow
gases
oil
control
.. Style and Principles of Operation

Control valve
(
) Two way
( ) Three way-mixing
() Three way-diverting
Three way mixing valve
pipe
Three way diverting valve
- Simple two-way and three-way valve circuits

Mixing valve
steam
Valve
fluid
(flow)
steam
valve
Diverting valve
steam
heating coil
(flow rate)
(-)
cooling coil
capacity
modulate
Three way valve

(boiler [heating system])
valve
Two way configuration

(constant flow
chiller(cooling system)
4-2
Control valve
(
Globe vavle
( )
Butterfly valve
()
Ball valve
(style)
Globe valve
Ball
valve
Valve diameter
(50mm)
(-)
body
valve
sweat (soldered)
valve
flanged connection
globe
single seat
two-way single seated control valve
plug
actuator
Plug
Valve
steam
Steam
Actuator
Actuator
steam
Steam
plug
plug
valve
- Two-way globe single-seated valve (fluid flow is left to right)
piping system
(full shut-off) plug
Valve body
screwed flanged welded soldered

union
pipe fitting
Valve
j
Control valve
(water flow direction)

(water flow direction)
flow direction
Control valve
Control valve
isolation
service
manual
(-)
globe valve
normally open valve assembly

(power loss)
valve
Actuator
power
Actuator
valve steam
valve
Normally Open(NO)
4-3
-(
)Normally Closed
-( ) Push down to close
globe two-way valve

(-)
Push down to Open
Normally Closed(NO) valve
(power loss)
stem
way globe valve
valve
valve
- Double-seated two-
steam
flow direction
Normally Open(NO) valve
Power loss
manual valve
Actuator(modor)
valve stem
Slack
linkage
Valve
fluid velocity pressure
valve
flow direction
fluid differential pressure
valve
valve
valve
free movement
(actuator)
)
(flow direction)
velocity pressure
valve
(close)
Valve plug
(-)
valve
Valve stem
velocity pressure
movement
free movement
linkage
free
velocity pressure
plug
(flow)
free movement
valve
velocity
pressure
(crack
(flow)
(flow)
fluid internal force
water hammer
shock
Piping system
control valve
(-)
flow direction
balanced valve
actuator
double-seated valve
)
seat
Fluid
fluid differential pressure
single seated valve
actuator
4-4
actuator
Tight shut-off
Tight shut-off
HVAC system
- Linear(V-Port) Valve Plug

Modulating globe
(
valve
- Equal Percentage Valve Plug
control valve
) Linear(V-Port) Valve Plug
( ) Equal Percentage Valve Plug
Valve
modified
Modified linear
characteristic
modified equal percentage
(-)
flat plate plug
modified
Flat plate plug
(Quick-opening duty)
- Quick-opening(Flat Plate) Valve Plug
- Control Valve Characteristics

(-)
(plug lift)
Valve
plug
plug
(%)
(assume)
Valve
plug lift
(-)
flat plate
(20% open) full flow 60%
flat plate
modulating

4-5
Control valve
characteristic
valve
valve
operate
function
characteristic
valve
(-)
- Combination of Coil and Control Valve Characteristics
- Typical valve characteristics at constant pressure drop

(-)
linear plug
% of plug lift
linear characteristic
(flow rate)
% of flow
Equal percentage plug
plug lift
valve
valve plug
Valve
valve
flow
plug
(pressure drop)
rangeability
(linearly)
Minimum flow
seat
minimum rate
Valve
maximum rate
turn-down ratio
4-6
Rangeability
HVAC system
control valve
()
rangeability
()
plug
HVAC Control
(ratio)
valve
(-)
butterfly valve
Valve body
(round disk)
(flow)
(flow)
Butterfly valve
modulate
modulating duty
shut off
(balancing
three way control

percentage
Butterfly valve
linear plug characteristic
(-)
ball valve
two position
characteristic
linear characteristic
(flow characteristic)
(-)
equal
characteristic
application
(-)
ball valve
valve
ball
valve body
Ball valve
pipe system
(shut-off)
balancing valve
automatic control
Reheat coil
coil
- Butterfly Valve
Ball valve
- Ball Valve Layout
plug
(flow)
Ball valve
(resistance)
valve
(-)
Ball valve
characteristic
ball valve
characterized plug
valve
HVAC control application
characterized plug ball valve
stable
flow characteristic
Standard
valve
) Globe valve
( ) Butterfly valve
() Ball valve
4-7
- Characterized ball valve

Globe valve actuator
(-)
Ball valve
steam
Butterfly valve
(rotate)
actuator
(-)
valve steam
Two way valve

Two way valve
three way valve
two way valve
Two way valve
variable flow
pumping energy
variable speed drive(
Pump
pumping energy
Operation
coil
two way valve
(heat loss)
Pumping energy
coil
Three way valve
Centralized HVAC system
control valve position

(sizing)
cooling coil
Pump
distribution system
diversity factor
heating
(sizing)
load
- Ball Valve
Two way valve
load
coil
chilled water
two way valve
Two way valve

(flow)
Two way valve
hot wate
Normal operation
Three way valve
coil
pump flow rate
Chiller
boiler
three way valve

4-8
Three way valve

boiler
(flow rate)
coil
boiler
Two way valve
chiller
(flow rate)
decoupler
chiller
by pass
Primary pumping
secondary pumping
Hydronic system piping
Two way valve
control valve
pump
system controllability
pressure)
(water
valve
actuator
Piping system
by pass
two way valve
pump
VSD
(energy saving)
energy
- Valve actuatorsMove Stem Up and Down
- Valve actuator Rotary
. Three way control valve

(-)
three way valve
(flow)
(-)
coil
system flow
Mixing three way valve
Mixing valve
diverting three way valve

(two incoming steam)
outgoing steam
Diverting valve
Diverting valve
port
(-)
Mixing valve
diverting valve
mixing valve bottom port
port
Normally Open
valve common port

Normally open(NO)
port
upper port (
valve
mixing valve
to common port
COM
common port (100% flow)
common port(100% flow)
port
OUT
Normally Closed(NC)
Common out
Diverting valve
(-)
Bottom Port(B)
diverting valve common port

4-9
valve
(manufacturer)
bottom port
Three way valve

two way valve
plug
Mixing valve
common port
(flow)
diverting valve
flow direction
Mixing valve
diverting valve
diverting valve
valve
mixing valve
diverting valve
- Mixing Valve Configurations
Diverting Valve Configurations
three way valve
Mixing
mixing valve
diverting valve
Mixing valve
two way valve
Return side
coil return side

two way
Supply side
Two way valve
side
supply side
function
Two way valve
two way valve

return
coil return side
coil return header
- Three-way Mixing Valve

(-)
three way mixing valve
- Three-way Diverting Valve

Valve
Valve port
control schematic
flow direction
4-10
controller
output signal
(-)
valve
valve
coil
flow
coil
Normally Closed(NC)
line Normally open(coil
three way valve
control action
line )
common port
three way mixing valve Normally Open(NO) port
(-)
(-)
schematic
coil by pass line balancing
control system
distribution
port
Balancing valve
water
balancing valve
coil
(pressure drop)
Balancing valve
pressure drop
flow
balancing valve
(match)
coil
(pressure drop)
coil
Three way valve

100%
flow
Balancing valve
supply to return diffenential pressure
coil
higher differential pressure
Two way valve
linear
valve
coil
equal percentage plug
three way
valve
valve
(size)
Port
operate
port
operate
three way valve
three way valve
diverting valve
Constant flow
three way valve
plug style
constant
flow
Balancing valve
coil
100%
by pass line
Valve
linear plug
valve
flow
percentage plug
Equal
flow
- Typical three-way mixing valve arrangements

4-11
Valve
(selection)
sizing
modulating valve
characteristic
behavioral
Modulating control valve
Rangeability factor
operating characteristic
factor
maximum flow
characteristic
constant differential pressure
Valve
rangeability factor 10:1
Control valve
rangeability
minimum controllable
valve
flow
(minimum flow) 10%

. Valve
(
) Control
fluid
control
solution
density
fluid
water solution
visocity
Special fluid
(manufacturer)
handbook
Brine
Steam valve
catalog
Maximum fluid temperature

Fluid temperature
packing
valve body
body trim
standart material
250F
()
Brine
control
correction
( )
Glycol solution
special heat transfer fluid
information
information
shut-off disk
250F
HVAC heating system
Maximum inlet pressure

Valve body selection
(high-rise building)
inlet pressure
body
ANSI Class 125
temperature
HVAC system
ANSI 150
valve
Class
nominal pressure
valve body rating

Valve
valve
pressure
pressure
actuator
Valve style
Valve
System
close-off pressure
Valve
valve
Valve
PSIG
Actual operating condition

catalog
inlet pressure
normial pressure
() Maximum fluid flow :

HVAC load calculation
coil
heat exchanger
characteristic
design maximum
(flow rate)
4-12
( )
Valve Style :
Three way diverting Three way mixing
( )
Control Mode:
Modulating control mode
valve
two-position control mode
valve plug
Control mode
application
plug
Two-way
Modulating
Standard globe valve

)
two position duty
fully open
(flat
Globe valve
(pressure drop)
Globe
two position
valve
(pressure
drop)
modulating control
motorized ball valve
(pressure drop)
option
butterfly valve
globe valve
(pressure drop)
Modulating flow characteristic
plug
plug type
plug type
valve
valve
full flow
designer
Modulating application
design
Control
(pressure drop)
valve
- Coil subsystem
Modulating application
turn-down ratio
HVAC application
valve
Special application
turn-down ratio
valve
(consult)
V
parameter
() Desired flow characteristic

() Desired pressure drop
() Close-off rating
.. Valve
(Sizing)
Modulating applicating
Gain
valve size
system behavior
control system function
4-13
valve
control
flow
valve
system
(pressure drop)
pump
Operating cost
Valve
fully open
(pressure drop)
(pressure drop)
Control expert
manufacturer
(opinion)
of-thumb
rule-
valve size
(pressure drop)
stable control
valve
system
Valve
design
(pressure
(pressure drop)
Handling
Unit
supply
(pressure drop)
sub
return
drop)
coil(subsystem)
system
(-)
differential pressure available

Cooling coil
3psi(
elbow
drop)
(constant)
overall
(pressure drop)
Air
(pressure drop)
Coil
isolation valve
supply pipe
reducer
return pipe
(typical)
piping loss
available
(pressure
3+4=7 psi(15.2 ft wg)
(installation
experience)
(experiment)
(pressure drop)
coil
100%
pipe system
(pressure drop)
coil
50%
control valve
(pressure drop)
total subsystem
(pressure drop) 30%

(pressure drop) 2psi
3psi
Pump power
control valve
(pressure drop)
2 psi
4-14
subsystem
Sub system
(pressure drop)
point
point
rule of thumb
(pressure drop)
2psi
Rule of thumb
control valve
4psi
typical HVAC application
Globe control valve
valve size
Rule of thumb
valve
pipe size
butterfly
ball valve
Designer
pipe
flow coefficient
rule of thumb
oversized valve
PID control loop
tune
control
oversized valve
control algorithm
control algorithm
Oversized valve
valve
Valve seat
Control valve design
coefficient(
(pressure drop)
valve selection
valve
Valve flow coefficient(
(wide-open)
(pressure
drop)
1GPM flow
(Equation 4-1)
fluid
fluid density
valve
(flow rate)
Specific gravity
(pure wate)
60F
200 F
1.0
specific gravity
valve
valve
valve coefficient (
manufacturer
- coil
Design
valve size
(pressure drop)
valve body
plug
catalog
design
(pressure drop)
2 psi
psi
30GPM
valve flow
(flow rate)
30
Valve
2 psi
(formula)
flow coefficient
4-15
(Equation 4-2)
= 21.1
Small globe control valve
(
(
flow coefficient(
manufacturer
21.2
Valve style
size
valve size
(pressure drop)
(Equation -)
(Equation 4-3)
Representative Valves of Cv for Small Control Valves

Normal Pipe Size
Cv
10
16
25
40
Table 4-xx Representative Values of Cv for Small Control Valves

Valve
(pressure
Valve
(pressure drop)
Valve
(size)
Valve
(size)
30%
30%
control
Pump
(pressure drop) 2.0 psi
size
control
pump
Valve size
design
(size)
pump head
control
Valve
(pressure drop)
valve
valve
1.5 psi(
(pressure drop)
(pressure drop)
valve
psi(
control
(pressure drop)
3.5
(pressure drop)
Valve
Branch
drop)
valve
circuit
(pressure drop)
control
valve
Valve
pump
Pump
pump selection
valve
available pressure differential

valve
(under size)
pump energy
4-16
coil
10%
design load
valve
50%
Valve
valve design
drop)
valve
flow control
variable flow system
(pressure
Two way valve
pump
differential pressure across
the valve
(flow rate)
valve
(differential pressure drop)
(pressure drop)
valve
valve
Flow control
efficient
Energy
Oversized valve
supply air
reheat coil
Reheat coil
Valve
(pressure drop)
Cooling Coil
coil
pumping energy
oversized valve
coil
leaving water temperature
temperature
chilled water differential temperature
chilled water plant efficiency

indicator
Lower delta T
Oversized control valve
supply water temperature

valve
load
reset
supply water temperature

rate)
system load
reset
(flow
throttling
reset
operation condition
chilled water system
coil
Butterfly valve
flow coefficient
(dehumidification)
(pressure drop)
available
butterfly valve
(pressure drop)
actual velocity
E
butterfly valve
manufacturer recommend
velocity
valve
butterfly valve
modulating control
flow range
Low flow
flow
flow
butterfly valve
(procedure)
- fully open Cv
- valve size
Valve Cv
60% open Cv
pipe size
(resistance
valve
flow
(smooth)
)
piping geometry factor
4-17
pipe
valve Cv
valve Cv
Cv
valve
flow coefficient
insert
Coil
three way valve
two way valve
modulating flow
two
three
selection technique
Valve
system
design consideration
coil
three way valve
three way valve
valve
pipe
pipe
Ball valve
coil
150
two way valve
two way valve
.. Flow Characteristic Selection

Plug selection
characteristic
water coil
design
Design flow
control
chilled
hot water coil
water flow
coil capacity characteristic
Fluid supply temperature

capacity characteristic
heat transfer device(coil) flow
- Chilled water schematic

chilled water supply temperature 6.7C
capacity characteristic
(-)
7.5C
Control valve
coil flow
valve
heating coil
colling coil
(capacity)
(flow)
Heating coil curve

hot water
Coil
characteristic
non-linear
flow
high flow coil
Non linear performance
50%
(low temperature drop)
hot water supply temperature

4-18
Hot water supply temperature
air temperature
coil heating capacity
- Capacity versus flow rate

(-)
(linearize performance)
temperature set point
reset
hot water supply
Chilled water coil sensible capacity characteristic
chilled water temperature
air temperature
(flow rate)
tube
water velocity
turbulance flow
water
tube
laminar flow
heat transfer coefficient
coil capacity
coil
flow
Heating coil
control valve
hot water temperature
(fairly constant) control

Valve flow characteristic
capacity
coil characteristic
Valve flow characteristic

(-)
heating coil characteristic
Heating coil duty
Colling coil characteristic

water reset
hot
hot water coil characteristic
(-)
Control
Three way control valve
linear plug
valve
Heating system
two way valve system
linear plug
constant flow system
valve
differential press
4-19
Flow
component (pipe fitting, coi)
(pressure drop)
( )
Flow
available system head

flow
compoment
drop)
drop)
Fitting
flow
(pressure drop)
drop)
flow
25%
System
drop)
flow
valve
(pressure
coil
(pressure
(pressure drop)
System head
10.5psi
Fixed compoment
flow
(pressure
50%
(pressure drop)
pressure head
coil
pipe work
(pressure
valve
(pressure
Flow
drop)
8psi
16psi
Table 3-1
- Change in head across a control valve as it closes

Valve
characteristic
valve
Head across the valve
valve
linear
Valve characteristic
4-20
flow
Pipe
available system head
two way control valve
coil
pump
Pump curve
water circuit
pump maximum pressure
(pressure)
(flow)
pump curve
- Authority distortion of linear flow characteristics

Flow/head curve (pump curve
Design
flow
value
coil head loss
(-)
Point A
value fully open
pipe
coil
coil
Pump head
head
(head loss)
Value
(pressure drop)
flow
pipe
value
pipe
pump
head
Pump curve
Flow
reference
(pressure)
pressure
System curve reference
Flow
Point B
flow
flow
pressure loss
(pressure drop)
Point B
(pressure drop)
valve
4-21
flow
pump head
pump head
head
pump speed
flow
(b
Point A
) flow
Pipe
(pump speed
coil
) valve head(valve
flow
valve differential pressure
plug characteristic curve
Valve
through the valve.
More flow will go
- Authority distortion of equal percentage flow characteristics

(-)
linear flow(plug)
(-)
flow(plug)
Variable A (authority)
differential pressure across the valve
valve
Authority Ratio
characteristic curve
(-)
Linear plug
flat plug
1.0
Maximum pressure
curve
plug
equal percentage
ratio
(distorted)
Equal percentage plug
linear
way valve
heat exchange
coil

three way valve
two
Hydronic application
linear plug
..
(Close Off Pressure)

Close off pressure
valve
(-)
(-)
valve
4-22
(pressure)
valve
close off rating
Valve
valve
actuator
maximum pressure
- Pump and system curve with valve control

Valve
two position duty
pressure rating
modulating rating duty
Modulating close off duty rating
rating
Dynamic rating
rating
Dynamic
Valve
Valve
modulating application
rating
valve close-off pressure

system
flow
(pressure drop)
piping
curve
coil
pump head
pump
three way valve
flow system full flow (coil
Coil
dynamic close off
two position rating
valve
position
close off
constant
) differential pressure
by pass pipe
Linear
characteristic
(circuit
valve
)
mixing
coil
(pressure drop)
pump head
valve
Three way valve close off pressure
conditioning
flow
pump curve
differential
coil
valve assemble
design differential
pressure
Two way valve system
valve differential pressure
assembly design
pump
control
4-23
Pump
head
control
Pump staging
choke valve (valve
control
Maximum differential pressure
differential pressure set point
Pump
distribution system
valve
design flow condition

pressure
pressure sensor
VSD
maximum
A pump curve
available pump head
one valve/one pump system
shut-off head
(maximum differential pressure)
Pump shut off head
zero flow (flow
pump
flow
Valve
pump
flow
pump body
system
seal
maximum differential pressure
actual differential pressure
close of rating
valve
pump
(-)
head
(low flow)
Pump
variable flow system
head
pump shut off

valve
pump shut off head

safety factor (
5%
25%
close-off fightly(valve
safety factor
close-off rating
single seated valve
double seated
valve
Diameter
double seated valve
CO rating
DSV
SSV
DSV
.. Valve Selection
valve
()
Pressure rating
()
Shutoff response to leakage
()
Size and flow capacity
()
Equipments and pipes connected
()
Desired flow condition
()
Material compatibility and durability
()
Temperature limits
()
Cost
4-24
Valve Sizing
Valve
controlled
system
device
(liquid)
HVAC
( gas)
ACMV
valve
regulate
system
controlled device
Valve
system
Valve
controllability
valve
(flow rate)
(pressure drop)
(pressure drop)
pump
Flow characteristic
characteristic
valve
valve stem travel
(type)
valve
Flow
flow
(
Valve
flow characteristic
Valve Authority
Where: N = Valve Authority

Rangeability
Valve
Plug
(uncontrollable flow)
seat
Plug
seat
- uncontrollable flow
()
globe valve Cv
Rangeability
full flow
(pressure drop)
5 ps
valve
valve
uncontrollable flow
( )
R = Rangeability
P = Differential pressure drop across the valve
Valve Flow Coefficient
4-25
Sizing of Water Valve
Where: Q = Flow in gallons per minute (gpm)

Cv = Valve Flow Coefficient
P = Differential pressure drop across the valve (psi)

