International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics ( IJMNCT) Vol. 4, No.

5,October 2014

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION WITH A

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MIMO CHANNEL ON
THE BASIS OF DOPPLER SHIFT AND OTHER
PROBABILISTIC PARAMETERS IN FADING
ENVIRONMENT
Sutanu Ghosh
Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Degree Engineering College

ABSTRACT
At this present scenario, the demand of the system capacity is very high in wireless network. MIMO
technology is used from the last decade to provide this requirement for wireless network antenna
technology. MIMO channels are mostly used for advanced antenna array technology. But it is most
important to control the error rate with enhanced system capacity in MIMO for present-day progressive
wireless communication. This paper explores the frame error rate with respect to different path gain of
MIMO channel. This work has been done in different fading scenario and produces a comparative analysis
of MIMO on the basis of those fading models in various conditions. Here, it is to be considered that
modulation technique as QPSK to observe these comparative evaluations for different Doppler frequencies.
From the comparative analysis, minimum amount of frame error rate is viewed for Rician distribution at
LOS path Doppler shift of 0 Hz. At last, this work is concluded with a comparative bit error rate study on
the basis of singular parameters at different SNR levels to produce the system performance for uncoded
QPSK modulation.

KEYWORDS
MIMO, OSTBC Encoder-Combiner, Rician, Rayleigh, correlation, MMSE, ML.

I. INTRODUCTION
Today, all the mobile users have required higher data rate with better quality of service. This
higher capacity can be reached using MIMO technology [1]. MIMO is an antenna array
technology with different correlation [2] pattern. Correlation is observed in between two different
channels. On the basis of this correlation there are three different levels high, medium and low.
Higher amount of capacity can be achieved through low level correlation. These correlation levels
are combined with different antenna array pattern 2X2; 4X4 or, 8X8 etc. 4X4 array pattern
means, each of the both end at transmitter and receiver side has four antennas. Specifically, 2X2
and 4X4 have less amount of correlation [3]. So, these two arrays are mostly used for the
transmission of data. In this paper, I have used 4X4 antenna array for MIMO communication
channel. Here, MIMO channel is worked with different fading model- Rayleigh fading
distribution model and Rician fading distribution model. This fading is the most considerable
issue for present day wireless communication system. Rayleigh [4] and Rician [5, 6] are very well
known statistical distribution for amplitude modeling of radio signal in fading environment. In
this research, I have worked with two different LOS path doopler shift [7] for Rician fading
DOI : 10.5121/ijmnct.2014.4503

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International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics ( IJMNCT) Vol. 4, No.5,October 2014

model. Any kind of mobile communication, antenna receives a large number of reflected and
scattered waves from various directions. The instantaneous power of these received signals with
Rayleigh/ Rician distribution follows the exponential function. In this work, I have considered a
binary source to generate the information, which has been modulated by QPSK modulator. The
information symbols output of QPSK Modulator is encoded by OSTBC Encoder [8] by using
either the Alamouti code [9, 10] for two transmit antennas or other generalized complex
orthogonal codes for three or four transmit antennas. The input as number of transmit antennas is
given to the encoder and output of this encoder is an (Ns x Nt) variable-size matrix, where the
number of columns (Nt) corresponds to the number of transmit antennas and the number of rows
(Ns) corresponds to the number of orthogonal code samples transmitted over each transmit
antenna in a frame. The output of this block can be passed to the MIMO channel and finally
received at OSTBC combiner [11]. The function of this combiner is to combine the received
signal with different channel state information and to estimate the modulated symbols. The input
signal of this combiner is an (Ns x Nr) variable-size matrix. The QPSK Demodulator block
demodulates the output of OSTBC Combiner, which is a recovered modulated signal using the
quaternary phase shift keying method.
Before this work, there was little research on the basis of behavior of MIMO channel. Ref. [12]
introduced new algorithms for the construction of approximate minimum-error-rate linear MIMO
receiver. But they didnt explain the effect of this algorithm at different level of Doppler
frequency. Ref. [13] illustrated the packet error rate for different alamouti scheme [14] or receive
diversity and symbol error rate for different antenna configuration with various realistic
parameters. But this work didnt explain the effect of MIMO at different fading model. Ref. [15]
described only the bit error rate for different level of SNR with the help of the parameters maximum likelihood detection [16] and QPSK modulation. So, these works are not sufficient for
the analysis of system performance on the problem of frame error rate at different level of
Doppler frequency and different fading model. To the best of my knowledge, this kind of work
has not been done for MIMO. So, I have worked on this issue to execute a performance analysis
on the basis of a comparative graphical result.
The remaining portions of this paper are arranged as follows: Sections II and III, describes an
overview of MIMO Channel with OSTBC Encoder-Combiner and Binary data generator with
QPSK modulator-demodulator respectively. Simulation and experimental results is illustrated in
Section IV. Finally, this paper is concluded in Section V.