Valve sizing
Given
Find
- (Q
Cv
Flow rate(Q)
= 90 gpm
Flow coefficient (Cv)
= 51
Valve pressure drop(P)
= ?
(
Valve sizing
Given
Find
Cv
= 10 ft
= 51
Flow rate(Q)
= ?
- 10 ft of head x 0.433 pis/ft = 4.33 psi
Valve sizing
Given
Find
- (Q
(1 ft of head = 0.433 psi)
Flow rate(Q)
= 90 gpm
= 12 ft
= ?
- 10 ft of head x 0.433 pis/ft = 4.33 psi
(1 ft of head = 0.433 psi)
fluid
Sg = Specific gravity of the liquid

.. Valve Schedule:
valve
schedule)
Cv
BAS
(valve
control valves
4-26
Valve Identification Tag.
Capacity.
Location.
Valve CV.
Valve Type.
Design Pressure Drop.
Valve Size.
Pipe Size.
Fail Position.
Configuration.
Close-off Pressure.
Flow Characteristics.
Valve and actuator Model Number and Type.
Processes
plug valves
at Design Flow.
valve
ball valves, butterfly valves, globe valves
(application)
valve
(types)
Valve Type
Application
Other information
Ball
Flow is on or off
Easy to clean
Butterfly
Good flow control at high capacities
Economical
Globe
Good flow control
Difficult to clean
Plug
Extreme on/off situations
More rugged, costly than ball valve
. Control Damper
(air volume)
(air flow)
Control Damper (VCD)
Volume
Volume damper
Volume
Control Damper (VCD)

damper)
(manual
balancing damper
(motor operated) damper
Damper Characteristics
Opposed blade
2-
position control application
Parallel blade: Two-position applications (open/closed).
(full open @
Damper
(air flow)
(control)
(round)
(rectangular)
Damper
(oval)
(round) damper
duct
(oval) damper
(rectangular) damper
Blade
()
()
blade
4-27
Airfoil dampers
- Triple V and Airfoil dampers
HVAC
damper
galvanized steel
extruded aluminum
damper
(outdoor air intake)
(aluminum)
(aluminum)
(industrial facilities)
(stainless
steel)
(frame)
Damper
blade
(shaft)
(bearing)
(friction)
(control)
(valve)
(control)
damper
damper
Valve
(selection principle)
Damper
valve
(stable)
accurate control
Damper blade
() Flat, one-piece (single metal sheet) blade
() Single skin blade with a triple-v-groove shape
() Double- skin air foil-shaped blade
(-) triple V
airfoil blade
Damper
F1 (
(frame depth)
(flat) blade
(round) duct
damper blade
F2 (
Blade width
frame depth
(single blade) damper
(oval) duct
(rectangular) damper
4-28
Air foil
damper
Air foil
blade
(pressure drop)
Triple V groove blade
(velocity) 2000 FPM
1500 FPM
Blade
(overlap)
(tight closure)
Blade
(edge)
compressible sealing strip
(leakage)
sealing strip
(silicon rubber)
(extruded vinyl
Silicon rubber
Seal
damper
(fully closed)
(frame)
(fully open)
(performance)
blade
seal
Damper
(standard leakage)
damper
Air foil blade
50 CFM
low leakage damper

damper
HVAC system
10 CFM
shut off damper
(low
leakage) damper
damper
2 CFM
Damper
(minimum leakage)
Standard 90.1-2004
leak damper
(2 CFM per square foot at 1 inch wg)
10 CFM/ft
Ultra-low leak damper

2
Cooling load
ANSI/ ASHRAE/ IESNA

4 CFM/ft2
system
Low
ultra-low
leak damper
Ultra-low leak damper
Low leak damper

4-29
Cooling load
system
ultra-low leak damper
Blade
(linkage)
(-)
blade
(linkage)
(linkage)
damper
(pressure drop)
)
(corrosion)
damper
damper
(seal)
Blade
Damper
Damper
actuator
(maintenance)
damper
Actuator
damper
actuator
Damper
damper
actuator
damper
(linkage)
damper
- Typical multi-blade dampers

Blade
damper
parallel blade
- Damper linkages
multi-blade damper
opposed blade
()
Parallel blade operation
()
Opposed blade operation
Multi-blade damper
(-)
blade
blade
(-)
(same direction)
blade
4-30
blade
damper
(operating characteristic)
Blade
(single blade) damper

parallel
Actuator
damper operator
(fully open)
damper actuator
- Fans in Parallel
damper
- Centrifugal Fan with Inlet Vane damper
Modulating damper
small increment
) damper actuator
damper
damper motor
(power)
(operating characteristic)
modulate
seal
Lower leakage
(friction)
(friction)
damper motor (damper actuator)
actuator
Actuator
damper
(torque)
(friction)
actuator
(minimum torque)
actuator
Coil
system
damper
Normally Open(NO) operation
power
(fail)
(freezing)
(set up)
damper
hazardous waste
isolation
damper
Normally Open(NO)
Damper
damper
damper
(application)
4-31
) Two position only
(fully open/fully closed) position
Two Position
( )
(out door air intake)
Fan
isolation
(shut-off)
Capacity control duty

capacity
damper
control
VAV discharge damper
air balancing damper

()
Mixing duty
Economizer damper
.. (
) Two Position Duty

Fan
Outdoor air intake
discharge
damper
damper
fan intake
fan
(position)
(wind pressure)
stack effect
fan
intake)
duct
damper
supply air fan
(out door air
interlock
coil
(freezing)
(heating energy cost)
damper
motorized damper
gravity damper
Back Draft Damper(BDD)
Barometric Damper
Gravity damper
Non Return Damper(NRD)
(gravity) damper
motorized damper
actuator (motor)
(tight seal)
Gravity damper
(supply)
(return)
Non Return Damper

Exhaust fan
back draft damper
fan
exhaust air
fan discharge point
(air
pressure)
damper
exhaust system
make up air
(gravity) damper
motorized damper
4-32
- Installed characteristic curves of parallel blade dampers
- Installed characteristic curves of opposed blade dampers

4-33
gravity damper
(-)
motorized damper
fan
damper
(isolate)
fan
- Two Parallel blade Triple V dampers From Different Manufacturers
- Two opposed blade triple v dampers from different manufacturers

Variable Air Volume(VAV) application low load
high load
fan
shut-off damper
fan
pumping system
fan
Fan
Parallel
check valve
motorized damper
fan
damper
damper
fan
fan
fan wheel
fan
direction
(starting torque)
4-34
Fan
damper
fan plenum
damper
application
(pressure)
gravity back draft
(pressure)
gravity damper
damper
fan
Back draft
discharge
(velocity)
back draft damper
Two position
heavy duty damper
two position
damper
(fully open)
(fully close position)
damper
(performance)
Parallel blade damper
damper
Damper
actuator
parallel damper actuator

blade damper actuator
designer
two position application
opposed
HVAC
(vendor)
(contractor)
Two position damper
two position damper
modulate
Two position damper
(size)
(leakage)
pressure drop)
(energy)
Shut off damper
duct
.. ( ) Capacity Control Duty

Air system
control damper
flow)
capacity
terminal
duct
balancing damper
branch duct
Volume Control Damper(VCD)

selection
(design air flow)

Volume control damper
(air
diffuser
(pressure)
static damper
grille
(adjust)
Static damper
actuator
(air flow)
Volume
control damper
(fully open position)

Volume control damper
single skin damper
single blade
duct
4-35
damper
capacity
control
VAV system
damper
discharge damper
Damper
(style)
fan
inlet guide vane
gasket
VAV system
fan
Damper
(capacity)
(style)
Inlet Guide Vane(IGV)
(-)
Inlet Guide Vane(IGV)

Fan
damper blade
(control)
damper
discharge damper
fan
(inlet)
damper
(inlet)
Damper
(entering air)
Damper
fan wheel
direction
fan wheel direction
Air volume
inlet guide vane
unload
capacity)
fan
inlet guide vane

(air flow)
Discharge damper
(energy
(maximum
(pressure)
paralle pump
check valve
Discharge damper
fan
(fan pressure)
VAV box
(air flow)
control
Discharge damper
Discharge damper
fan
(performance)
throttling
VAV system
Capacity control
volume damper
opposed
Fully open
discharge damper
discharge damper
blade
Parallel
(fully closed)
flow characteristic
(-)

blade
throttling
(-)
linear
total system pressure drop)

(pressure
drop)across
throttling
the
classic diagram
damper
damper
Control valve authority

(
)
4-36
figure
damper
authority
(performance)
curve
( -
-)
Damper
(performance)
() Manufacturer
() Damper relative size
() Damper situation
()
Manufacturer
Damper
(linkage)
()
(design)
blade seal
(material)
damper
(performance)
Damper Relative Size

Damper
(size)
opening
duct
damper
damper
damper
(size)
duct
duct
()
damper
damper
wall
(performance)
damper
flow characteristic
(performance)
Damper Situation
Duct
damper
direction
damper
damper
(performance )
- Effect of Inlet Louver on an Opposed blade damper Characteristic

(-)
Capacity control (throttling) application
damper
(performance)
(position)
pressure drop across the damper

4-37
Damper throttling
(air flow rate)
duct system
(frictional losses)
(frictional losses)
Fan
(pressure)
(air flow rate)
volume flow rate
Hydronic system
two way valve
Throttling application
characteristic
drop)

damper
system
fan curve
linear
(pressure
(total pressure drop) %
- Air flow through parallel
- Air flow opposed dampers
- Flow Pattern through dampers

Opposed blade damper
characteristic
%
throttling application
pressure drop across the damper
linear
total system pressure drop
down steam
throttling application
(
-38)
(air steam direction)
down steam
4-38
(down stream)
elbow
duct fitting
(pressure drop)
(down stream)
diffuser
(outlet throw pattern)
(air outlet)
diffuser neck
diffuser

Throttling
damper
hydronic system
control valve
(pressure drop)
Damper
(pressure
(size)
drop)
controllability
Damper
(size
(pressure drop)
.. () Mixing duty
(air steam)
(out door air)
return air
damper
throttling
(mixing)
mixing application
Mixing
throttling
air
stream
throttling
(air steam)
(deflect)
mixing
(-)
air stream
(deflect)
(air steam)
(-
)
(air steam)
(air steam)
Duct
temperature)
(outdoor air
return air temperature
Ventilation system effectiveness
4-39
- Various Mixing Box Arrangements

Damper
damper schedule
Damper Identification Tag
Blade type
Location
Velocity Pressure Drop
Damper Type
Fail Position
Damper Size & Quantity
Actuator identification Tag
Duct Size
Actuator type & quantity
Arrangement
Mounting
4-40
(pressure drop)Across a Typical Mixing Box(Avery, 1986)
- Economizer with Supply and Return Fan
4-41
- VAV system at 100% outdoor air and minimum outdoor air
- Economizer with relief fan

Table 3.11 Damper applications
Control application
Return air
Damper type
Parallel
Outdoor air or exhaust air

with weather louvre or bird screen
Opposed
without louvre or screen
Parallel
Coil face
Opposed
Bypass
4-42
with perforated baffle
Opposed
without perforated baffle
Parallel
Two-position (all applications)
Parallel
Volume Control Dampers

Isolating Dampers
Regulate or stop flow of air in branches of a duct system
Balancing Dampers
Limit air flow by holding damper blades at a specified position
Fan Inlet Vane Dampers
Used to control air flow rate to a fan

(or Terminal Unit VAV Type Dampers) Used to control air flow
Fan Outlet Dampers
rate from a fan
End
Factors Affecting Damper Performance

Since dampers are a part of a system they are affected by their surroundings. These factors
affect the performance of dampers.
() Inlet and outlet conditions
()
In-duct obstructions
() Location
()
Inlet and outlet conditions
() Damper Authority
()
Location
() Damper flow characteristic
Damper Flow Characteristic

The relationship between flow rate through the damper and the position of the damper blades
Damper Flow Characteristic
To select a damper which will meet the requirements of a particular application - the relationship
between the flow rate through the damper and the position of the damper blades must be
understood.
This relationship is commonly called the damper flow characteristic
Damper Flow Characteristic (Opposed)
Use damper authority to determine installed damper flow characteristic
% Damper Authority
n
Impact of the damper on total system
The ratio of wide open pressure drop through the damper to the total duct system
pressure drop at the design flow
4-43
By definition, authority is the ratio of the wide open pressure drop through the damper to the
total duct system pressure drop at design flow.
Selecting the Correct Damper
n
Determine which installed damper flow characteristic will provide the best control
Use the value of the damper authority which best matches the system characteristics to
determine the wide open pressure drop through the damper
Damper Application will determine which installed damper flow characteristic will provide the best
control.
The value of the damper authority which matches the desired flow characteristic is used to
determine the wide open pressure drop required through the damper.
The correct damper can then be selected.
Damper Applications
() 2-Position
()
Face and Bypass
() Static Pressure Control
()
Mixed Air Control
() Temperature Control
2-Position Application
Two Position Damper Applications In this application the damper is maintained in either its fully open or closed position depending
on a binary input to the actuator.
The shape of the installed damper flow characteristic is not important since the damper is not a
modulated device.
The only requirement is that it must be possible to obtain the wide open flow rate with a
pressure drop which is less than or equal to the value specified.
Generally, dampers used are duct sized to provide the lowest possible wide open pressure drop.
Examples: 100% flow or 100% shut off.
Static Pressure Control Application

n
Less common today with the use of Variable Air Volume systems and use of inlet vanes
to control fan capacity
Damper modulated to maintain a static pressure set point at some downstream point in
ductwork
Generally installed near the fan discharge
The damper pressure drop must be included in the overall system resistance
Static Pressure Control Applications -
4-44
In this application the damper is modulated to maintain a static pressure setpoint at some
downstream point in the ductwork.
The damper is generally installed near the fan discharge.
The pressure drop across the damper must compensate for the increase in pressure developed
by the fan and the reduction in the pressure drop across the ductwork as the system flow rate is
decreased.
This application is less common today with the advent of variable speed drives and the use of
inlet vanes to control fan capacity.
C:\33 BAS and Control Book in Progress\000 HVAC Control and BAS Book Publishing Format Ver
5\Damper.ppt
Contents
. Introduction .....................................................................................................................1
.. Study Objective .......................................................................................................................

. Two-Way Control Valve
...............................................................................................2
.. Style and Principles of Operation ..............................................................................................

. Three way control valve
. Valve
..............................................................................................9
................................................... 12
.. Valve
(Sizing) .......................................................................................
.. Flow Characteristic Selection ....................................................................................................

..
(Close Off Pressure) ....................................................
.. Valve Selection........................................................................................................................
Valve Sizing .....................................................................................................................................
.. Valve Schedule: ......................................................................................................................

. Control Damper .............................................................................................................. 27
.. (
) Two Position Duty ............................................................................................................
.. ( ) Capacity Control Duty ........................................................................................................
.. () Mixing duty .......................................................................................................................
Volume Control Dampers ..................................................................................................................
Damper Applications ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark no
Factors Affecting Damper Performance .............................................................................................
4-45
4-46
Chapter-5 Introduction to Building Automation System (BAS)

. Introduction
Building Automation System(BAS)
equipment
service
computer
sub system
monitor
control
(manage)
computer
Building Management System(BMS)
- Building automation systems (BAS) graphic

control
automation
(energy saving)
(security)
BAS
feature
5-1
.. What is Building Automation?

Building automation systems (BAS)
service
monitor
equipment system
control
(automated function)
BAS
(c
energy
(temperature reset)
automated function
optimal temperature
BAS
BAS
standard feature
- Building Automation Systems (BAS) screen

Office building
shopping center
(building)
Commercial building
(flexibility)
intelligent security system
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
commercial
Building Automation System

Motion detector
automatic lighting control function
5-2
process
control
BAS
BAS
(
Cost-effectiveness/saving energy
( )
Communication via bus systems and networks
()
Comfort and convenience
()
Flexibility
.. Building Automation
Building Control
automated
Automation
function
Building
Building Control
Association of German Engineers
building automation
service system
(measurement) control
computer
(definition)
building control
building a
Function
BAS
commercial building
- BAS
system
Building automation system
function
building
(brain)
(communication)
control system
Component
BAS
(communication)
monitor
system
control
5-3
system
computer
(monitor
Component
operate
Operator
device
information
Eff
(exchange)
function
process
system
BAS
system
system
coordinate
connect
System
communicate
() DDC
building control component
() Special DDC
(communicate
central DDC
() BAS work station
(communicate
system computer
(c
Distributed BAS
() Primary field panel(s)
() Direct Digital Controller(DDC)
intelligent controller

device
standalone control system
(communication)
Operator
(instruction)
(manage)
node
(communication)
(basic task)
) Data acquisition and processing
( )
Control
()
Communication and information management
() Diagnostic functions
(task)
architecture
communication module
BAS
(
control program
networking capabilities
programming capabilities
network
panel
) Sensors and transducers
( )
Actuators and control devices
()
Direct digital controllers (standalone or networked)
() Digital communication system

( )
Terminal devices (PDU, keyboard, etc.)
( )
Software
5-4
component
DDC
-
Building automation system
subsystem
BAS system
Integration
service
sub system
()
Electrical power supply system
()
UPS, regulated power supplies, and power conditioning equipment
()
Standby/emergency power supply system
()
Ventilation and air-conditioning system
()
Primary and emergency lighting system
()
Passenger and goods lifts/elevators
()
Fire alarm and protection systems
()
Noxious fume detection systems(e.g. in chemical plants)
()
Access control, intruder alarm and security systems
() Waste disposal and sewerage systems

() D
,w
.. Benefit of Building Automation System

(building owner)
Higher rental value (
Flexibility on change of building use
)
)
Service
5-5
Facilities manager
of building operations
E
H h
R
G
L w
R
R
osts
operational manpower costs
osts & downtime
afety
ecurity
(building tenant/occupants)
and targeting of energy consumption.
G
P
I
I
E
HVA -related complaints
Summary of Infometrics Benefits

()
Reduced energy consumption and energy cost
()
Prioritization of equipment maintenance
()
Reduced downtime caused by mechanical equipment failure
()
Improved facility operations
()
Ongoing commissioning of mechanical systems and control systems
()
Reduced risk of indoor air quality problems
()
Identification of profitable mechanical retrofit opportunities
()
Improved occupant comfort
()
Knowledge of facility energy consumption patterns and trends
() Integration with information technology systems

. Building Automation System Architecture
.. Configuration
BAS system
Architecture
configure
Functional hierarchy
Building Automation system (BAS) hardware

(microprocessor-based) controller
5-6
layer
microprocessor
h
Building Automation system (BAS) architecture

(
) Management-level processors
( )
System-level processors
()
Field-level processors
(level)
Management level controllers

Automation-level controllers
Zone-level controllers
- Building Automation System (BAS) architecture
(level)
- Building Automation system (BAS) architecture
(level)
building automation system
configuration
workstation
field device
controller
(connect)
configuration
device
workstation
controller
h
5-7
(-)
(-)
level
Application controller building level controller

layer
Johnson Controls BAS Network
Architecture
level
BAS workstation
layer
BAS Network architecture
() Management application
operator workstation
() Supervisory controller
() Local controller
DDC controller
Field control stations network control station
5-8
central management station
layer
- Johnson controls BAS architecture
(level)
- Johnson controls BAS architecture
(level)
level
(-)
BAS
BAS
(
field level
field controller level
field controller level
Management Level
( )
Integration Level
()
Field Controller Level
()
Application Level
- L
BAS architecture
BAS system
system
Technology (IT)
management level
System
Control function
device
BAS
process
automation
automated system
(organize)
architecture
Field device
Actuator
sensor
flow rate
(speed)
computer
information
level
component
Information
VSD
actuator
valve
regulate
Value
VSD
control
.. Field-Level Controllers
Field-level controller
connection)
program
port
sensor
device
(direct
Field-level controller memory

control action
(execute
5-9
controller
(exchange information)
controller
management controller
field-level controller
system level
Field-Level
controller
Portable Operator's Terminal
(POT)
POT
controller
compressor generator
equipment
port
Chillers boilers air
self-contained field-level controller
.. System-Level Controllers
System-level controller
processing capacity
- Honeywell BAS system architecture

(
) Databases
(maintenance)
( ) Operational information
() Field-level controller
operation
() Field-level controller
coordinate
management processor
(communication)
management-level processor
management-level processor
application program
communication bus
level controller
BAS sub(integration)
5-10
data
upload
system-level controller
Communication bus
download
system-
fire security HVAC EMS

fire alarm
system
security system
ACMV system field-level controller
- Johnson Controls Building Automation System(BAS) architecture
- Johnson Controls Metasys system wireless network

.. Management Level
Management
Management Processor
level
management
System
(manage)
processor
BAS
sub system
Operator
browser
control
a h
management Level
hierarchy
(control)
workstation server Web
information
(data collection)
(data storage) historical data
process
management Level
5-11
report
sequence
System
limit
(maintenance management)
system
(security)
management level
- Johnson Controls wireless network
- Many-to-one room temperature sensing

Management level
integrate
Internet technology
5-12
set point
management level
scheduling
programming
subsystem
One-to-one room temperature sensing

(multi-vendor systems)
Integration
Operator workstation
management level
Operator workstations function

() Graphics operator interface
() Generation of reports
() Storage of historical data (operator transactions alarms trend point history and run time
totalisation)
() Back up storage of database
- Building Automation- Three-level functional hierarchy
management level
(sophisticated) SCADA
stand-alone PC
(server-
based design)
Printers plotters video displays touch screens displays keyboard mouse
device
management level
Field level
commands)
point
(data requesting)
Management-level
processor
(operating costs)
(energy
usage)
alarm activity generating report
(processes)
executing applications programs
(issuing
management level
(collection)
data
I/O
(management)
(stores)
historical
handling alarms
handling daily activities

5-13
Management-level processor
sequences limits set points times system
parameter
Management level
integrate
system programming
vendor
Management-level
system
system
(Maintenance management and scheduling)
(security)
alarm notification
- Building performance
BAS
layer
protocol
Building Management System

energy operation
- BAS overview
5-14
maintenance
standard
building performance
control
monitoring
- Hierarchical structure of building control systems
. Building Automation System
(Baisc Function)
Building Automation System basic function

(
) Alarm detection/management
( ) Scheduling
() Trends (short-term storage) and historical data (long-term storage)
() Totalization
( ) Optimal start
( ) Custom control applications
.. BAS Trend logging

Trend logging
of time)
parameter
record
demand
(intervals
Temperatures flow rates electrical power
parameter
cooling
trend logging
Recording
(interval)
Record
Trend Data
- Trend data of building power demand

(trouble shooting)
opportunities)
(energy saving
trend logging
(-)
BAS
(8 a.m.)
power demand
()
(10 a.m)
cooling load
(8 a.m.)
()
power demand
(10 a.m)
power demand
Chiller plant
w
Trend parameter
Analog trend
record
digital trend
h
memory
linear analog
trends (such as 4 to 20mA sensors)

(enable
Parameter
trend
) module
5-15
- Trend
Memory Storage
(power failure)
RA
RAM
battery
Function block
controller
RA
Firmware
module driver
controller
controller
1Mb Flash memory
1Mb RAM
module driver
GFBs
firmware
RA
RAM
module driver
Operator Workstation
GX-9100 Software
Comm Port
Networked DDCs
RS 232
to
RS 485 Convertor
NCU/RPU
N2 BUS
XT BUS
DX 9100
XT / XP 9100
- Johnson Control BAS Network Architecture

.. Data Analysis and Report Generation
data
(function)
processing
5-16
(collection)
Data
information
information
analysis
BAS system
report
report
failure
alarm
click
energy consumption/equipment
report
BAS system
Seven Essential Reports
() Big Picture Energy (normalized use and consumption)
() Consumption (details by energy type)
() Production (including efficiency of production)
() Electrical Energy (usage, peak demand, reactive power, power factor)
() Energy Cost (easy to configure overview)
() Equipment Runtime (hourly, including number of starts/stops)
() Load Profile (demand profile by day)
Other standard reports may be:
(
) All point summary
( )
Alarm summary
()
Disabled Points Log
() Single System Summary (single AHU or single chiller)

( )
Controller Status Summary
( )
Applications Summary
summary
BAS
()
Point summary
()
Lockout summary
()
Alarm summary
()
Off-line summary
()
Limits summary
()
Override summary
Applications Summary
()
Alarm detection/management
() Optimal start
()
Scheduling
() Custom control applications
()
Trend logs/Trend Summaries
() Demand limit / load rolling
()
Totalization
() Tailored Summaries
BMS software
Print
system report
Data
(value)
(archive)
.. Totalization
Fan
pump
building equipment
(runtime)
equipment
(runtime)
totalization
totalization
5-17
Totalization
() Analog calculates consumption from flow
() Runtime counts elapsed time in a specified condition
() Event counts number of occurrences
.. Scheduling
Equipment
(starting)
(stopping)
scheduling feature
(weekdays)
(Saturdays and Sundays)
(holidays)
calendar) equipment
(one year
Builiding cooling load
chiller
equipment
performance
chiller
office building
AHU
- BAS
Scheduling feature
Central workstation
schedule
manual timer
schedule
equipment
h
() Start and stop a point
() Change alarm limits, warning limits or set point
() Lock/unlock point reporting or point control
() Demand limit target setting
() Load rolling target setting
() Trend point enable/disable for a point
() Totalization enable/disable for a point
() Alarm summary
5-18
AHU
override
schedule
.. Equipment Interlocks
BAS
interlock feature
Equipment
(group)
Equipment
(safety) interlock
Boiler
air intake
feedwater pump
interlock
Exhaust fan
supply fan
kitchen exhaust hood
interlock
Cooking gas valve
interlock
condenser water pump
cooling tower
Chiller
chilled water pump
interlock
(meters) data acquisition device
energy management software
.. Metering
DDCs
consumption
data
acquisition capability
utility
management software
water
consumption
(-)
Power
energy
(meters)
5-19
.. Monitoring
equipment failure
BAS system
equipment
BAS system
(malfunction) equipment
alarm
alarm
monitoring
alarm
SMS
print out
e-mail
alarm
.. Graphic
graphic
() Main screen for each building
() Flow diagram for every air handling unit
() Flow diagram for chiller system
() Fire/security plan for every floor
() Plumbing system diagram
() Electrical system diagram
() Vertical transportation system diagram
() Point history graph for all analog points
() Real-time graph for all analog points
- AHU
5-20
visual
BAS
graphic
operator
audible signal
- Chilled water system graphic
5-21
(-)
plant room
BAS work operator station
equipment
pump
cooling tower
Chiller water
chiller
System
chiller
operation parameter
- VAV Box
damper
(opening percentage)
.. Alarms
Alarm
()
.. Maintenance Scheduling and Inventory Control

Maintenance scheduling
preventive
management
inventory control
maintenance
application
schedule
maintenance
(parts)
database management applications

database
personnel
inventory
.. Controls
BAS
advanced control programs
R
(
summary
)
energy management program

BAS
Point summary
() Off-line summary
( )
Alarm summary
( )
Disabled summary
()
Override summary
( )
Custom summary
.. Software functions
BAS software function
()
Configuration
() Monitoring
()
Commissioning
() Commanding
()
Data archiving
() System diagnostics
5-22
control
.. User Access level

BAS
access
(level)
Level 1 = View Data

Level 1 access
user
data
Level 2 = Command
Level 2 access
user
equipment
(c
Level 3 = Operator Overrides

Level 3 access
user
setpoint
equipment
valve
damper
override
Level 4 = Database Modification

Level 4 access
user
database
Modify
Level 5 = Database Configuration

Level 5 access
user
database configuration
Level 6 = All privileges, including Password Add/Modify

Level 6 access
user
. Question
() Explain the difference between building automation and building control.
() What is an operational system interface?
() Why are most commercial buildings nowadays equipped with building automation?
() I L
() Give examples of energy management functions that can be used in hotel rooms.
() What kind of comfort and convenience functions can be implemented in a private
residential building?
() What are the advantages and disadvantages of using standardized bus systems and
() Networks in building automation?
-End-
5-23
Introduction to Building Automation System(BAS)
Contents
. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
.. What is Building Automation? ..........................................................................................................

Building Control
.............................................................
.. Benefit of Building Automation System .............................................................................................

. Building Automation System Architecture ........................................................................... 6
.. Configuration ..................................................................................................................................
.. Field-Level Controllers .....................................................................................................................
.. System-Level Controllers .................................................................................................................

.. Management Level
Management Processor .........................................................................

(Baisc Function) .......................... 15
.. BAS Trend logging ..........................................................................................................................
.. Data Analysis and Report Generation ...............................................................................................
.. Totalization .....................................................................................................................................
.. Scheduling ......................................................................................................................................
.. Equipment Interlocks ......................................................................................................................
.. Metering .........................................................................................................................................
.. Monitoring ......................................................................................................................................
.. Graphic ..........................................................................................................................................
.. Alarms............................................................................................................................................
.. Maintenance Scheduling and Inventory Control ...............................................................................
.. Controls........................................................................................................................................
.. Software functions ........................................................................................................................
.. User Access level ..........................................................................................................................

. Question ........................................................................................................................ 23
5-24
. Introduction
.. What is Building Automation?
Building Control
.. Benefit of Building Automation System
. Building Automation System Architecture
.. Configuration
.. Field-Level Controllers
.. System-Level Controllers
.. Management Level
10
Management Processor
(Baisc Function)
11
15
.. BAS Trend logging
15
.. Data Analysis and Report Generation
16
.. Totalization
17
.. Scheduling
18
.. Equipment Interlocks
19
.. Metering
19
.. Monitoring
20
.. Graphic
20
.. Alarms
22
.. Maintenance Scheduling and Inventory Control
22
.. Controls
22
.. Software functions
22
.. User Access level
23
. Question
23
5-25
Chapter-6 Direct Digital Controllers (DDC)

. Basic Feature of DDC Hardware Component
Direct Digital Controller (DDC)
controller
microprocessor
program
DDC
hardware software
standalone controller
physical process
firmware
control
DDC
control task
(supervision)
- Microprocessor based Direct Digital Controller(DDC)

DDC
control task
networking capability
(-)
DDC
data
networking
sensor(input device)
controlled device (output device)

6-1
DDC
(
communication
interface
A modem(modem port)
( )
A Local Area Network(LAN) terminals
()
Other operator interface devices, e.g., serial communications port for connecting it to
a portable PC for local programming and re-configuration.
- Direct Digital Controller (DDC) communication interface
- Block diagram of Direct Digital Controller

DDC
(communicate)
address
6-2
DDC
network
- Microprocessor
node
(unique number)
Microprocessor
Microprocessor
micro-
(silicon)
Microprocessor
Direct
Digital Controller (DDC)

Microprocessor
(
Micro-electronic chip
( )
A program memory
()
A working memory
()
Input/Output module
( )
A clock or timing devices
( )
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

decision
logical
Control unit
( )(electronic
(instructions)
Temporary memory
chip)
memory
program
control function
memory
- Microprocessor controller configuration for automatic control applications.

.. DDC Power Supply
DDC
sensor
24V power supply

drive
output control circuitry
DDC
micro electronic circuit

DDC
backup battery
power supply
power
DDC
backsup battery power supply
memory
DDC
6-3
RAM
control program
(reliable)
backup battery
Power
DDC
keypad
power
re-confugration
information
display
- Controller
.. Microprocessor (CPU)
CPU
CPU
Dual-In-Line (DIL) package
16 pin
control unit CPU memory Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) CPU clock unit DDC clock
adddress and data bus DDC RAM
ROM
() Control Unit
Control unit
operation
microprocessor ALU
control
memory chip
Micro computer function
Program
chip
(co-ondinate)
(instruction)
() CPU memory
CPU memory
memory
sensor data point name

ALU
control unit
information
program instruction
() Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU)

Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU)
(addition)
(calculation)
(selection)
(sorting)
process
(comparing)
Sensor
tranducer
control output command

6-4
(multiplication)
logical decisionmarking
input device
data
() CPU Clock Unit (Timer Interval)

Quartz crystal
pulse
control unit
microprocess operation
Clock unit speed
processor cycle time
cycle time
Machine
Program instruction
(execute)
basic
speed
()DDC Clock
DDC clock
CPU clock unit
clock
DDC clock
CPU
CPU clock
schedule
DDC
building equipment
fan pump
time program
- DDC clock
automatic switching
(ligh)
timer
holiday
plant
equipment
() Address and Data Buses

DDC
microprocessor
address bus
chip
data bus
data
DDC
memory
program instruction
adddress
- sensor
address
(storage area)
() Data bus
DDC chip
data
() Address bus
prpgram
transfer
data
instruction
() DDC RAM and ROM

DDC RAM
ROM
CPU memory
Random Access Memory(RAM)

storage)
information
data
(temporary
- DDC application program

computational result
configuration
information
software
application software
programmer
Read Only Memory(ROM)

DDC
standard control program
Standard control program

routines
configuration information
time schedule
On/Off control
PID
Application program run
information
6-5
control routines
firmware
program
firmware
programmer
.. Microcomputer Structure and Buses

Microcomputer
essential components)
(main
(interconnections)
(-)
- Microcomputer principal architecture.

DDC
Microprocessor (CPU) memory
output (I/O) units
Data instructions
bus address bus
address signal transmission
operation
data
control bus
(-)
input and
DDC microprocessor chip
memory unit input
Unit
output units
microelectronic chip
Bus
Data bus
chip
input unit
data
memory
Address bus
data bus
data
(memory or register)
program instruction
(memory or register)
telephone number
Data
6-6
IP address
bus
Address (A)
data
memory unit
address (B)
address
() Microprocessor
address A
() Control unit
control bus
data
data bus
() Microprocessor
address B
() Control unit
(write)
control bus
data bus
data
address A
- Architecture of DDC controller

.. Memory Size
Data
program instruction
memory chip
Microprocessor
memory
Memory chip
Read Only Memory (ROM)
16- bit address bus
address locations 216
chips 32- bit and 64- bit chips

ROM chip
data
chip

16- bit microprocessor
chip
data
instruction
I/O ports
program
user
program
data
data
(power failure)
control
standard control function
schedule on/off
Proportional-Integral- Derivative (PID) function

Erasable and re-Programmable ROMs (EPROMs)
chip
6-7
Memory
bus structure
bit
16 bit address bus

216
RAM
ROM chip
Kb(Kilobyte)
kilobyte
1024 byte
DDC
memory
DDC
data
Input
output
programming
- Information path: Digital Controller

- DDC
temperature sensor()
data
(reading)
DDC
()
Sensor
1 byte memory
4 Kbyte RAM
temperature sensor()
(M
data
(-)
download
(values)
overwrite
DDC controller input terminal
temperature sensor
DDC controller output actuator

input channel
sensor
DDC controller
output channel
(input terminal)
controlled device
DDC controller
(output terminal)
. Input and Output Points

Direct Digital Controller
DDC
DDC
controller
processor
Personal computer
DDC controller memory
instruction
action
microprocessor
DDC
control logic
instruction
Control
control
instruction
program
.. DDC Input/Output Unit Interface
DDC
A/D
D/A converter
Board(PCB
6-8
input
mount
output
electronic chip
(section)
operation amplifier
chip
Printed Circuit
Sensor
DDC controller
input channel
Control device (actuator)

DDC input unit
(
function
Sensor
output
output channel
configure
transducer
(measured variable)
( )
DDC
(meter)
DDC input unit
Input signal
input signal
amplification
filtering
signal
conditioning
()
DDC input unit
input analogue signal
digital signal
A/D
converter
()
Volt free contact (static switch)
On/off state signal
device status
alarm
DDC output unit
computation result
logical operation
function
(
( )
Controlled device
Output
digital signal
device
(incremental
basis)
pulse
()
Output device(valve/damper)
DDC
digital signal
position
D/A converter
analogue
.. DDC I/O Point Types (Data Points)

DDC data point
(
input point
output point
) Input points
Sensing device
sensor
transducer
input point
data
DDC
data
control
()
Digital Inputs (DI)

Status monitoring
two-state input signal
Digital
Inputs (DI)
- fan on/off status, high/low temperature, alarm on/off
Switch dry contact (open/closed)
Power (on/off status)
Smoke detectors
High/low limit switch (on/off)
Airflow
Freeze alarm
Water
()
Analogue Input (AI)

AI
sensor
transmitter
Temperature pressure humidity

(
physical variable
)
6-9
AI input
active
Active AI
passive
voltage
Passive AI
(type)
current signal input
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
(resistance
active analogue input signal

0
10
20mA (0 to 20mA)
Analogue Input (AI) point
()
Resistance Temperature Detectors
Flow (water, air)
Temperature Thermistors
Voltage
Temperature Transmitters
Current
Pressure
Air quality (CO2, O2, etc.)
Humidity
Air quantity (CFM)
Pulsed Input (PI)

Physical variable
engineering unit
accumulated pulse
- 10 pulses
1 kWh
pulses
()
1 kWh
( )
Output points:
Output point
()
control signal
Digital Output (DO):

DO
contact
switch relay coil
energizing
/
de-
on Adjusted Type (DAT) (driven from a numeric variable)
j
/
T,
Relays
Indicator lights
Two-position actuators
Two-position solenoid valves
Analogue Output (AO)

AO
controlled device
CPU
software command
current control signals
damper
6-10
Digital Output(DO)
energizing
()
(commands
command
continuous variable voltage or
controlled device
valve actuators variable speed drives flow rate
Analogue output signals
10
Damper actuators
Inlet guide vanes
Modulating valves for Chilled water
Variable frequency drives
Modulating valves for Heating coil

Table 2. Sample Control Points Classified
Control point:
Classified as:
Smoke detector (dry contact switch)
DI
Outside air temperature
AI
Bypass valve
AO
Start/Stop relays
DO
Chilled water supply temperature
AI
Static (Duct) pressure
AI
Freeze alarm
DI
Damper actuator
AO
- Air Heater with Outdoor Reset

- DDC
8-bit A/D converter
RH sensor
7.8 dc volts analog
signal
RH sensor working range
(
( )
10
A/D converter resolution

Sensor output
A/D converter digital output data

6-11
DDC
Input
(-)
input to DDC controller
Output
output from DDC
- Air Heater Input/Output points

(-)
outdoor reset
Fire
signal
control
smoke detector
( )
On/off output (Digital Output
()
Variable input (Analog Input
() Variable output (Analog Output

) On/off Input
DO) power to light
AI) temperature from sensor
AO) power to the valve
Digital Input (DI)
relay
Binary Input (BI)

)
device
(count
)
pulse
Digital Input(DI)
6-12
(ON/OFF)
Building Automation
on/off
Binary Input(BI)
Binary Input(BI)
1
(circuit
Digital Input(DI)
fan
DI) manual switch, fire/smoke detector
ON/OFF input
switch
start
input
) On/off input (Digital Input
..(
control diagram
timer
Control System
(
air heater
()
pulse
count
- Power meter
kWh
BI
Series of pulse
digital
OFF
ON
Binary
On/off input
(official designation)
- Example of distributed DDC controller configuration

..( ) On/off Output
Digital Output(DO)
On/off output
Off output
power
Binary Output(BO)
close contact
(power off)
Digital Output(DO)
On
Binary
Output (BO)
6-13
..() Variable Input
Analog Input(AI)
Binary Input(BI)
Variable input
signal
Temperature humidity
pressure
DDC
signal
signal(varying
signal)
Analog Input(AI)
..() Variable Output
Analog Output(AO)
Value
variable output
computer
Analog Output(AO)
BI BO
DDC controller
analog
damper
Temperature
varying signal (0- 10 Volts)
digital signal
A/D conventor
A/D processor
AI device
AI AO point
sensor
Computer
analog signal
digital signal
DDC
A/D device
processor (controller)
A/D analog to digital converter
A/D converter
Built-in
- Analog functions of a digital controller

DDC
(
) Power Supply
component
Computer board
Low voltage
I/O Point
( ) Computer Board
power
Direct Current(DC)
24 Volt AC
Control
software
Logic
process
microprocessor
() I/O Board
input
A/D
signal
6-14
output
D/A conversion
Digital signal
hardware
True analog
accuracy
timing
() Communication
controller
data
communication port
Communication port
access
device
Digital computer
system
transter
(communicate)
sequence
analog
operator
Pneumatic
Computer
speed
input
- Simple DDC system layout