II. MIMO CHANNEL WITH OSTBC ENCODER AND OSTBC

COMBINER:
In this work, MIMO channel is introduced with different values of Doppler frequencies. This
MIMO technology have different types of antenna array configuration (2X2, 4X4, 8X8 etc) with
different level of correlation as shown in Figure 1. Channel correlation is an evaluation of
similarity or likeliness of two or, more different channels. There are three different correlation
levels - High, Low and Medium. Here, this MIMO channel is worked with two different fading
models. These models include Rayleigh and Rician distribution for different levels of Doppler
frequency.

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International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics ( IJMNCT) Vol. 4, No.5,October 2014

Figure 1: MIMO channel antenna configuration with different path gain m11, m12, m21 and m22

[a] Rayleigh model is mathematically expressedd by Rayleigh distribution function. The

probability distribution function of instantaneous power of Rayleigh model follows the
exponential distribution property.
property. The probability distribution function of power is defined by
[17]
1
exp( m
)
m0
m0

p (m ) =

(1)

2
where, m0 = E[m] = {m. p (m)}dm = 2
0

E[m] is average and 22 is mean square value. Rayleigh fading process can be illustrated from the
mathematical manipulation over clarkes reference model [18, 19]. The low pass Rayleigh fading
process [20] can be mathematically described as
N
2 N
{ 2 cos( wd t cos i + i ) + j 2 cos( wd t sin i + i )}
M i =1
i =1

u(t) =

... (2)
where, i and i are angle of incoming wave and initial phase associated with ith propagation path,
wd is maximum angular Doppler frequency occurring when i = 0. It should be characterize
characterized that
selections of i and i are not unique;
unique however, different selections will proceed for different
results against eq. 2.
[b] Rician, another fading model has fixed LOS component. It considers that dominant
wave can be a phasor sum of two or more dominant signals (like, ground reflection, line of sight
etc.). It is treated as a deterministic process. A sinusoid signal i(t) = cos(ct) received over a
Rician multipath channel can be characterized as
N

o(t) = Ac cos c t +

cos( c t + i )

i =1

(3)
where, Ac is the amplitude of line of sight component (Rayleigh fading is recovered for the value
of Ac = 0), i is the amplitude of ith reflected wave, i is the phase of ith reflected wave and i =1to
N identify the reflected and scattered wave. The ratio of signal power in dominant component
over (local-mean)
mean) scattered power is defined as Rician K-factor [6].
2

K=

cm
2 2

(4)
If, value of K is 0 then channel is Rayleigh and for AWGN, K is .
2 is local-mean scattered power and

1 2
c m is power of dominant component. The probability
2

distribution function of Rician model is defined

de
as [6]
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International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics ( IJMNCT) Vol. 4, No.5,October 2014

pZ(x) =
where, 22 =

i ,i 0

exp[( x 2 + c m ) / 2 2 ]I 0 (

xc m

) , x 0,

E[ i ] is average power in non-LOS multipath components and cm2 = 02 is

power in LOS component. The function I0 is modified Bessel function of 0th order and Z =
x 2 + y 2 , where, x and y is two Gaussian random variable, both with mean 0 and equal
variance.
These two fading model is associated with MIMO configuration and performed with two more
blocks OSTBC encoder [21] at transmitter and OSTBC combiner [22] at receiver side. OSTBC
Encoder block encodes input symbol sequence using orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC).
Function of this block is to map input symbols block-wise and concatenates the output codeword
matrices in time domain. OSTBC Encoder block supports five different OSTBC encoding
algorithms on the basis of different rate and number of transmitting antennas, as shown in Table I. There are 5 different OSTBC codeword [23] matrix for these 5 different OSTBC encoding
algorithm.
Table I : Symbol Rate Adaptation for Different Number of Transmit Antennas
Number of transmit
antennas
2
3
3
4
4

Symbol Rate
1

This encoder supports time and spatial domains for OSTBC transmission and supports also an
optional dimension; where encoding calculation is independent through that domain. This
dimension may be thought of as a frequency domain.
The received information from all different receiver antennas is combined through the OSTBC
combiner at receiving section. Input channel estimation may not be fixed during each codeword
block transmission and combining algorithm uses only an approximation for first symbol period
per codeword block. Symbol demodulator or decoder would follow Combiner block of MIMO
communications system. It supports to combine each symbol independently using the combining
algorithm depends on the structure of OSTBC. Combiner supports 5 different algorithm same as
that of encoding algorithm. Computation algorithm per codeword block length is different for 5
different algorithms.

III. BINARY DATA GENERATOR WITH QPSK MODULATOR AT

TRANSMITTER AND DEMODULATOR AT RECEIVER OF MIMO
CHANNEL
Binary data is generated by a source with Bernoulli distribution [24]. Output of this source may
be frame based or sample based. Both of these two frames or sample can be expressed through a
matrix. The output of this source is modulated by any kind of modulator. Here, I have used only
QPSK modulator at transmitter side and demodulator at receiver side. This modulator generates a
modulated symbol for every 2 successive input bits. Figure 2 depicts the total system
representation of a robust MIMO channel [25 - 27] with OSTBC encoder and combiner.
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International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics ( IJMNCT) Vol. 4, No.5,October 2014

Figure 2: Block diagram of MIMO system

IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

In this research work, I have used a set of parameters to execute the simulation. This work has
been simulated in MATLAB. In this simulation work, I have considered 2 or more discrete paths
to propagate signal in the system and gains of these paths are computedd in decibels. Doppler
velocity is utilized
d to measure the radial velocity of moving object. In this
his work, system
performance is calculated on the basis of frame error rate, Doppler frequency and bit error rate
with signal to noise ratio. Those parameters are as follows
Table II : SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Name of the parameters
Type of Antenna Array

Value
4X4

Modulation type

QPSK

Type of fading model

Rayleigh and
Rician
taken as 0 and 100
Hz

LOS path Doppler shift

The total result can be subdivided into two different categories. One includes all the frame error
rate calculations with different level of Doppler frequencies. Here, I have produced the results of
frame error rate for different values of sample rate. Next section includes the bit error rate
calculations for different level probabilistic parameters. This work has been simulated in
MATLAB and validated through Qualnet 6.1 simulation software [28].

RESULTS
In the first category, frame error rate has been calculated for three different cases and for all
those cases, discrete path delay is assumed to be 0 value. Figure 3 shows the frame error rate for
different path gain at 100 Hz Doppler shift. The graphical comparison is done on the basis
of two

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International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics ( IJMNCT) Vol. 4, No.5,October 2014

Figure 3: Graphical analysis of frame error rate for different fading model at maximum Doppler shift of 100
Hz

different fading model. In these evaluations, I have considered two different conditions for Rician
model on the basis of LOS path Doppler shift. It is very easy to observe the lowest frame error
rate is occurred for 0 Hz Rician model.

Figure 4: Graphical analysis of frame error rate for different fading model at maximum Doppler shift of 50
Hz

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International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics ( IJMNCT) Vol. 4, No.5,October 2014

Figure 5: Graphical analysis of frame error rate for different fading model at maximum Doppler shift of 25
Hz

Figure 4 and 5 presents the comparative analysis at 50 and 25 Hz Doppler shift respectively. It is
very obvious that highest frame rate is observed for Rayleigh fading model. The lowest frame
error rate is viewed for LOS path Doppler shift of 100 Hz Rician fading model at 25 Hz. If the
amount of Doppler shift is increased to 50 Hz and above then lowest frame error rate is observed
for LOS path Doppler shift of 0 Hz Rician fading model. So, high frequency of Doppler shift is
better for LOS path Doppler shift of 0 Hz Rician model on the basis of frame error rate.

Figure 6: Graphical analysis of frame error rate for different values of sample rate in MIMO system

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International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics ( IJMNCT) Vol. 4, No.5,October 2014

This Figure 6 presents the graphical result of frame error rate for different values of sample rate.
This frame error rate is increased for higher values of sample rate. From initial level frame error
rate is decreased upto the value of 2X106, then it is increased sharply with the enhanced sample
rate. The minimum value of frame error rate is observed at sample rate of 2X106.
This section has described the results of bit error rate (BER) for different probabilistic variables
maximum likelihood (ML), minimum mean square error (MMSE) for different equalization
scheme. ML is a mathematical algorithm to find the useful data from the noisy data stream.
MMSE algorithm is used to reduce the noise power. Zero forcing (ZF) equalizer applies the
inverse transfer function of the channel frequency response to received signal to bring back the
signal after the channel. Here results are compared with zero forcing equalizer output and final
comparative outcome is plotted in Figure 7. In this comparison, ML has the lowest BER with
respect to other scheme. This ML has almost 0 BER at 20 dB SNR level.

Figure 7: Graphical comparison for different pre-allocate variables in 4x4 uncoded QPSK system

V. CONCLUSION
This paper investigates an idea about the performance evaluation on the basis of frame error rate
for different frequency of Doppler shift in different types of fading model. I studied that frame
error rate for Rayleigh fading is almost same for three different Doppler frequency shift (25, 50
and 100 Hz) of my experiment. From the experimental result, it can be concluded that Rician
fading channel is far better than Rayleigh fading channel for the reduction of frame error rate. If
the velocity of mobile object is increased at that time Rician model is performed superior than
Rayleigh model.
I have produced another result for bit error rate at 4X4 system. From this result, it is proved that
bit error rate is lowest and system performance is stabilized at high level of SNR for ML
equalization method. The comparative result of this paper will serve a great future path for further
research work.

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International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics ( IJMNCT) Vol. 4, No.5,October 2014

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