(-)
adjust
plant operator
Setpoint adjust
Controller
-(
operator
boiler
network
setpoint
setpoint
network cable
communicate
PC
boiler control panel
data
()
Data communication
()
) BI Internally and externally
-( ) Monitored BI point using an
powered
analog input
. I/O Point Characteristics

Physical input/output point
I/O board
(connect)
supply
termimal
point
-( )
power
-(
External power supply
power
power
internal power supply

6-15
Internal power supply

DDC
Detect
circuit
Analog input point

(
Binary input
( )
monitor
(terminal
Switch c
0 volt
( terminal
()
5.0 vlot
(terminal
6.6 vlot
() Open circuit(terminal
10 volt
Software
)
program
0 volt
4.5 volt
closed 5.5 volt
short circuit 4.5 volt
6.1 volt
Terminal
switch open
A/D converter circuit
monitor circuit
high resistance
constant speed fan

Analog point current
switch
7.1 volt
Analog Input(AI)
Fan cable current ring
5.5 volt
multi BI
monitor
Current Transformer(CT)
(zero current)
motor
monitor
power supply
fan motor pullery

low load
High current
fan
Analog Input(AI) point

point
BI point
configure
Analog Input(AI)
alarm message
Analog Input(AI) point

fan
(critical) fan
Analog converter
sensor
Digital signal
true analog signal

0
(Series of 1s and 0s)
converter
signal ()
convert
+120F
0.
1 0/
range
-40F
8 bit converter
Economizer damper
control
outside air enthalpy
accuracy
Sensor accuracy
6-16
1 0
digital signal
signal
digital signal
10
0.16F(160/1024)
12 bit converter
0.04F(160/4096)
Converter accuracy
sensor accuracy
12 bit converter
memory
DDC System
accuracy
Record
accuracy
control signal
24 bit number
accuracy ()
1,0
(End to End
)
() Medium to sensor
() Sensor
() Transmitter
() Inter connection
() A/D converter
Medium to sensor accuracy
- flow meter
outside air temperature sensor

temperature air
solar radiation
(mix)
end to end accuracy

sensor
Transmitter
0-10 volt
transmitter
transmitter
38F 45F
100F range
accuracy
accuracy
accuracy
0-10 volt
Required
thermistor
chilled water supply temperature
volt drop
(wire)
0-5 volt
Sensor accuracy
sensor
rang
mixed air
wire
(wire)
4-20mA current loop
A/D conversion
accuracy
Analog input signal
digital
(convert
signal
VAV box
velocity signal
smooth
reading
smooth
controller
Input
Thermistor
AO
()
Five second smoothing every cycle
lookup table
reading ()
input
lookup table
curve
algorithm
modify
Thermistor
signal
input
modify
BO Output
Sensor
signal
output device
A/D converter
valve
Analog
actuator
Digital
D/A convertor
analog
6-17
output device
Update
10 bit resolution
bit D/A
8 bit
0.4%
Incremental
controller
controller
DDC panel
DDC panel
control signal
power
output power
Actuator
Transducer
D/A
256 increments
Controller
Adjustment
. DDC I/O Point Type (Data Point)

DDC data point
input point
output point
() Input points
(
) Digital Input(DI)
DI
Equipment
status
- Fan on/off status alarm on/off

AI
sensor
transmitter
pressure humidity
temperature
physical variable
AI
Active AI
monitor
voltage
input
current
voltage
active
passive
Passive AI
resistance
- Analog Input (AI)

( ) Analogue Input(AI)
Active analogue input signal
0 to 20 mA (0 to 20mA)
4 to 20mA (0 to 20mA)
Pulse Input (PI), PI
()
pulse
Output points
Output point
control signal
controller
command( control signal)

(result)
(
6-18
) Digital Output(DO)
DDC computation
Logical operation
contact
command
(result)
switch
relay coil
energizing
de-energizing
Digital Output
two state control function
perform
configure
() On/off(driven from a logic variable)

() On/off(driven from a numeric variable)
() Duration Adjusted Type(DAT)(driven from a numeric variable)
() Position Adjust Type(PAT , incremental control)
() Start/Stop(S/S)(driven from a logic variable)
() Pulse(driven from a logic variable)
- AO Analog Output (AO)

( ) Analogue Output (AO)
AO
CPU
variable voltage
generate
software c
Analogue output signal

(
( )
Controlled device
0 to10V (0 to 5V)
4 to 20mA (0 to 20mA)
- Example 3
DDC
8 bit A to D converter
Sensor working range
(
( )
RH sensor
0 volt
7.8 volt dc analog data
input
10
Converter resolution
Sensor output
7.8 v
A/D converter
Digital Output
6-19
data
-
(-)
DDC based room static pressure control system
diagram
Room static pressure
return air fan
Variable Speed Drive(VSD)
modulating
Control
Discharge air fan
(fixed speed)
modulating
Damper Actuator(D)
Air flow switch
filter (dirty/clean)
DDC input/output point

(
schematic
monitor
assign
) Damper actuators(D)
( )
Air flow Switch for the air filter
()
Room static pressure sensor
() Variable speed drive(VSD) for return air fan

( )
Relay coil for contactor(C) of the discharge air fan
Table 2. Typical Data File for Analog Input.

Point Address
User Address
Point type
Regular or calculation
Sensor
Platinum(0 to 100F)
Physical terminal assigned
16
Use code
Cold deck dry bulb
Engineering unit
Decimal places for display
XXX.X
High limit
70
Low limit
40
Alarm lockout point
Point address
Point descriptor
Cold deck temperature
Alarm priority
Critical
. DDC Operating Sequence

() Sensor
transmitter
temperature pressure
(measured variable)
() Sensor reading
DDC input unit
DDC
CPU
input unit
process
input unit m
() Input unit
buffer
() CPU
signal
digital electrical
information
Buffer
small
processing
sensor data
sensor data
control bus
input unit
(address)
CPU
sensor reading
() Program counter
CPU
instruction
6-20
register
() CPU
data
(program
step)
() Software program(module)
control routine
execute
. Control Sequence
Control sequence
logical
control sequence
control
(performance)
(step-by-step)
Control
system
schematic
- AHU
fan
Sub system
mixing damper cooling coil heating coil
subsystem
Subsystem
process variable
control
Main process variable
- Supply air temperature
duct static pressure
fan speed
Process variable
parameter
control
parameter
chilled water value position
control equipment
Cooling coil
control relationship
input
)
valve
actuator
control
Air system
smooth
velocity pressure
(input ()
Square root
()
(velocity
volume
(display)
smooth
volume
Volume
operation
control
volume
Duct
controller input
control method
constant
Input
response speed control loop time
Zone temperature control
(s
outdoor reset
proportional band control

(narrow proportional band)
band
performance
. DDC Software module

DDC Software
internal module
s
text based method
internal module
DDC
software module
graphical CAD
control function
configure
6-21
DDC software module
() Control modules( e.g., on/off, PID)

() Arithmetic modules(e.g. averaging, summing, totalization)
() Programmable logic modules(PLC)
() Interlock modules , etc(e.g., EF with EF OUT)
internal software module
input
output point
DDC
- I/O point
)
temporary point
temporary point
(DDC data base
pseudo point
-End-
Contents
. Basic Feature of DDC Hardware Component ....................................................................... 1
.. DDC Power Supply ..........................................................................................................................
.. Microprocessor (CPU) ......................................................................................................................
.. Microcomputer Structure and Buses .................................................................................................
.. Memory Size ...................................................................................................................................

. Input and Output Points .................................................................................................... 8
.. DDC Input/Output Unit Interface ....................................................................................................
.. DDC I/O Point Types (Data Points) ...................................................................................................

..(
) On/off Input
..( ) On/off Output

..() Variable Input
Digital Input (DI)
Digital Output(DO)
Binary Input (BI) .............................................
Analog Input(AI)
Binary Output(BO) .......................................
Binary Input(BI) .............................................
Analog Output(AO) .............................................................................
. I/O Point Characteristics .................................................................................................. 15

. DDC I/O Point Type (Data Point) ..................................................................................... 18
. DDC Operating Sequence ................................................................................................ 20
. Control Sequence............................................................................................................ 21
. DDC Software module ..................................................................................................... 21
6-22
. Basic Feature of DDC Hardware Component
.. DDC Power Supply
.. Microprocessor (CPU)
.. Microcomputer Structure and Buses
.. Memory Size
. Input and Output Points
.. DDC Input/Output Unit Interface

.. DDC I/O Point Types (Data Points)
.. (
) On/off Input
..( ) On/off Output

_
..() Variable Input

Digital Input (DI)
Binary Input (BI)
Digital Output(DO)
Analog Input(AI)
Analog Output(AO)
Binary Output(BO)
Binary Input(BI)
12
13
14
14
. I/O Point Characteristics
15
. DDC I/O Point Type (Data Point)
18
. DDC Operating Sequence
20
. Control Sequence
21
. DDC Software module
21
6-23
Chapter-7 Direct Digital Controllers (DDC) Wiring

. Fan Coil Unit
input
control
output terminal
wing
DDC Controller (Model: UFC0882L)
- FCU Control(with valve)

.. Description
DDC Controller(Model: UFC0882L)
LONMARK Functional Object type 8020
controller
FCU capacity
Fan Coil Unit(FCU) control
Cooling Only Application
configure
control
7-1
On/Off type actuator

capacity
valve
(open)
FCU
control
-(
) Valve Open Control
-() Valve Close Control
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment UFC0882L

Terminal Block ()
TB1
TB6
TB8 terminals
8
Terminal
Label
Description
Remark
Block No
TB1
TB2
TB4
TB5
TB6
7-2
AC24V
24 VAC Input(L)
COM
24 VAC Input(N)
TO4
On/Off Valve control(DO)
TO6
FCU Start/Stop control(DO)
UI1
FCU On/Off status(DI)
COM
Com for UI1 & UI2
UI2
FCU Mode status(DI)
UI3
FCU Trip status(DI)
COM
Com for UI3 & UI4
UI4
FCU Water leakage status(DI)
UI5
FCU Valve status(DI)
COM
Com for UI5 & UI6
UI6
Return Air Temperature(AI)
N+
Network wire from previous DDC
N-
N+
Network wire to next DDC
N-
Only for Type 1 FCU
Only for Type 1 FCU

Only for Type 1 FCU
TB3
TB
.. DDC Layout & Wiring Diagram
NOTE:
1) # RETURN AIR SENSOR(AI) & VALVE CONTROL(DO) ONLY APPLICABLE FOR TYPE 1 FCU
2) EACH COM TERMINAL TO BE SHARED BY 2 UI TERMINALS
3) ALL DIGITAL OUTPUTS ARE 24 Vac TRIAC OUTPUTS
-
. Fan Controller DDC(Model U6F2484L)
DX/FCU Control
S/S = Start/Stop control
TA = Trip Alarm
ST = On/Off status
A/M= Auto/Manual status

7-3
.. Description
DDC
fan ()
control
control
Fan
LONMARK
controller
DX unit
Fan Controller
FCU
control
DX unit
FCU
monitor
configure
control
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment(UGM2484L)

Terminal
Label
Description
Remark
Block No
TB0
TB1
TB2
TB3
TB4
TB5
TB6
TB7
+24V
24 VAC Input(L)
COM
24 VAC Input(N)
AO1
Analog Output 1
COM
Com terminal for AO1 & AO2
AO2
Analog Output 2
AO
AO3
Analog Output 3
commanded via binding
COM
AO4
Analog Output 4
UI1 UI4
COM
UI5 UI8
COM
UI9 UI12
COM
UI13 UI16
COM
UI17 UI20
COM
UI21 UI24
COM
P3
TB8
COM
P4
TB9
TB10
7-4
TO1-TO8
channels
to
be
Universal Inputs 1-4

2 COM Terminals for UI 1-4
Each com shared by 2 UI





High/Low frequency Pulse Input 1

Com terminal for P3 & P4
Digital Output 1 - 8
N+
N-
N+
N-
DO
channels
to
be
-
. FAN CONTROL DDC U8F2484L
- Type 1. M/V Fan Control
7-5
.. Description
DDC
fan
control
LONMARK
Mechanical Ventilation Fan
control
configure
- M/V Fan Control & General Digital Input monitoring

.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment(U8F2484L)
Terminal
Label
Description
Remark
Block No
TB0
TB2
TB3
TB4
TB5
TB6
TB7
TB9
7-6
+24V
24 VAC Input(L)
COM
24 VAC Input(N)
UI1 UI4
Digital Inputs 1-4(DI)
COM
2 COM Terminals for DI 1-4
UI5 UI8
COM
UI9 UI12
COM
UI13 UI16
COM
UI17 UI20
COM
UI21 UI24
COM
TO1
Digital Output 1(Fan 1)
TO2
TO3
TO4
TO5
Each com shared by 2 DI

TB10
TO6
TO7
TO8
N+
N-
N+
N-
NOTE: ALL DIGITAL OUTPUTS ARE 24 Vac TRIAC OUTPUTS

-
7-7
. Constant Air Volume(CAV) AHU Controller(UAH1464L)
.. Description
Constant Air Volume(CAV) AHU
DDC controller(
control
Inputs
UAH1464L model controller
Universal input ()
a Digital inputs ()
(connect)
UAH1464L
sensor
() Digital Inputs(Dry contacts)
7-8
Selector mode status
Smoke detector status
On/Off status
General dry contacts
Trip status
() Universal Inputs (0-5 Vdc/4-20mA/ NTC 10K temperature/Dry contacts)
Temperature sensors
Chilled water flow rate
Valve position
Universal inputs
Analog Input monitoring
abnormal sensor reading
First order Low Pass
Filter method
Where, Vnew = New reading to be updated in DDC
Vold = Old reading updated in DDC
Vin = Sensor reading,
C = constant (0.0~ 1.0)
- AHU CONTROLLER DDC UAH1464L

Outputs
UAH1464L controller
20mA)
Digital Outputs(24 Vac Triac)
Analog Outputs(0-10 Vdc or 4-
output signal
(1) Digital Output

Digital output channels ()
channel
1 DO control
2 DO control
configure
AHU Start/Stop
(Individual schedule or manual control)
DO 1 Start/Stop(Individual schedule manual control)

DO 2 Start/Stop(Individual schedule manual control)
7-9
Fresh air damper Open/Close control/Floating control

Re-heater On/Off control
(2) Analog Output
2 nos. of Analog output channels, these are
AHU Variable Speed drive control
AHU Chilled water valve control (cooling
AHU Heated water valve control (heating
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment(UAH1464L)

Terminal Blocks
Terminal
TB1
TB6
TB8 terminals
Label
Description
+24V
24 VAC Input(L)
COM
24 VAC Input(N)
TO1-TO6
AO1
Analog Output 1
COM
AO2
Analog Output 2
AO3
Analog Output 3
COM
AO4
Analog Output 4
N+
N-
N+
N-
UI1
Universal Input 1
COM
COM Terminal for UI 1-2
UI2
Universal Input 2
UI3
Universal Input 3
COM
UI4
Universal Input 4
UI5
Universal Input 5
COM
UI6
Universal Input 6
UI7
Universal Input 7
COM
UI8
Universal Input 8
UI9
Universal Input 9
Remark
Block No
TB8
TB3
TB4
TB1
TB6
TB5
7-10
Only TO1 is used.
Only AO2 is used.
TB2
COM
UI10
Universal Input 10
UI11
Universal Input 11
COM
COM Terminal for UI 11
DI1
Digital Input 1
COM
Com terminal for DI 1& DI 2
DI2
Digital Input 2
DI3
Digital Input 3
COM
Com terminal for DI 3
.. DDC Layout & Wiring Diagram CAV AHU
7-11
Valve Interlock with AHU status

.. CAV AHU Typical Sensor Termination
TYPICAL SENSOR TERMINATION

-
7-12
. VAV AHU
Controller
Control Logic
- Building Automation System(BAS)

AHU
AHU graphic
- (
AHU graphic
) Air Handling Unit
Control logic
field device
Input
Output
7-13
Legend
SP: Static pressure
ST: On/Off status
RH: Relative Humidity
TA: trip alarm
WFR: water flow rate
A/M: Auto/Manual mode
KWH: kilo-watt hour
SD: Smoke detector
S/S: Start/Stop control
DPS:
Differential
pressure
VSD: variable speed drive
switch
M: motorised actuator
WLD: Water leakage Detector
O/C: Open/Close control
T: Temperature
- Air Handling Unit
field device
Input
Output
Legend
.. Description of DDC Inputs and Outputs

Variable Air Volume (VAV) AHU control application
Direct
model UAH2484L
Direct Digital Controller (DDC) Input

Direct Digital Controller(DDC) UAH24842L
Input
(1) Digital Input(Dry contacts)

- VAV AHU
7-14
controller
Digital Input ()
Input
Output
(connect)
VAV AHU
controller
control logic
Digital Input
Selector mode status
On/Off status
Trip status
Smoke detector status(maximum 4 nos.)
General dry contacts(maximum 8 nos.)
(2) Analog Input(0-5 Vdc/4-20mA/ NTC 10K temperature)

Direct Digital Controller(DDC)UAH24842L
Analog Input ()
(connect)
Analog Input
Temperature sensors(maximum 4 nos.)
Static Pressure
Chilled water flow rate
CO2
Universal Input(maximum 5 nos.)
(abnormal) sensor reading
Where,
Vnew = New reading to be updated in DDC

C = constant(0.0~ 1.0)
(3) Pulse Input

pulse width
(value) 0
1,999,999,999
pulse Input ()
(connect)
Accumulated counter
(display)
Output
Direct Digital Controller (DDC) UAH24842L
Digital Output(24 Vac Triac) & Analog
Output(0-10 Vdc or 4- 20mA)

Variable Air Volume (VAV) AHU DDC Layout
Wiring Diagram
7-15
- Variable Air Volume (VAV) AHU DDC Layout
Wiring Diagram
(4) Digital Output

Direct
Digital
Controller(DDC)UAH24842L
Channel
AHU
Digital
Digital Output control ()
output
channel
configure
AHU Start/Stop(Individual schedule or manual control)

/
Fan 1 Start/Stop(Individual schedule manual control)(used as By pass damper control )
/
Fan 2 Start/Stop(Individual schedule manual control)
Return air damper
Return air damper Open/Close control(interlock with AHU operation)

Exhaust air damper
Exhaust air damper Open/Close control(interlock with AHU operation)

Variable Air Volume (VAV) AHU Typical Sensor Termination
7-16
()
- Variable Air Volume(VAV)AHU Typical Sensor Termination

(5) Analog Output
Analog output channel
AHU Variable Speed Drive(VSD) control

AHU chilled water valve control
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UAH2484L)

Terminal Block ()
Terminal
Block No
TB0
TB1
TB2
TB1
TB6
TB8 terminal
Label
Description
+24V
24 VAC Input(L)
COM
24 VAC Input(N)
AO1
Analog Output 1
COM
AO2
Analog Output 2
UI1 UI4
Universal Input 1-4
Remark
7-17
TB3
TB4
COM
UI5 UI8
Universal Input 5-8
COM
UI9 UI12
Universal Input 9-12
COM

UI13 UI16 Universal Input 13-16
TB5
COM
TB6
COM
TB7
TB8
TB9
TB10
COM
P3
Pulse Input
COM
P4
Pulse Input
TO1-TO8
N+
N-
N+
N-
Only P3 is used.
Only
TO1,3,5,6
are
used.
TO3 not used for Tower 1
.. AHU Control Logic

AHU
operating mode ()
() Purge mode
() Alarm mode
() Normal operation mode
() Manual control mode
() Bypass damper control
() Purge mode
Purge mode
AHU
Network
controller
Controller
purge
u
output
network
M
) controlled device
On/Off
(type) exhaust air damper
(set to open)
On/Off
(type) return air damper
(set to close)
7-18
purge mode
enable
AHU supply air fan
Modulating
(run)
Fan speed
(type) chilled water valve
set point
(set to 0%)
() Alarm mode
AHU
AHU
Blower VSD speed

Return air damper
(set to close)
AHU
damper
chilled water valve
(open)
(fully close)
Exhaust air damper
return air
(close)
() Normal operation mode

(start/stop)
(manually)
schedule
AHU
DDC
Auto mode
mode selection switch
selector switch
selector switch
Mode selection switch
local mode
DDC
() Manual control Mode

On/Off
(type) exhaust air damper
On/Off
(type) return air damper
AHU supply air fan
(set to close)
(set to open)
fan speed
PID algorithm
static pressure setpoint
output contol singal
Modulating
(type) chilled water valve
algorithm
VSD
cooling set point
output contol singal
PID
modulating actuator
AHU
On/Off type Exhaust air damper
(set to close)
On/Off type return air damper

VSD output
Valve output
0%
(set to open)
(set to 0 %)
0%
(set to 0 %)
() Bypass damper control

Bypass damper control
(open/close)
AHU
interlock
manually
7-19
Chilled water valve control

modulating type chilled water valve
Actuator
control
0~10 Vdc control signal
Temperature setpoint
default PID parameter
default setpoint
control PID loop
Proportional band default value

Dead band default value
-Modulating valve control
-Temperature control
Integral default value

(
derivative constant default value
PI control
Supply Fan Variable Speed Drive (VSD) control

Variable Speed Drive(VSD)
Signal
control
Output
0~10 Vdc
Temperature setpoint
default PID parameter
Default setpoint
Minimum supply air static pressure
control PID loop
Sensor range
Proportional band default value
Dead band default value
Integral default value
(
7-20
PI control
derivative constant default value

)
- VSD control
- Static Pressure Control
. VAV Box DDC Controller(Model: UAV0520L)

.. Description
UAV0520L
Variable Air Volume(
application
set-point
configure
controller
space temperature
cooling only
set
DDC controller
Floating
type
damper
cool air
actuator
space
damper
DDC controller
control
cool
air
airflow rate
set-point temperature
Cooling Maximum
Flow
VAV
Cooling Minimum Flow

Box
controller
program
-
.. Control of Pressure Independent VAV Operation
- Note:( M
u
7-21
- Air Flow
Maximum Flow
Minimum Flow
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment(UAV0520L)

Terminal Blocks ()
Terminal
TB1
TB6
Label
NET terminals
Description
Block
TB1
TB2
TB3
TB4
TB5
TB6
COM
24 VAC Input(N)
24V
24 VAC Input(L)
MO
Motor Open(Triac output for Damper open control)
24V
24 VAC output to damper actuator
MC
Motor Close(Triac output for Damper close control)
RV1
Not used
RV2
Not used
RV3
Not used
24V
Not used
FAN
Not used
COM
Common(Ground) for Thermostat
+5V
+5 VDC Power Supply for Thermostat
TS
Space Temperature Sensor input
T/O
Set point adjustment input from Thermostat
EXT
Not used
+5
+5 VDC Power Supply for Occupancy Detector(If connected)
OD
Occupancy Detector Input from sensor
COM
NET
7-22
Common(Ground)
N+
Network Input
N-
Network Output
N+
Network Input
N-
Network Output
.. DDC Layout and Wiring Diagram
-
. Lighting Controller DDC(ULC0882L)
.. Description
ULC0882L
Lighting controller
Program
LONMARK standard
Lighting DB
ULC0882L modle DDC controller
control
DB On/Off status
Universal inputs
()
monitor
configured to
monitor
ULC0882L
connecte
sensor
()
Digital Inputs(Dry contacts)
() Analog Inputs(4-20mA)
()
Analog Inputs(0-5 Vdc)
() Temperature sensors(NTC 10K Thermistor, -15C to

100C)
Dry contact digital input
.. Output channels
Controller
Digital Outputs(maximum 8 nos. 24 Vac Triac)
(maximum 2 nos. 0-10 Vdc)
Analog Outputs
command
Digital Output(DO)
7-23
- DI = Digital Input and DO = Digital Output

Terminal Blocks
()
TB1
TB6
TB8 terminals
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (ULC0882L )

Terminal
Label
Description
AC24V
24 VAC Input(L)
COM
24 VAC Input(N)
TB2
TO1-TO8
DO Channels 1-8
TB3
AO1-AO2
AO Channels 1-2
TB4
UI1
Universal Input 1
COM
Com for UI1 & UI2
UI2
Universal Input 2
UI3
Universal Input 3
COM
Com for UI3 & UI4
UI4
Universal Input 4
UI5
Universal Input 5
COM
Com for UI5 & UI6
UI6
Universal Input 6
UI7
Universal Input 7
COM
Com for UI7 & UI8
UI8
Universal Input 8
N+
N-
N+
Remark
Block No
TB1
TB5
TB6
7-24
All UI are digital inputs
N-
.. DDC LAYOUT & WIRING DIAGRAM
NOTE: 1) EACH COM TERMINAL TO BE SHARED BY 2 UI TERMINALS

3) ALL ANALOG OUTPUTS ARE 0-10 Vdc
-
7-25
.. Typical Sensor Termination
-
ULC0882LT7V1
DDC internal schedule
DDC
Lighting Distribution Board(
Lighting DB () status
Start/Stop control
-
ULC0882LT7V2
Male/Female toilet lighting
Toilet
7-26
control
Occupancy detector
CAV controller(E1/E2)
(connect)
Toilet lighting
unoccupied status
(u
Occupancy status changes
(delay) Toilet lighting
-
. GENERAL MONITORING DDC UGM0882L
.. Description
M
UGM0882L
(connect)
()
Digital Inputs(Dry contacts)
()
Analog Inputs(0-5 Vdc)
()
Analog Inputs(4-20mA)
Universal inputs ()
monitor
sensors
First order Low Pass Filter method

C = constant(0.01~ 0.99)(Refer to SCPTdebounce)
()
Pulse Inputs(minimum pulse width 500 ms)(0-9999 counts)

Note: Accumulated counter value is saved in battery backed up RAM in the DDC;
this value will be kept if DDC power is recycled.
()
Temperature sensors(NTC 10K Thermistor, -15C to 100C)

Output channels
Other controllers via binding can command Digital Outputs(maximum 8 nos. 24 Vac
Triac) & Analog Outputs(maximum 2 nos. 0-10 Vdc) of UGM0882L.
7-27
-
There are total 7 Terminal Blocks, TB1 to TB6 & TB8 terminals.
.. Terminal Block Assignments(UGM0882L)
Terminal
Label
Description
Remark
Block No
AC24V
24 VAC Input(L)
COM
24 VAC Input(N)
TB2
TO1-TO8
DO Channels 1-8
TB3
AO1-AO2
AO Channels 1-2
TB4
UI1
Universal Input 1
COM
Com for UI1 & UI2
UI2
Universal Input 2
UI3
Universal Input 3
COM
Com for UI3 & UI4
UI4
Universal Input 4
UI5
Universal Input 5
COM
Com for UI5 & UI6
UI6
Universal Input 6
UI7
Universal Input 7
COM
Com for UI7 & UI8
UI8
Universal Input 8
N+
TB1
TB5
TB6
7-28
DO
channels
to
be

AO
channels
to
be
N-
N+
N-
DDC LAYOUT(Controller Model UGM0882L )

NOTE: 1) EACH COM TERMINAL TO BE SHARED BY 2 UI TERMINALS
5) ALL ANALOG OUTPUTS ARE 0-10 Vdc
-
7-29
.. DDC LAYOUT & WIRING DIAGRAM
TYPICAL SENSOR TERMINATION

-
. General Monitoring DDC UGM2484L
.. Description
UGM2484L is General Monitoring controller
Maximum 24 nos. of Universal inputs
UGM24842L controller
monitor
2 nos. of High frequency Pulse inputs
(connect)
I/O point
() Digital Inputs (Dry contacts)

() Analog Inputs (0-5 Vdc)
() Analog Inputs(0-20mA)
Low Pass Filter method
7-30

is used to
First order

C = constant(0.01~ 0.99)(Refer to SCPTdebounce)
() Low Frequency Pulse Inputs(counter value 0-9999)
(minimum pulse width 500ms)
() High Frequency Pulse Inputs(counter value 0-1,999,999,999)
(minimum pulse width 50ms) (Only for terminal P3&P4)
Note: Accumulated counter value is saved in battery backed up RAM in the DDC;
this value will be kept if DDC power is recycled.
() Temperature sensors(NTC 10K Thermistor, -15C to 100C)
() Temperature sensors(Platinum 1K RTD type)(Only for UI17-UI24)
.. Output channels
Other controllers via binding can command Digital Outputs(maximum 8 nos. 24 Vac Triac)
& Analog Outputs(maximum 4 nos. 0-10 Vdc/0-20 mA) of UGM2484L.
-
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment(UGM2484L)
Terminal
Label
Description
Remark
Block No
TB0
TB1
+24V
24 VAC Input(L)
COM
24 VAC Input(N)
AO1
Analog Output 1
COM
AO channels to be commanded
AO2
Analog Output 2
via binding
AO3
Analog Output 3
7-31
TB2
TB3
TB4
TB5
TB6
TB7
COM
AO4
Analog Output 4
UI1 UI4
COM
UI5 UI8
COM
UI9 UI12
COM
UI13 UI16
COM
UI17 UI20
COM
UI21 UI24
COM
P3
TB8
COM
P4
TB9
TB10
7-32
TO1-TO8







N+
N-
N+
N-
DO channels to be commanded
via binding
7-33
-
-End-
7-34
Contents
. Fan Coil Unit
control
DDC Controller (Model: UFC0882L) ...................1
.. Description .............................................................................................................................
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment UFC0882L.............................................................................
.. DDC Layout & Wiring Diagram ...............................................................................................

. Fan Controller DDC(Model U6F2484L) ................................................................................3
.. Description .............................................................................................................................
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment(UGM2484L) ...........................................................................

. FAN CONTROL DDC U8F2484L ..........................................................................................5
.. Description .............................................................................................................................
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment(U8F2484L) ............................................................................

. Constant Air Volume(CAV) AHU Controller(UAH1464L) ........................................................8
.. Description .............................................................................................................................
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment(UAH1464L) .............................................................................
.. DDC Layout & Wiring Diagram CAV AHU.................................................................................

. VAV AHU
Controller
Control Logic ................................................................ 13
.. Description of DDC Inputs and Outputs ....................................................................................
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (UAH2484L) ............................................................................
.. AHU Control Logic ...................................................................................................................

. VAV Box DDC Controller(Model: UAV0520L) ..................................................................... 21
.. Description .............................................................................................................................
.. Control of Pressure Independent VAV Operation .......................................................................
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment(UAV0520L) .............................................................................
.. DDC Layout and Wiring Diagram ..............................................................................................

. Lighting Controller DDC(ULC0882L) ............................................................................... 23
.. Description .............................................................................................................................
.. Output channels ......................................................................................................................
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment (ULC0882L ) ...........................................................................

7-35
.. DDC LAYOUT & WIRING DIAGRAM ..................................................................................................
.. Typical Sensor Termination ............................................................................................................

. GENERAL MONITORING DDC UGM0882L ......................................................................... 27
.. Description ....................................................................................................................................
.. Terminal Block Assignments(UGM0882L) ..........................................................................................
.. Typical Sensor Termination ............................................................................................................
.. DDC LAYOUT & WIRING DIAGRAM ..................................................................................................

. General Monitoring DDC UGM2484L ................................................................................ 30
.. Description .....................................................................................................................................
.. Output channels..............................................................................................................................
.. DDC Terminal Block Assignment(UGM2484L) ....................................................................................
.. DDC Layout & Wiring Diagram .......................................................................................................
.. Typical Sensor Termination ..............................................................................................................
7-36
Chapter-8 Data Communication and Networking

.. Data Communication
Computer information system
data
binary information unit
bits
(information)
Data communication
transmission medium (wire cable

device
communication
data
radio wave
device
microwave
Wireless
transmissi
data
- Data communication system components

Data communication system effectiveness
() Delivery
System
data
(receiver device)
data
() Accuracy
System
System
data
(user)
data
data
data
() Timeliness :
(correct destination)
data
8-1
Data communication system

() Message :
(component) ()
Message
(communicate)
information
(text)
() Sender
information
(data
(number)
(sender)
Message
(sound)
data message
(video)
(send
Computer workstation telephone handset video camera

() Receiver :
(receiver)
message
PC handset TV
() Medium
Medium
(receive
(transmission media)
(reciver)
(sender)
message
Twisted pair wire coaxial cable fiber optic cable laser radio wave
microwave
() Protocol
satellite
Protocol
data communication
Communicating device
device
Protocol
(connect)
device
(communication)
- Link
. Network
Network
device
media link
Node
(receive
Data
)
(node
connecting link
Channel
8-2
device
device
Network
device
(performance)
( )
(reliability)
()
(security)
(send
)
computer
)
printer
- Network criteria
()
(Performance ) Network
(
(number of user)
High traffic
(users)
(response time)
(performance)
medium
per second (100 Mbps)
100 Megabits
medium
(10 Mbps)
medium
()
Hardware Transmission
10 Megabits per second
storage capacity
network performance
() Software - sender receiver

software
()
network
(response)
Type of transmission Data
()
network
(performance)
(user)
( )
performance
intermediate node
data
process
(Reliability)
(reliability)
(
(frequency of failure)
( )
()
(catastrophe)
Network
()
(recovery time after a network failure)
(catastrophic event)
(Security)
Unauthorized access virus
Data
network
communication device
(security)
(relationship)
()
(
) Line configuration
( ) Topology
() Transmission mode
() Categories of network
( ) Internet work
8-3
Line configuration
(attach
link
communicating device
Link
device
transfer
Line configuration
(
point to point
data
(physical path)
multi point
) Point to Point configuration
device
Channel
( )
device
capacity
Multipoint line configuration
device
device
link
- Link
. Topology
Topology
physical
(connect)
Device
Link
topology ()
logical
device
link
topology
Mesh Star Tree Bus
Ring
- Categories of topology
.. Mesh topology
Mesh topology
device
(dedicated) point to point link
physical channel
8-4
Device
device
Dedicated
n
device
mesh network
fully connected
(connect)
device
device
(n-1) input/output port
- A fully connected mesh topology(five devices)

(dedicated) link
(own data)
link
link
device
Traffic problem
(share
network
)
Privacy
Multi device
traffic problem
Link
(security)
(fault identification)
(fault i
device
cable
input/output port
.. Star Topology
- A star topology connecting four stations

Device
link
hub
A star topology connecting five stations
central controller
(connect)
Device
connection
controller
Star
Hub
exchange
Device
hub
point to point
device
data
direct
hub
device (destination device)
Forward
Device
(connect
I/O port
Link
reconfigure
device
Robust
Link
connection
link
link
8-5
(fault identification)
link
Monitor
link
Bypass
Star
cable
tree ring
bus
cable
- Tree (Hierarchical) topology
- A bus topology connecting three stations

.. Tree (Hierarchical) topology
Tree topology
Tree topology
hub
star topology
hub
secondary hub
(connect)
hub
Device
central hub
(connect)
Active hub repeater

data
Repeater
(regenerative
(forward
secondary
Central
hardware device
)
bit pattern
signal strength
data
Secondary hub
passive hub
physical connection
Data
regenerative
Secondary hub
computer
network
Cable TV technology
point to point configuration
8-6
isolate
star topology
Passive hub
repeater
Star
device
communication priorities
topology
.. Bus topology
Network
cable
device
backbone
link
bus
Device
tap
Drop line
signal
bus cable
drop line
main cable (backbone)
connector
(heat)
signal strength
node
device
Tap
Backbone
tap
Bus topology
cable
.. Ring topology
- A ring topology connecting six stations

Reconfiguration
Fault isolation
Device
(quality)
Fault
signal
signal
transmission
(reflection
direction
noise

Ring topology
device
point to point line configuration
device
Signal
(direction)
device
(destination)
repeater
Device
device
signal
reconfigure
Device
connection
Device
regenerate
Ring
Ring
dedicated
cable
device
(fault isolation)
signal
ring
Device
signal
network operator
network
alarm
8-7
- Ring topology connecting
- Hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus
network
down
Ring
Station
network
Dual Ring (ring

switch
.. Hybrid Topologies
Network
topology
(department)
ring topology
network
(subnetwork)
bus topology
star topology
(department)
network
star network
- Hybrid topology
. Transmission Mode
Link
device
signal
Transmission Mode
8-8
direction)
Transmission mode
device
(information flow direction)
- Simplex Half-duplex
Full-duplex
Transmission mode
() Simplex
() Half-duplex
() Full-duplex
.. Simplex
Simplex mode
Link
device
Keyboard
simplex device
monitor
Keyboard
CPU
data
computer
Monitor
input
display
.. Half Duplex
Half Duplex transmission mode
(receive)
(sending)
device
(transmit)
Device
device
(receiving)
Walkies-talkies
Channel capacity
-
.. Full Duplex
Full Duplex
Full duplex mode
signal
Telephone network
link
cable
cable
channel capacity
8-9
. Network
network
(Categories of Network)
(size)
architecture
(ownership)
(cover)
physical
network
(
Network
) Local Area Network (LAN)
( )
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
()
Wide Area Network (WAN)
.. Local Area Network (LAN)

LAN
network
device
PC
device
(organization)
(home office)
LAN
LAN
(cover)
Personal Computer(PC)
(share
4Mbps
(technology)
printer
LAN
network
work station
printer scanner
- printer
topology
16Mbps
bus ring
star
PC
LAN
data rate
100 Mbps
.. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

MAN
company
device
television network
LAN
Telephone network
The IEEE 802-2002 standard describes a MAN as being:

A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several
blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also depend on communications channels of
moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it
usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might also be owned and
operated as public utilities. They will often provide means for inter networking of local networks.
8-10
.. Wide Area Network (WAN)
- (a) Switched WAN

Wide Area Network (WAN)
(b) Point-to-point WAN
long distance
transmission
- Switched WAN
Point-to-point WAN
network
8-11
. OSI Model
International
Standard
Organization
(ISO)
network
communication model
model
Open System Interconnection (OSI)

m
OSI model
layer ()
Seven Ordered Layer
Device A
message
device
intermediate
mode
- OSI (Open System Interconnection) model

intermediate mode
Machine
Layer 1 Layer 2
Layer 2
Layer 3
service provide
Layer 3
Layer 4
service provide
Layer 3
communication
machine
(
Layer
machine
- Layer ()
8-12
Layer 3
communicate
Layer 3
communicate
protocol
process
Peer-to-Peer process
OSI (Open System Interconnection) model
-
8-13
- OSI layers
- An exchange using the OSI model

8-14
Machine A
7
(send)
message
Layer 6
message
Layer 5
Layer 2
message
Layer
Layer 6
Header 5
Header
Layer 6
Layer 7
Layer 7
message
message
Layer 2 Trailer
Layer 1
transmission medium
Layer
Layer 7
original message
Layer 6
Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3

Machine A
original message
machine B
original message
Machine B
Layer
own message
- Internet connection
Interface between Layer
Layer
(interface)
.. Organization of Layer
Layer 1 (Physical Layer) Layer 2 (Datalink Layer) Layer 3 (Network Layer)
support layer
Device
data
specification physical connection physical addressing
device
transport
network
electrical
timing
Layer 5 (Session Layer) Layer 6 (Presentation Layer) Layer 7 (Application Layer)
user support layer
Layer 4 (Transport Layer)
data
transmission
8-15
OSI model Layer

(
) low l
Layer 5 Layer 6
Layer 7
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3
.. Physical Layer (Layer 1)
-
Physical layer
node
bit
node
-
Physical Layer
(
) Physical characteristic of interface and media ( )
( )
Representation of bit
( )
()
Data rate
() Synchronization of bits
8-16
Line configuration
Physical topology
)
Transmission mode
.. Data Link Layer (Layer 2)

Data link layer
node
frame
node
Data link layer

(
) Framing
( )
Physical addressing
()
Flow control
()
Error control
( )
Access control
- Data link layer
- Network layer
- Source-to-destination delivery
8-17
.. Network Layer (Layer 3)

Network layer
(host)
(source host)
data packet
destination
Network Layer
(
Logical Addressing
( ) Routing
Source-to-destination delivery
- Source-to-destination delivery
.. Transport Layer (Layer 4)
Transport layer
(deliver
process
message
process
Transport layer
(
) Service point addressing
( ) Segmentation and reassembly
()
Flow control
( )
Error control
() Connection control
- Transport layer (process-to-process delivery)
8-18
- Session layer
.. Session Layer (Layer 5)
Session layer
(
) Dialog control
( ) Synchronization
- Presentation layer
.. Presentation Layer (Layer 6)
Presentation layer
(
) Translation
( ) Encryption
() Compression
- Application Layer
8-19
.. Application Layer (Layer 7)

Application layer
service
Application Layer
(
) Network virtual terminal
( )
() Mail service
File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM)
() Directory service
. Network Standards
HVAC control system
protocol
HVAC information
protocol
controller
Network protocol
packaging
information
unpackaging
physical medium
network
Network capacity
performance
data
(performance)
capacity
network
network
spare node
traffic capacity
BAS
network standard
.. Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

Ethernet
Local Area Networks
(speed)
Ethernet
RG-8/U coaxial cable
thick Ethernet (10BASE5)
thin Ethernet(10BASE2)
cable
Segment
IT
IT department
BAS system
IT network
Unknown traffic
upgrade
system
security
(uptime)
repeater
signal
Ethernet
RG-58 coaxial
()
10 Mbps
Repeater
IT system
Twisted pair
Network
RG-58 coaxial cable
(downtime)
(downtime)
(maintenance)
network
(down)
- Coaxial cable is used to

transmit 10BASE-2 Ethernet
8-20
10BASE2 cable with BNC T-
10BASE2 cable end
Connector
Terminator
.. ARCNET
ARCNET
Ethernet
19 kps
Cable
10 Mbps
Device ()
HVAC network
terminal
ARCNET
intermediate level
Ethernet
Building
ET
operator
Controller
ARCNET
www.arcnet.com
.. RS-485
HVAC network
wire)
lower level
ground
RS-485
BACnet MS/TP protocol
Network
(twoRS-485
master node ()
()
()
9.6 kbps
76.8 kbps
(communicate)
node
Master node
slave node
Building network
master
master node
ARCNET communications port

.. Wireless
Wireless
Wireless signal
network cable
wireless signal
node
(power)
Node
node
Node
(battery)
(battery)
device
(power)
message
(occasionally
broadcast
(power)
message
(passing on messages
Message
device
Lithium ion battery
Limited Function(LF) device
device
()
- Wireless network with self- and building-powered devices

(-)
(C)
(battery)
operator workstation (OW)
thermostats (T) building power controllers

(communicate)
8-21
Wireless
(power)
(wireless
device
Sensor
Full Function(FF) wireless node
(send)
battery
information
Full Function(FF) node
Mesh topology
(receive)
(-)[a]
node
node
node
(-)[b]
information
- Linear and Mesh arrangements of Nodes

Wireless signal
(distance)
(materials)
Wireless signal
signal
(distance)
Wireless signal
(concrete)
signal
signal attenuation
wireless signal
(absorption
signal
signal
(metal)
wireless signal
node
wireless signal
signal
wireless
(spacing)
(attenuation
(strength)
Node
repeater
signal
(strength
(receive)
node
Repeater
(rebroadcast)
device
message
Repeater
signal
power booster
(wireless communication)
(wireless communication)
wireless signal
lights variable speed drives elevators

interference
8-22
hard-wired connection
(interference
radio equipment
interference

(radio frequencies)
() 2.4 GHz (2.4 to 2.4835 GHz) [IEEE 802.11]
2.4 GHz frequency
EEE
frequency band
Commercial building
institutional building
()
() 900 MHz (902 to 928 MHz)
(indoor range)
2.4 GHz band
() 800 MHz
()
non-mesh communication
(range)
(range)
- WI-FI Range Diagram
Data Transmission Feature of Wired and Wireless Network

Table 8.1 Feature of wired and wireless transmission data
Feature
Wired
Wireless
Range
Better
Bad
Installation effort and flexibility
Worse
Better
Data volume
Better
Worse
Bad
Better
Realibility
Better
Good
Cost
Good
Better
Availability of information in room
8-23
- Wireless Building Automation System (BAS)

-End-

.. Data Communication
. Network
. Topology
.. Mesh topology
.. Star Topology
.. Tree (Hierarchical) topology
.. Bus topology
.. Ring topology
.. Hybrid Topologies
_
_
. Transmission Mode
.. Simplex
.. Half Duplex
.. Full Duplex
. Network
_
_
(Categories of Network)
10
.. Local Area Network (LAN)
10
.. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
10
.. Wide Area Network(WAN)
11
. OSI Model
12
15
8-24
.. Organization of Layer

_
_
_
_
.. Physical Layer
16
.. Data Link Layer
17
.. Network layer
18
.. Transport Layer
18
.. Session Layer
19
.. Presentation Layer
19
.. Application Layer
20
. Network Standards
_
20
.. Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
20
.. ARCNET
21
.. RS-485
21
.. Wireless
21
8-25
Chapter-9 BAS Network Integration

service system
(operation
computerized system
integration
Facilities manager
BAS engineer
service system

Equipment
network
()
networking
sub system
device
realtime control
automation
()
Data processing system

control system
system
maintenance management system

data
process
factory/production
9-1
Local Area Network(LAN)

geographic area
high-performance digital communication network
(cover)
node
node
Node
(communicate)
network
address
(set)
Workstation Router Network Control Unit(NCU)

node
addressable
Local Area Network(LAN)
device
equipment
(information)
Database upload
download
summary
change-of-state message
node
Network
DDC
(communicate)
(communicate)
Local Area Network(LAN) communication standard

() Ethernet V802.3
(
Local Area Network (LAN)
( )
unshielded twisted pairs
transmission medium
() ARCnet (Attached Resource Computer network)

() BACnet (Building Automation Control Network)
Benefit of Integrated System

Integrated
system
() Easier operation of multiple Systems

System
control
() Lower customer costs

system
control
() Less training time

control
() Less database management

Sub-system
database
() Less chance of error

control
9-2
field
(common database)
DDC
. BAS Hardware Architecture

Computer control system
hardware architecture
hardware device
(connection)
hardware
(communicate)
Distributed system architecture
centralized architecture
distributed system architecture
BAS
centralized architecture
.. Centralized BAS
Centralized building control system
control system
Centralize BAS
(capabilities)
central computer
database
computer
Central computer
input/output field panel

system
sensor
actuator
Communicate
schematic diagram
application program
System
(-)
centralized
information
- Centralised controller with dumb outstations

Disadvantages of Centralized BAS (
() Central PC
c
system
monitoring
(calculation
control function
central PC
() Centralized BAS
centralized BAS
() Central computer
c
response time
data point
(fail)
central computer
field panel

9-3
.. Distributed BAS
BAS
distributed architecture
Distributed BAS
(
(main component)
) Network communication modules
( )
Digital communication network and associated communication protocol(s)
()
Direct digital controllers(DDC)
() System Operator Interface, (typically a workstation PC).

( )
Remote communication devices(where necessary)- modern, telephone links, etc.
Advantage of Distributed BAS (

()
Control system
DDC
()
Distributed control system
control response
DDC
alarm response
data processing
DDC
()
control function
Distributed system
Operate
Network Topologies expansion

cable
twisted pair
Local Area
LAN communication
optical fiber
mixed network
node)
control operation
Network
coax
star
bus
node (participating
geometric wiring layout

network topology
) Bus topology
() Cable
node
node
T-splice
() Bus
resistor
terminate
Line(EOL) resistor
Signal
EOL resistor
resistor
(reflection)
End of
(shorted cable)
signal reflection
faulty node
bus
communication
-
(cable)
- Node
bus(cable length)
network
(fault)
fault
(Future expansion)
( ) Star topology
active
series of radial connection

9-4
passive hub
pre-wiring
hub
node
()
Active hub
signal amplification
management
command
()
Active hub
(error checking)
electrically isolate (electronic
node
)
node
Passive hub
(interconnect)
Impedance
f
faulty
(ease of fault isolation) by-passing
node
bus topology
cable
() Mixed(star and bus) topology

()
Network
component
network)
Star
(Star network)
- Internet
BAS network
Bus
mixed
(Bus
network
integration
. Basic of Network Communication

Computerised system
(communicate)
c
() System
Operating System(OS)
run
compatible
(similar) networking capabilities

( DOS Window OS/2 UNIX, e ..
9-5
() System
network
network
(E
Application Program Interface (API)
() System
protocol
TCP/IP, BAC
, MOD B
network
system
..
(N BIOS, S
(network compatibility
network interface device
, ARCNET,
() System
compatible network
compatible
) convertor gateway
()
compatible protocol
(OSI,
..
system
information
(import
Point
migration
)
mapping
Net DDE
software
import
.. BUS
Bus
Busbar
source
)
Digital communication system
data
destination
(data
cable
Bus
Control system
(s
source
priority
(destination)
priority
.. Interface
Interface
boundary
system
component
shared boundary
BAS
interface circuit
common
DDC
Controlled device
controlled device
motorized valve
motor star
.. Integrated Control System
Integrated control system
dedicated control system
(communicate)
protocol
gateway
proprietary system
complex
-
network
(communicate)
campus
plant
service
integrated control system
.. Gateway
protocol
hardware package
Network
9-6
system
computer system
software package
translation
translator
gateway
(communicate)
protocol
(interpret
system
Gateway
information
protocol B
system
system
protocol
protocol
diagram
system
protocol A
gateway
system
Gateway
protocol
- Gateway
OSI layer
.. Hubs/Repeater
media
Ethernet segment
(connect)
hubs/repeater
segment
system
maximum length
Signal
(deteriorated)
signal quality
Hub
signal a
segment
incoming signal
port
Hub
repeat
repeater
.. Bridge
Bridge
network
Bridge
(connect)
network
network
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
network
bridge
network
building
network
bridge
Network
node
traffic
set
bridge
Data packet
(destination)
Ethernet address
(source)
bridge
network
(Source)
(drop
mapping
(destination)
filter
Source
segment
destination
9-7
segment
packet
segment
segment
data packet
forward
bridge
forward
Filtering
(decision)
Data
data packet
store and forward
forward
Bridge
forward
Ethernet network
device
.. Ethernet Switch
Ethernet switch
Ethernet bridge
LAN switch
switch
()
cut-through
network
store and forward
cut-through switch
architecture
Cut-through switch
forward
switch
destination segment
destination address
switch
)
forward
error
data packet
)
(user)
switch
Fast Ethernet
(performance)
ATM
High traffic server
bandwidth
collision domain
10Mbps bandwidth
EDDI
network
segment
share
data packet
network
switch
Ethernet switch
data packet
(forward)
Data packet
data packet
Data packet
designation segment
(analyze
LAN
high-speed link
switch
Switch link
network
.. Router
Router
data packet
(filte
network
network
(traffic)
protocol
Data packet address
filter
data packet
logical
protocol
Router
Physical
IP router
network
subnet
IP address
segment
intelligent forwarding
filtering
filter
overall efficiency
9-8
network speed
Switch
Ethernet address
network
router
bridge
network
- HVAC network lighting controller VAV
AHU controller
integrated
.. Communications Networks
Polling Network
Polling network
network
DDC
DDC
central DDC
Polling DDC
central DDC
Central DDC
DDC controller
DDC
DDC
Central DDC
communicate
communicate
DDC
Central
network speed
information
polling
DDC
alarm
Central DDC
Peer-to-Peer Network
Peer-to-Peer network
DDC
communicate
DDC
communicate
exchange information immediately)
communicate
DDC controller
equal authority
Device
communicate
(waiting time)
processor
information
Input signal
DDC
BAS
(Controllers
DDC
output
communicate
network speed
data processing
poll response protocol
central
BAS
9-9
DDC
processor
peer protocol
Poll-response communications protocol
Master device
Peer-communications protocol
(advantages)
() Communication
master device
() Bus
devices
central
processor
()
(Global messages)
devices
bus
Peer communication
device
device
bus
data transfer
time slot
bus
time
slot
- (
) Polling network
- ( ) Peer-to-Peer network
- Integrating information from multiple system into a facility portal

9-10
. Communication Protocol
Communication protocol
computer system
(communicate)
Protocol
protocol
Communicate
Talk
(translator)
protocol
gateway
system
Gateway
system
communicate
(translator)
- Information Technology and Building Services

Communications protocol
BAS
device
data
(
controller
Open Protocol
( )
Standard Protocol
()
Proprietary Protocol
BAS
protocol
communications protocol
()
Building automation and control network (BACnet, Modicon, MODBUS).
()
European installation bus (EIB).
()
Local Operating Network Talk (LonTalk) Echelon Corporation.
()
Emerging BAS Internet Protocol (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol [TCP/IP],

hypertext transfer protocol [HTTP], extensible markup language [XML]).
9-11
Protocol
BACnet
LonWorks
Property Protocols
Alerton
Invensys
Siemens
Automated Logic control
Echelon
Trane
Delta
TAC/CSI
Johnson Controls
Honeywell
Carrier
.. Standard Protocol
Industry
Industry
develop
Standard protocol
International Standard Organization (ISO)
Open System Interconnection (OSI) model

OSI model
computer industry
network
publish
adopte
network
computer
data
computer
transfer
activity
- EIA/RS 232 Communication, Ethernet Communication
.. BACnet (Building Automation Control Networking) Protocol

BACnet
BACnet
BACnet
American Society of Heating Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

AS RAE
manufacturers
BACnet Protocol
(
(Strengths)
) Global standard
( )
()
Architecture
() Device
( )
BACnet protocol
( )
(
) Vendor
protocol
Benefits of BACnet
(
) BACnet protocol
BACnet protocol
( )
Engineer
()
HVAC object
device
end user
() EIA/ANSI standard
9-12
Support
major users
consultants
( )
Robust
- System integration
BACnet Protocol
(
(Obstacles)
) Field level
( ) Interoperability
(Lack of interoperability)
() Guidelines
() Testing
( )
certification
specify
(Hard to specify)
( )
(
(Speed of development)
) HVAC
support
( ) Device
(Limited device offerings)
( ) Gate way
BACnet
(Gateways still required)

ANSI
ANSI/ASHRAE 135-2004, BACnet2---A Data Communication Protocol for Building Automation and
Control Networks
BACnet networking
BACnet
ISO 16484-5
option
()
Ethernet ARCNET
()
Echelon's LonTalk
()
Master-Slave/Token-Passing (MS/TP)
()
BACnet/IP
()
Point-to-Point (PTP)
9-13
- BACnet layer
Open System Interconnection (OSI) layer
BACnet Websites
()
www.bacnet.org
()
www.bacnetassociation.org
()
www.big-eu.org
BACnet
standard object
()
Table 1. Standard BACnet Objects.

OBJECT
EXAMPLE OF USE
Analog Input
Sensor input
Analog Output
Control output
Analog Value
Setpoint or other analog control system parameter
Binary Input
Switch input
Binary Output
Relay output
Binary Value
Binary (digital) control system parameter
Calendar
Defines a list of dates, such as holidays or special events, for scheduling.
Command
Writes multiple values to multiple objects in multiple devices to accomplish a

specific purpose, such as day-mode to night-mode, or emergency mode.
Device
Properties tell what objects and services the device supports, and other devicespecific information such as vendor, firmware revision, etc.
Event Enrollment
Describes an event that might be an error condition (e.g., "Input out of range") or
an alarm that other devices to know about. It can directly tell one device or use a
Notification Class object to tell multiple devices.
File
Allows read and write access to data files supported by the device.
Group
Provides access to multiple properties of multiple objects in a read single operation.
Loop
Provides standardized access to a "control loop."
Multi-state Input
Represents the status of a multiple-state process, such as a refrigerator's On, Off,

and Defrost cycles.
Multi-state Output
Represents the desired state of a multiple-state process (such as It's Time to Cool,
It's Cold Enough and it's Time to Defrost).
Notification Class
9-14
Contains a list of devices to be informed if an Event Enrollment object determines

that a warning or alarm message needs to be sent.
Program
Allows a program running in the device to be started, stopped, loaded and

unloaded, and reports the present status of the program.
Schedule
Defines a weekly schedule of operations (performed by writing to specified list of

objects with exceptions such as holidays. Can use a Calendar object for the
exceptions.
- Example of BACnet Analog Input Object

Table 2. Properties of the Analog Input Object.
PROPERTY
BACnet
EXAMPLE
Object_Identifier
Required
Analog Input #1
Object_Name
Required
"AI 01"
Object_Type
Required
Analog Input
Present_Value
Required
68
Description
Optional
"Outside Air Temperature"
Device_Type
Optional
"10k Thermistor"
Status_Flags
Required
In_Alarm, Fault, Overridden, Out_Of_Service flags
Event_State
Required
Normal (plus various problem-reporting states)
Reliability
Optional
No_Fault_Detected (plus various fault conditions)
Out_Of_Service
Required
FALSE
Update_Interval
Optional
1.00 (seconds)
Units
Required
Degrees-Fahrenheit
Min_Pres_Value
Optional
-100.0, minimum reliably read value
Max_Pres_Value
Optional
+300.0, maximum reliably read value
Resolution
Optional
0.1
COV_Increment
Optional
Notify if Present_Value changes by increment: 0.5
Time_Delay
Optional
Seconds to wait before detecting out-of-range: 5
Notification_Class
Optional
Send COV notification to Notification Class Object: 2
High_Limit
Optional
+215.0, Upper normal range
Low_Limit
Optional
-45.0, Lower normal range
Deadband
Optional
0.1
Limit_Enable
Optional
Enable High-limit-reporting, Low-limit-reporting.
Event_Enable
Optional
Enable To_Offnormal, To_Fault, To_Normal change reporting.
Acked_Transitions
Optional
Flags indicating received acknowledgments for above changes.
Notify_Type
Optional
Events or Alarms
9-15
Table 3. Properties of the Device Object.

PROPERTY
BACnet
EXAMPLE
Object_Identifier
Required
Device #1076
Object_Name
Required
"Office 36 DD Control"
Object_Type
Required
Device
System_Status
Required
Operational (plus others)
Vendor_Name
Required
"Alerton Technologies, Inc."
Vendor_Identifier
Required
Alerton
Model_Name
Required
"VAV-DD Controller"
Firmware_Revision
Required
"1.0"
Application_Software_Version
Required
"Dual-Duct DDC"
Location
Optional
"Office 36, Floor 3"
Description
Optional
"(on network 5)"
Protocol_Version
Required
1 (BACnet protocol version)
Protocol_Conformance_Class
Required
Protocol_Services_Supported
Required
readProperty, writeProperty, atomicWriteFile,...
Protocol_Object_Types_Supported
Required
Analog Input, Analog Output,...
Object_List
Required
Analog Input #1, Analog Input #2, ...
Max_APDU_Length_Supported
Required
50 (bytes or characters)
Segmentation_Supported
Required
No
VT_Classes_Supported
Optional
n/a
Active_VT_Sessions
Optional
n/a
Local_Time
Optional
30:15.2
Local_Date
Optional
Tuesday, March 12, 1996
UTC_Offset
Optional
+480 (minutes from GMT/UTM)
Daylight_Savings_Status
Optional
False (not in effect)
APDU_Segment_Timeout
Optional
n/a
APDU_Timeout
Required
3000 milliseconds
Number_Of_APDU_Retries
Required
List_Of_Session_Keys
Optional
n/a
Time_Synchronization_Recipients
Optional
n/a
Max_Master
Optional
n/a
Max_Info_Frames
Optional
n/a
Device_Address_Binding
Required
None
Table 4. Alarm and Event Services

SERVICE
BACnet
DESCRIPTION
AcknowledgeAlarm
Used to tell sender of alarm that a human has seen the alarm.
ConfirmedCOVNotification
Tells subscribing devices of the COV that occurred in a

property.
ConfirmedEventNotification
9-16
Used to tell sender of a possible error condition.
GetAlarmSummary
Requests from a device a list of "active alarms," if any.
GenEnrollmentSummary
Requests a list of "event" (possible error) generating objects.
SubscribeCOV
Sent by a device to request that it be told of COVs in an

object.
UnconfirmedCOVNotification
Tells subscribing devices that a change has occurred to one or

more properties of a particular object.
- Protocol
network layar
.. LonTalk
LON
Local Operating Network(LON)
LonTalk protocol
LonTalk
electronic component
(data exchange)
LonTalk
Echelon Corporation
network
LonWorks
protocol
platform
Echelon
Association
device
Peer to Peer
LonMark
interoperable control
LonMark user
Echelon
LonWorks
LonMark Interoperability
LonMark Association
(logo)
LonMark device
certified
LonWorks network
LonWorks
intelligent device
distributed control network
Local Operating Network(LON)
media
(type)
() Electrical power lines (e.g., power line carrier)

() Balanced twisted-pair cabling may be supported by any recognized topology (e.g., bus,
ring, star)
() Optical fiber cabling
() Coaxial cabling
() Wireless
LonWorks network
microprocessor
LonMark device
Neuron chip
processing
Neuron chip
intelligent
communicating
9-17
Toshiba
Cypress Semi-conductor Corporation
Neuron chip
LonWorks
Echelon
OSI model
protocol
()
(seven layers)
LonWorks Strengths
LonMark Obstacles
Gaining momentum
Number of available devices
Good field bus solution
High level implementation
HVAC, lighting, security, fire, sun blinds, lifts
Lack of support from engineers
Widely adopted (worldwide)
Echelon ownership of technology and marks
Interoperability
Not native IP
- EIB centralized system
- EIB decentralized system
.. Modbus Protocol
Modbus protocol
Communicate
device
Schneider Electric (
serial communication
Modicon)
Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCs)
(industrial)
electronic
device
Network
communicate
control
Supervisory computer
()
remote terminal unit (RTU)
data acquisition
Modbus
Schneider Electric
protocol
Modbus
organization
Modbus organization
MODBUS message
(structure)
MODBUS message structure

() Device addressAddress of the receiver.
() Function codeCode defining message type.
() DataData block with additional information.
() Error checkNumeric check value to test for communication errors.
9-18
Serial MODBUS network

device
slave device
slave
master
device
Data
initiate
communication
master
MODBUS
message
serial
code
American Standard Code for Information

Interchange(ASCII)
Remote Terminal Unit(RTU)
MODBUS transmission mode

- Modbus connection
- Modbus RTU
Modbus TCP
- Modbus message
ASCII
transmission
mode
(transfer)
message
ASCII
code
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) transmission mode

transmission mode
RTU
message
message
transmit
TCP/IP
MODBUS/TCP
Ethernet connection
TCP frame
Modbus serial
MODBUS protocol
RS232
P
MODBUS frame
RS422/485 connection
A
2-wire
.
9-19
Twisted pairs
MODBUS/TCP
- Structure of an EIB compliant telegram
- Address structure for source and destination of telegram (system accessing mode)
.. European Installation Bus (EIB)
European Installation Bus (EIB)
standard
Siemens
EIB Association (ELBA)
EIB
vendor environment
industry
modular
Multi-
EIB
topology
Carrier sense multiple access with
collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol

Network
device
common bus
communicate
bridging
transmission media
home
office
building automation
EIB
(
) Balanced twisted-pair cabling (9600 b/s).
( )
Electrical power lines (e.g., power line carrier, 1200 b/s).
()
Radio frequency (RF [19 200 b/s, 868 MHz band]).
Advanced Network for unified building integration services (ANubis)

Internet
intranet
EIB ANubis protocols
extranet
integration
IP network
.. Proprietary Protocol
Proprietary protocol
9-20
Johnson Controls Honeywell Siemen

Proprietary protocol
. Low Level Interfacing and High Level Interfacing
- surface integration
- High level interfacing
hard wired integration
high level integration
.. Hard Wired Integration or Low Level Interfacing

Hard wired integration
sub-system
input/output point
Surface integration
input/output point
integration
Software integration
software
low level interfacing

hard wired integration
controller
router
program
9-21
ACMV system
fire alarm system
AHU
activation point
fire alarm system
FCU
(shutdown)
integrate
Lift
homing
activation point
.. High Level Interfacing

control system
equipment
chiller
generator Computer Room Air Conditioning unit(CRAC unit)

integrate
air compressor
input/output point
equipment
High level Interfacing
York
level interface
water cooled chiller
air cooled chiller
Building Automation System (BAS)
High level interface
device
information
high
integration
Johnson Controls
E-
Table 1. Recommended chiller-monitoring points per ASHRAE Standard 147
Chilled Water (or

other secondary
coolant)
Flow Flow
Flow Flow
Inlet Pressure
Inlet Pressure
Inlet Temperature
Condenser Water
Outlet Pressure
Outlet Pressure
Outlet
Outlet Temperature
Temperature
Refrigerant
Evaporator
Pressure
Condenser
Refrigerant Temp.
Level
Level
Compressor
Temperature
Refrigerant
9-22
Exhaust Time
Discharge Count
Discharge
Temp.
Compressor Suction Temp.
PPM
Vibration Levels
Purge
Refrigerant Pressure
Refrigerant Temp.
Pressure
Oil
Inlet Temperature
Refrigerant
Monitor
Level
Logs
Date and Time Data

Signature of Reviewer
Ambient
Dry Bulb
Ambient
Amps Per Phase
Temperatures
Wet Bulb
Temperatures
Volts Per Phase
- E-link
protocol
Carrier CCN DataPort Device and Metasys Companion System Integration
Port-to-Port Connection and Cable Pinouts

9-23
Table 1. Chiller
Network
Network
Point
Point
Type
Address
9-24
(read)
Unit
Point
Description
DataLINK Module
Reference Point Name
AI
Active Demand Limit
DEM_LIM
AI
DegF
Water/Brine Setpoint
SP
AI
DegF
Control Point
CTRL_PNT
AI
DegF
Entering Fluid Temperature
EWT
AI
DegF
Leaving Fluid Temperature
LWT
AI
min
Minutes Left For Start
min_left
AI
psi
A: Discharge Pressure
DP_A
AI
psi
A: Suction Pressure
SP_A
AI
psi
A: A1 Oil Pressure Diff.
DOP_A1
AI
10
psi
A: A2 Oil Pressure Diff.
DOP_A2
AI
11
psi
A: A1 Oil Pressure
OP_A1
AI
12
psi
A: A2 Oil Pressure
OP_A2
AI
13
DegF
A: Discharge Gas Temperature
DISTMP_A
AI
14
DegF
A: A1 Motor Temperature
TMTR_A1
AI
15
DegF
A: A2 Motor Temperature
TMTR_A2
AI
16
DegF
A: SAT Condensing Temperature
TMP_SCTA
AI
17
DegF
A: Saturated Suction Temperature
TMP_SSTA
AI
18
A: Cooler Level Indicator
LEVEL_A
AI
19
psi
A: Circuit A Econ Pressure
ECNP_A
AI
20
psi
B: Discharge Pressure
DP_B
AI
21
psi
B: Suction Pressure
SP_B
AI
22
psi
B: B1 Oil Pressure Diff.
DOP_B1
AI
23
psi
B: B2 Oil Pressure Diff.
DOP_B2
AI
24
psi
B: B1 Oil Pressure
OP_B1
AI
25
psi
B: B2 Oil Pressure
OP_B2
AI
26
DegF
B: Discharge Gas Temperature
DISTMP_B
AI
27
DegF
B: B1 Motor Temperature
TMTR_B1
AI
28
DegF
B: B2 Motor Temperature
TMTR_B2
AI
29
DegF
B: SAT Condensing Temperature
TMP_SCTB
AI
30
DegF
B: Saturated Suction Temperature
TMP_SSTB
AI
31
psi
B: Cooler Level Indicator
LEVEL_B
AI
32
DegF
B: Circuit B Econ Pressure
ECNP_B
AI
33
DegF
Cooler Entering Fluid
COOL_EWT
AI
34
DegF
Cooler Leaving Fluid
COOL_LWT
AI
35
DegF
Condenser Entering Fluid
COND_EWT
AI
36
DegF
Condenser Leaving Fluid
COND_LWT
AI
37
DegF
Reclaim Entering Fluid
HR_EWT
AI
38
DegF
Reclaim Leaving Fluid
HR_LWT
AI
39
mA
4-20 mA Reset Signal
RST_MA
Trane chiller
level interface
Automated Logic (http://www.automatedlogic.com)
high
Graphic Function Block (GFB) program
BACnet Sample GFB-Trane Chiller using BACnet PTP
. Wireless Sensing Systems

Wireless sensing systems
(
sensor
controller
(wireless
) Many-to-one room temperature sensing
( ) One-to-one room temperature sensing
9-25
- Many-to-one room temperature sensing
One-to-one room temperature sensing
. Integration
.. BAS
Security System
Integrate
Security alarm
BAS workstation
workstation operator
alarm
BAS workstation operator

(door-open command) security output
point
trigger
Building
network
(installation
costs)
HVAC system
system
security
graphics
Security system
Alarm
BAS
trigger
-
-
(badge)
card reader
security system
security system
BAS
BAS
occupied area
(enable
(badge)
(unoccupied area)
9-26
air con
card reader
.. BAS
BAS
Fire Alarm System
Integrate
Fire Alarm System

chillers
boilers
integrate
AHU
fan
equipment
(shut down)
()
BAS
fire alarm signal

display
BAS
action
HVAC fan
pressure fan
Security Management System (SMS)

unlock
-End-
Contents
. BAS Hardware Architecture ................................................................................................3
.. Centralized BAS.......................................................................................................................
.. Distributed BAS .......................................................................................................................

. Basic of Network Communication .......................................................................................5
.. BUS ........................................................................................................................................
.. Interface ................................................................................................................................
.. Integrated Control System .......................................................................................................
.. Gateway .................................................................................................................................
.. Hubs/Repeater ........................................................................................................................
.. Bridge ....................................................................................................................................
.. Ethernet Switch.......................................................................................................................
.. Router ....................................................................................................................................
.. Communications Networks .......................................................................................................

. Communication Protocol .................................................................................................. 11
.. Standard Protocol ....................................................................................................................
.. BACnet (Building Automation Control Networking) Protocol ........................................................
.. LonTalk ...............................................................................................................................
9-27
.. Modbus Protocol .............................................................................................................................
.. European Installation Bus (EIB) .......................................................................................................
.. Proprietary Protocol .........................................................................................................................

. Low Level Interfacing and High Level Interfacing .............................................................. 21
.. Hard Wired Integration or Low Level Interfacing ...............................................................................
.. High Level Interfacing .....................................................................................................................

. Wireless Sensing Systems ............................................................................................... 25
. Integration
............................................................................................................ 26
.. BAS
Security System
Integrate
.. BAS
Fire Alarm System
Integrate
...................................................................................
...............................................................................
. BAS Hardware Architecture
.. Centralized BAS
.. Distributed BAS
. Basic of Network Communication
.. BUS
.. Interface
.. Integrated Control System
.. Gateway
.. Hubs/Repeater
.. Bridge
.. Ethernet Switch
.. Router
.. Communications Networks
_
_
. Communication Protocol
11
.. Standard Protocol
12
.. BACnet (Building Automation Control Networking) Protocol
12
.. LonTalk
17
.. Modbus protocol
18
.. European Installation Bus (EIB)
20
.. Proprietary Protocol
20
. Low Level Interfacing and High Level Interfacing
21
.. Hard Wired Integration or Low Level Interfacing
21
.. High Level Interfacing
22
. Wireless sensing systems
25
. Integration
26
.. BAS
Security System
.. BAS
Fire Alarm System
9-28
Integrate
Integrate
26
27
9-29
Chapter-10 Alarms and Alarm Processing

Alarm
alarm
(manage)
Building Automation System (BAS)

alarm
feature
Alarm
(priority)
Alarm
(level)
(consistent)
(priority)
alarm page
control room
10-1
. Alarm
Alarm
DDC controller
control logic
control logic
Sensor
alarm
(temperature)
alarm
(value)
program
25C
25C
phone
control program
25C
sensor
point
Alarm
(value)
alarm
output device
printer
hand
print
(register
) operator unit
(information)
alarm
alarm database
alarm
mobile phone
Alarm
(information)
fax machine
printer
PC
web browser
remote device
email
SMS
Alarm list
alarm
signal alert
clear
alarm acknowledge
alarm
Pop-up window
operator
audible
visual
. Alarm
Alarm
BACnet standard
()
Simple Alarm - User
()
Basic Alarm - User
operator
operator
acknowledge
acknowledge
Acknowledge
operator
()
Extended Alarm - User
operator
acknowledge
reset
process
process
(shutdown)
reset
Alarm
() Digital Alarm - Contact point
open
- Air Handling Unit

() Analogue Alarm
close
assign
trip point
(current value)
high
low alarm limit
(temperature)
25C
()
() Status Alarm - Contact status
(expected value)
initiate
- device
10-2
control signal
(response)
() Totalizer Alarm - Variable
(accumulated value)
high limit
initiate
-
1500 kWh
() Hours Run Alarm -
limit
(total hours run)
initiate
- chiller
t
set
(total hours run) (

h
Alarm
controller
control logic
level processor
operation
Operation level processor
controller
alarm
alarm processing
() Alarm point
processor
() Server
LAN processor
() Alarm
processor
() Alarm printer
print
re-broadcast
alarm
(display)
output alarm message
()
()
(date)/
(time)
() Action
alarm
()
-
point
Acknowledged
alarm
Acknowledge
operator
Alarm
historical file
BAS
(record)
Historical alarm
BMS system
(value)
warning
I/O point
(reading)
alarm
program
alarm
operator
(occupied
hours)
25.5C
alarm
alarm
system
equipment
Fire alarm
Security alarm
alarm
alarm
security alarm
mechanical alarm
(priority)
alarm
alarm
BAS system
10-3
Analog point
alarm limit
alarm
Message
(date)
warning limit
alarm printer print

(time)
acknowledge
(date)
(time)
point name
operator
alarm
point name
operator
alarm point
(date)
operator
(time)
point name
hard disk
file
alarm
operator
event
(normal status)
override
operator
warning message
event
Output
(date)
(time) point name
override
High
Alarm
Limit
High
Warning
Limit
Normal to
High Warning
Differential
Differential
High Warning
to High Alarm
High Alarm to
High Warning
Normalband
Setpoint
Low
Warning
Limit
Low
Alarm
Limit
Differential
High Warning
to Normal
Normal to
Low Warning
Differential
Low Warning
to Normal
time
- Analogue alarm
. Alarm Management
.. Analog Alarm Point
Analog point
(state) ()
()
High Alarm
()
High Warning
()
Normal
()
Low Warning
()
Low Alarm
(state) [
(state) [
(state) [
]
]
(state) [
(state) [
Analog point
event
(state)
Alarm
state
warning
(state)
(transition)
differential amount
Differential amount
10-4
Alarm limit
(safety)
criteria
Facility manager
Warning limit
comfort
analog input point
alarm
- BAS System
normal band
(temperature)
4C (+2C
warning limit
setpoint 2C
-2C)
control
normal band 4C
Warning limit
point
DDC controller
Control loop
operator
Facility manager
warning limit
Current Value
High Alarm Limit
Alarm
Limit
Analysis
Status
Warning Delay
Status
Low Alarm Limit

Setpoint
Normalband
Differential
Warning Delay (Min.)
Warning Delay Active
Report Type Normal
Report Type Warning
Change
of
State
Reporting
Report Type Alarm

Report Type Override
Warning Message #
Alarm Message #
Reports Locked
Auto Dial-Out
- Analog alarm management

(-)
analogue data object
analogue input object
alarm
management function
event
(
) Operator
( ) Controller
( ) Operator
override
PC
point
hardware
Log on/Log off
()
( ) Energy management feature
- run hour
point
(
demand limiting/load rolling
Alarm limit analysis
software process
(user defined value)
Status
() Normal
(current value)
alarm limit analysis
alarm limit analysis

(state)
(current value)
Normal operating range

10-5
() High or low warning
(state)
range
alarm limit
() High or low alarm
(current value)
Normal Operating
(state)
(current value)
alarm limit
- Alarm page
High Alarm Limit
Analogue point
(current value)
high alarm limit
high alarm limit
high alarm state
report
Low Alarm Limit

Analogue point
(current value)
low alarm limit
low alarm limit
low alarm state
report
Setpoint
Setpoint
normal operating range
Normal band
Normal band
width(
high
10-6
(current value) normal band operating range

Normal band
low warning limit
Normal band
Differential
Differential
Buffer Zone
limit
(current value)
(oscillati
alarm
warning
differential
Differential
high alarm low alarm high warning

(current value)
differential zone
(fluctuation)
(change of state)
(current value)
limit
report
report
limit
Warning delay function

alarm
differential
warning
(delay)
Warning delay
warning
Warning delay(min)
warning
Warning delay active
Object
225
warning delay function
alarm
warning
normal
override
(change of state) report
device
report
(routing)
(change of state) reporting

() Report type normal -
(attribute)
(state)
(normal state)
() Report type warning -
state
high warning
low warning

() Report type alarm - Alarm
() Report type override -
report
object
override command
(current value)
operator
override
override
cancel
(change
of state) report
() Warning message
(define)
high warning
number
() Alarm message
text
unlock
user
critical warning report display dialog box
object
() Report locked
point
alarm

Report
lock
operator device
lock report
Report
unlocked report command

10-7
() Auto dial out - Critical report (critical 1
remote operator workstation
Auto Dail-out
.. Binary Data Object and Binary Input Object (BI) Alarm
Current Value
Normal State
Alarm Analysis
Status
Alarm Delay (sec.)
Alarm Delay
Status
Latch Function
Status
Alarm Delay Active
Latching Point
Report Type Normal
Change
of
State
Reporting
Report Type Alarm

Report Type Override
Alarm Message #
Reports Locked
Auto Dial-Out
- Binary alarm management

(-)
binary data object
binary input object
alarm management
function
Alarm analysis
Analog Input(AI) object
(current value)
user
(define)
Alarm state
Normal state
(current value)
None
On
normal state
(current status)
normal state
Attribute
Binary Input(BI) object
user
(defined)
(current status)
user
Off
(defined)
normal state
Current contact value
operator device
report
Alarm delay function
binary data object alarm report

(delay)
nuisance report
255
(delay)
Object
unlatch
alarm
operator
Operator
acknowledge
10-8
alarm
Delay
Latching
operator
Software

0
user
state
alarm state
Latching
(action)
operator
unlatch
alarm state
Unlatch
Alarm system variable
(predetermined limit)
operator
alarm
- air filter
run time
(maintenance)
Alarm
(audible)
(visual)
alarm
enunciator
Alarm
grade)
alarm
(priority
Alarm
alarm
cancel
acknowledge
. Analog Input Alarm
() Duct static pressure point
(
) Setpoint(inch wg)
alarm limit
0.3 inch
differential
0.3 inch
()
0.2 inch
()
priority 3 alarm
( )
Setpoint(inch wg)
( )
Fan
0.2 inch
(ON)
() Fan
alarm
duct static pressure alarm
() Duct air temperature

(
alarm limit
) Setpoint (F)
2F
( ) Setpoint (F)
1F
2F
( )
differential
1F
()
()
normal State
alarm
parameter
alarm
sensor
Fan
() Space temperature
(
priority 3 alarm
room temperature
() Duct
alarm
(space temperature)
space humidity
room temperature
alarm
alarm limit differential
10-9
) Setpoint
Setpoint
()
( )
15 %
20%
priority 3 alarm
Setpoint
60% RH
+10%
(normal state)
-15%
()
. Digital Input Alarm

Digital Input (DI) alarm
air flow switch
Digital Input (DI) point
water differential switch
Alarm
nuisance alarm (false
alarm)
Digital Input(DI) value
Digital
Output(DO) value
controller
point
motor
DO output
DDC
on state
Digital
input value
Digital output value
Digital Input (DI)

Input (DI)
Digital Output(DO)
() Safety alarm
out
(
Digital Output (DO)
( )
excessive vibration
high humidity cut
digital input
) Digital
monitoring
(high static cut out freeze condition
VSD fault
(pair
delay
digital input
alarm
priority 3 alarm
screen
(display)
( )
safety alarm
Alarm
(
) screen Normal
normal
(display)
(priority)
Priority 2
chiller trip alarm, chilled water pump trip alarm
(critical alarm)
Priority 3
mechanical equipment
alarm
(mechanical critical alarm)

Priority 4 (mechanical alarm)
. Nuisance Alarm
Owner
dirty filter alarm

False Alarm
operator
nuisance alarm
Alarm
() Printer output
control system
() Screen display of message

10-10
non critical alarm
false alarm
() Log to hard disk

() Callout to fax machine terminal
() Callout to a digital pager
() Take a specific action. ( Hand phone
- Building Automation System

Point
SMS
alarm
(devices)
alarm event
() Alarm input
() Unmatched command (Failure of start/stop of start/stop points, status unmatched)
() Analog high/low limit alarm
() Sensor error
() Trouble
() Totalized value increase error
() Control alarm (Power demand target value exceeded, etc.)
Control system
alarm event
() Component alarm (bus trouble, line status, error, remote unit no response)
() Power demand alarm, power failure alarm, fire alarm
-End-
10-11
Alarm Processing
. Alarm
....................................................................................................... 2
. Alarm
........................................................................................................ 2
. Alarm Management ......................................................................................................... 4
.. Analog Alarm Point ........................................................................................................................
.. Binary Data Object and Binary Input Object (BI) Alarm ...................................................................
........................................................................................... 9
.......................................................................................... 10
. Nuisance Alarm
False Alarm............................................................................. 10
. Alarm
. Alarm
. Alarm Management
.. Analog Alarm Point
.. Binary Data Object and Binary Input Object(BI) Alarm
10
. Nuisance Alarm
10-12
False Alarm
10
Chapter-11 BAS Software
BAS software structure
BAS software hierarchy
()
Database
(development)
()
DDC text based
graphical programming
DDE (concept)
. BAS Software Structure

BAS
software architecture
communication unit DDC
BAS network
Workstation PC
BAS software architecture
software
() Operating System(OS) software
() Utility software
() Application software
Software
(three classes)
(-)
- Hierarchy of BAS software structure

11-1
.. Operating System (Lowest Level)

Operating system software
memory location
(text)
hardware-specific function
Operating System(OS) software
Windows 95 Windows NT
Windows XP Windows 7
Operating System(OS) software
.. Utility Software
DDC
software
operation
operator
run
software
(run)
Utilities Software
Communications functions database management functions operator-machine interface

functions
specific control algorithms
Application program
utility software
utility software modules
("called")
.. Application Program Software (Highest Level)

Application software
BAS
(main function)
program
(main functions)
()
Data acquisition
() Control
()
Metering
() Energy management
()
Monitoring
() Operator-machine interface applications
database
BAS system
Application program
database
specific function
Database
Communication network
controller
Application program
control task
DDC network architecture
Typical BAS Application Software

Start/Stop Control
) Energy Management applications
() Start/Stop Control
() Duty Cycling
() Load shedding
() Temperature setback
() Enthalpy control
11-2
communication node
protocol
programme
controlled plant
BAS application
capability
effectiveness
() VAV control
() Optimal start/stop
() Chiller and condenser optimization
() Energy Management applications
() chilled water(cooling)
() electricity
() Gas
() Water
() fuel consumption(e.g. for standby generators)
() advance warning and action required for maintenance service
() Facilities Management
() Fire detection, alarm and prevention
() Access control and security
() Intelligent Building applications
() Operation
and
maintenance
management
(e.g.
work
order
generation,
maintenance procedures, management information)

() Maintenance Scheduling, Inventory Control, Logistics
() Office automation
() Facility booking s
application program
run
. BAS Software Design Concept

.. DDC Software
DDC software
DDC
software
(set of instructions)
(procedures)
DDC
DDC Random Access Memory

operator
.. DDC Firmware
Firmware
(factory-embedded)
instruction
software
DDC Read-Only Memory (ROM)
System user
module
DDC
Firmware programme
on/off control PID control scheduling
DDC program
.. DDC Database
DDC database
DDC configuration
physical data point

database
DDC memory (RAM)
11-3
DDC database property

()
RAM
()
DDC database
memory device
(delete)
(move)
DDC database object
input/output
of data) control programs variable
(type
constant
.. DDC Database Configuration
operational data
DDC memory
programs
executie
data point
database
BAS application
Database
central network communication unit
workstation PC
DDC Software Modules

DDC software
DDC memory (ROM)
Software module
graphical
internal module
text based
configure
DDC software modules

() Control modules ( e.g., on/off, PID)
() Arithmetic modules (e.g. averaging, summing, totalization)
() Programmable logic modules (PLC)
() Interlock modules , etc (e.g., EF with EF OUT)
. DDC Software Programming

control
DDC memory
() Text-based programming language

(
) Program
DDC
()
() Graphical programming language(similar to that used for data base configuration)
(
) Program
DDC
()
()
(user-friendly)
.. Text-based programming
Translator
Text based programming language
compressed
binary file
DDC memory
DDC operating system
11-4
input text file
Compression
Control program
pseudo code
pseudo code
execute
- Text based programming language
Compiler
Compiler
input text file
Compile
machine instruction
machine instruction
DDC(microprocessor)
control
010
020
030
040
050
060
070
080
090
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
A=(TEMP;AI)-(PID;SP)
IF A<5 THEN 30 ELSE 80
IF A<-5 THEN 40 ELSE 80
(PID;PI)=0
(PID;PE)=0
(PID;RP)=(PID;DP)
GOTO 20
B=A*(PID;DP)/100
IF(PID;DP)>=100 THEN 120 ELSE 100
IF(PID;DP)<=0 THEN 120 ELSE 100
(PID;PI)=A+(PID;PE)/2*(PID;IC)+(PID;P1)
C=(PID;P1)/100
(PIC;PE)=A
A=(PIC;RP)+B+C
IF A>=0 THEN 170 ELSE 160
A=0
IF A<=100 THEN 190 ELSE 180
A=100
IF(SAFETY;BV)==1 THEN 200 ELSE 210
A=O
(PID;DP)=A
SWAIT 1
GOTO 10
- Text-based programming
Text-based programming
DDC program
translate
DDC
Text-based method
compile
download
() Parameter
()
(text
Entry
11-5
format
syntax
() Program
()
comment
(reviewing)
Text-based method
print
() Syntax
database entry statement
() DDC memory
download
() Compile
compile
.. Programming Language (GPL)
- Example of Graphic Programming Language(GPL)

(-) Programming
(minimum value)
()
Temperauter
(maximum value)
1-5
(average value)
Graphics diagram
1-1
MIN block MAX block AVG block
MIN block
(Zone)()
temperauter
MAX block
(Zone)()
temperauter
AVG block
(Zone)()
temperauter
. Logic Concept
DDC
logic concept
logic function ()
electric circuit
function ()
decision
11-6
AND OR
NOT
ladder diagram
logic
control decision
control
.. Binary Concept
Binary concept
(switch)
Binary concept
(on
(off
Signal
Low on
(signal activated)
off open
close
Digital System
condition)
()
(not activated) high
close
()
two state concept (binary concept)
computer
Binary concept
DDC
(two state
decision
function block
digital
(fundamental)
PLC
Binary 1
signal
(absence of signal)
Binary 0
Digital system
voltage level ()
Volt
+V volt
positive)
Volt
Binary 1
binary 0
0V volt
signal
()
(two state)
Table 11-1
logic 1
logic 0
(more
true on high
false off low
Table 11-1. Binary concept using positive logic.

Example
Logic 1 (+V)
Logic 0 (0V)
Limit switch
Operating
Not operating
Bell
Ringing
Not ringing
Light bulb
On
Off
Horn
Blowing
Silent
Motor
Running
Stopped
Clutch
Engaged
Disengaged
Valve
Closed
Open
.. Logic Function
Table 11-1
positive voltage
more positive voltage
logic 1
Less
Logic 0
Binary concept
state)
physical quantities (Binary variables)
()
()
binary variable
DDC
AND OR
operation
(make decision)
NOT
function
()
(two
True (1)
False (0)
logical statement
DDC
digital equipment
(fundamental) logic function ()

binary variable
statement
11-7
Function
(rule)
(result)
(rule)
(symbol)
(result of statement)
output
Statement
B)
Input
output ()
Output
(condition)
input (A
()
.. N F
- Symbol for the AND function.

(-)
AND gate
(s
AND function
Input
AND output
- Two-input AND gate and its truth table.

.. O F
(-)
OR gate
OR function
- Symbol for the OR function.
.
OR gate input
input
AND function (AND Gate)

output
11-8
OR function (OR Gate)

(-)
combination
output
OR function true table
output Y
True (1
input
- Two-input OR gate and its truth table.

.. NO function
(-) NOT function
F
(s
NOT function input
output
output
input
NOT Gate operation
NOT Gate
input
AND function
(-)
Bar)
OR function
OR gate
NOT Operation
NOT function
NOT function
true table
NOT A
NOT function
function
(inverse)
- NOT gate and its truth table.
AND gate
input state
inverter
- Symbol for the NOT function.
TRUE
(Visualize
(visualize
AND
OR
NOT function
() 1
()
() Logic 1
(
Activate
() Logic 0
) TRUE HIGH ON
Logic 1
Device
Logic 0
device
- O
(
) FALSE LOW OFF
deactivate
11-9
- Output Y
NOT function
- logic 0
Device
Active
NOT function
NOT
Device
()
Device
NOT function
Active
deactivate
NOT
()
NOT function
NOT function
NOT function
AND
OR function
.. NAND Gate
- Two-input NAND gate and its truth table.

3-7
NAND gate logic symbol
output NOT
output
function
symbol
truth table
truth table
(symbol)
OR gate
OR gate normal
NO
(-)
NOR gate logic
3-8. Two-input NOR gate and its
truth table.
. Review Questions
()
Explain briefly about the software architecture applied to BAS.
()
List three classes of software used in building automation systems, and outline the
functions of each type.
()
Describe three typical application software made available to BAS. Give examples on their
real-life applications.
()
11-10
OO ?
building automation systems.

()
Give one example of a DDC database entry that conforms with OOP, ignoring the
actual syntax used.
()
Describe the information contained in a DDC database.
()
, stating clearly, where each one
resides in a computer system.

()
()
Explain the purpose of a DDC database.

Describe two methods commonly used for DDC database configuration in BAS
industry.
()
Explain
the
difference
between
DDC
database
configuration
and
DDC
programming.
()
()
()
Describe two methods used to develop BAS application programs.

Give two advantages and disadvantages for each method.
Explain the terms compiler and translator as used in computer programming.
() Give two advantages of graphical programming method over test-based method in the
development of BAS / DDC application programming.
() List and describe five types of DDC program modules used for building control
applications.
() List three BAS application programs typically available/used for:(
energy management
()
metering and monitoring of building services
()
facilities management
() Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the following real-time energy management
routines generally used in BAS:(
Time and temperature profiling
()
Optimal start-stop
()
Duty cycling
()
Time and calendar scheduling
() The facility management has to deploy the efficient energy management routines to
their car parks in three
ventilation systems. Explain clearly how to implement this proposal with your
programming knowledge.
-End-
11-11

. BAS Software Structure
.. Operating System (Lowest Level)
.. Utility Software
.. Application Program Software (Highest Level)
. BAS Software Design Concept
.. DDC Software
.. DDC Firmware
.. DDC Database
.. DDC Database Configuration
. DDC Software Programming
.. Text-based programming
.. Programming Language (GPL)
. Logic Concept
.. Binary Concept
.. Logic Function
.. N F
.. O F
.. NO
.. NAND Gate
10
. Review Questions:-
10
_
_
Contents
. BAS Software Structure ................................................................................................... 1
.. Operating System (Lowest Level) .....................................................................................................
.. Utility Software .............................................................................................................................
.. Application Program Software (Highest Level) .................................................................................

. BAS Software Design Concept ......................................................................................... 3
.. DDC Software ...............................................................................................................................
.. DDC Firmware ..............................................................................................................................
.. DDC Database ..............................................................................................................................
.. DDC Database Configuration ..........................................................................................................

. DDC Software Programming ........................................................................................... 4
11-12
.. Text-based programming.......................................................................................................
.. Programming Language (GPL) ...............................................................................................

. Logic Concept .................................................................................................................6
.. Binary Concept......................................................................................................................
.. Logic Function ......................................................................................................................

.. N F
.....................................................................................................................
.. O F
.......................................................................................................................
.. NO
......................................................................................................................
.. NAND Gate ...........................................................................................................................

. Review Questions ......................................................................................................... 10
11-13
Chapter-12 Integrated Building Management System (IBMS)

. Introduction
IBMS
Integrated Building Management System

system
(integrated
IT
Computer
IBMS
Building Management System(BMS)

System
Building Service System
(Integrated
Integrated Building Management System (IBMS)

Facility Booking System Integrated Facility Management System Visitor
Management Visitor service
System
integrated
IBMS
sub System
Sub System
System
integrated
1-1
-
Integrated Building Management System
subsystem
service
-
BAS
BMS
computer
Building Control System
Network
Intelligent Building
System
operation
(Manage)
BAS
monitor
BMS
operation
1-2
(occupants)
- Integrated Building Management System(IBMS)
1-3
(Air Con
)
( )
plant room
monitor
(
()
(occupant)
)
()
control
BAS Work station
(trouble
shooting
(response
( )
Maintenance
Management
(response
Historical record
Program
( )
alarm
(Manage
Graphic
Energy Management Program

)
special event
()
Subsystem
(ACMV, Fire Alarm, Security, access control, Lighting Control

Data
exchange
( )
System
reliability
( chiller
stangby chiller
)
(
Equipment
()
(start/stop timing)
report
Energy Management Function [ Pg 172 Honeywell ]

Sub system
BAS System
operating parameter
Building Technician
equipment
Operator
information
Alarm
Alert
Handphone
SMS
. System configuration
BAS System
(
Architecture
Layer
Management Level
( )
Operations Level
()
System Level Supervisory Layer
()
Zone Level DDC Controller Layer
Building Automation System architecture
1-4
BAS workstation(PC)
setting
Operator Layer
Level
warning
printer
email
Operating Level Processor

Operating Level Processor
Processer
Personal Computer (PC)
application Software
()
System Security
()
System Penetration authorized personal
()
Data Formatting
()
Data segregation-
(user)
(AP)
data
()
Operating Level
authorization level
Data
(retrieve)
Data
transfer
Equipment
equipment
Custom programming
()
equipment
()
Stand report
()
Custom report
()
Maintenance Management
graphic
() Site specific customization

() System integration
IBMS
monitor
(manage)
IBMS
(monitored and managed)
()
Elevators
()
Waste Water Treatment System
()
Mechanical Direct Digital Controls
()
Digital Network Lighting Controls
()
Power Monitoring and Control System
()
Fire Alarm and Detection System
()
Solar Energy Collector Metering
()
Wind Energy Power Generator Metering
()
Weather Station Monitoring System
()
Window Washing System
()
Water Reclamation
system
. Energy Management and Operation
1-5
- Integration Applications Energy
. System Integration
Implementing Integration The Right Technology- System Integration
Common user interface for all building systems
Common graphics
Common alarm management
Common management reports
- IBMS supports LonWorks, BACnet, Integrators and Others

1-6
- IBMS Control Center
. Integrated Facilities Management
1-7
- Integrated Facilities Management
. Visitor Service
- Multi-Media Screen
. Facility Booking
Support air-con extension
Extending the operating hr of air-con for facility
Booking features
Support public and internal booking
Configurable calendar views
Block booking(recurrence)
On-behalf bookings
Booking approval
Email notification
Bookings Mgmt
View booking status
View booking history
Cancellation
Amendment
Booking template
1-8
Additional features:
Priority bookings
Booking Horizon
Locking facilities for priority bookings
Minimizing booking abuse / maximizing facility utilization
Internal chargeback
Booking approval
Additional users confirmation
Auto cancellation
-End-
1-9
A Hierarchical Building Control System Structure
Security in Networked Building Automation Systems

The main objectives of such a secure transmission channel are:
Data Confidentiality:
The disclosure of confidential information must be avoided. It must be

guaranteed that only entities with the required privileges have access to
confidential data (e.g., confidential process data, secret keys).
Data Integrity:
The modification of data by unauthorized entities must be prohibited. If

such a modification cannot be avoided, it must be detectable by the
involved communication participants. Thus, at least the use of these
corrupted data can be prevented.
Data Freshness:
It must be guaranteed that the data processed by an entity is valid at the

current point in time. Message injection or replaying by an unauthorized
entity must be prevented.

Security mechanisms in BAS
LonWorks
BACnet
KNX/EIB
Authentication
64 bit MAC
(48 bit key)
DES
32 bit password
Integrity
64 bit MAC
(48 bit key)
DES
Confidentiality
DES
Freshness
Random number
(64 bit)
Random number
(64 bit)
1-10
Two level model and security threats in BAS
Two level model and security threats in BAS
1-11
Chiller Plant Monitoring System
Chiller Plant Monitoring System
1-12
Chiller Plant Room Energy Saving Measures

Item
Chiller Plant Room Energy Saving Measures
Remarks
Demand Control of Chiller Plant Equipment
Optimal Start/Stop
Enhance Chiller Performance (Re-commission)
Optimize chiller health
Enhance Cooling Tower Performance
Optimize CT health
Chilled Water Pump Efficiency (Secondary Pump?)
Enhance inefficient Pump
Condenser Water Pump Efficiency
Enhance nefficient Pump
Remove Pressure Drop across Pumping Circuit
Minimize flow resistance
VSD for Cooling Tower Fans
Utilize standby CT
VSD for Chilled Water Pumps
Variable Flow
VSD for Condenser Water Pumps
Variable Flow
10
Water Flow Balancing across Chillers
Even out chiller water flow
11
Chilled Water Reset
Increase CHWLT
12
Condenser Water Reset
Optimal CWLT
13
Chiller Plant Monitoring & Optimization System
Proactive/optimal Ops
14
Chiller Gear Change
Adapt to actual capacity
15
Chiller VSD Retrofit
Optimize partial load
16
Chillers Consolidation or Replacement (incl. Aircooled)
Remove inefficient chiller
17
(Automatic) Tube Cleaning System
Maintain tube cleanliness
18
Water Treatment System
Maintain water quality
Air Side (incl. AHU/FCU) Energy Saving Measures

1. Demand Control of AHU/FCU
2. Enhance AHU/FCU Performance
3. Air Filter Losses
4. Cooling Coil Losses
5. Fan Efficiency
6. Reduce Excess Airflow
7. Room Temperature Reset
8. Air Ducting System Design
1-13
9. Air Distribution (CAV vs VAV) & Balancing

10. Static Pressure Set Point
11. VAV Optimization Algorithm
12. Fresh Air Treatment (Pre Air Cooling)
13. Fresh Air Controls (CO2 at 1,000 ppm)
14. Heat Pipe or Runaround Coils
15. Air-to-Air Heat Recovery
16. Exhaust Air Discharge (15 Air Change/Hr)
17. Recycle Water from AHU for Cooling Tower
18. Car Park Ventilation (25 ppm).
Contents
Chapter-12 Integrated Building Management System (IBMS) ..................................................... 1
. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1
Energy Management Function [ Pg 172 Honeywell ] .................................................................. 4
. System configuration .......................................................................................................... 4
. Energy Management and Operation ..................................................................................... 5
. System Integration ............................................................................................................. 6
. Integrated Facilities Management ........................................................................................ 7
. Visitor Service ..................................................................................................................... 8
. Facility Booking................................................................................................................... 8
Security in Networked Building Automation Systems ............................................................... 10
1-14
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Chapter-1 Introduction to HVAC Control Systems

Chapter-1 Introduction to HVAC Control System

( ) Open loop control

closed loop control

modulating control loop

() Modulation control loop

Proportional (P) Integral (I)

Derivative (D) control