Content Терминология

CONTENT
Introduction
1 Lexical-semantic group words
1.1The concept of the semantic field
1.2 Terminology Group
2 Professional terminology of the semantic field of education
2.1 The conceptual and terminological analysis method of normative
documents in the field of education
2.2 On the relations of classes of terminological units and professional
Conclusion
References
1 Lexical-semantic group words

1.1The concept of the semantic field
" The lexicalsemantic field - the concept is very capacious. It crossed the main
problems of lexicology - the problem of synonyms, antonyms , polysemy , the
problem of the relation words and concepts . The tasks associated with semantic
fields in the lexicon , enables a new cover these problems . "
The idea for the study of vocabulary semantic ( conceptual ) associated fields in
linguistics named J. Trier , although the term in linguistics was first used by G.
Ipsen, who defined the field as a collection of words that have a common value .
Under the conceptual semantic field J. Trier understands the first structure of a
sphere or a specific range of concepts. Conceptual field corresponds to the
language of the lexical field , which is singled out from the vocabulary of being
correlated with any conceptual field.
In the semantic theory of Trier supposed parallelism between the plan conceptual
content that is presented conceptual ( semantic ) field , and the plan of linguistic
expression , represented by word field. First of all , J. Trier interested in what can
be taken as the basis for singling out a particular set of words from the general
lexicon. Such a criterion , as it seemed , could be the presence of common values
in this group of words. However, the term " semantic field " for Trier is a metaphor
, but a metaphor for which there is a certain way of his analysis.
By the close of the concept J. Trier concept of verbal fields J. Weisgerber , who
believes the word is not an independent unit , and its purely relational structural
component . Language ( verbal ) Weisgerber field divides into single and multilayered . The division of single-layer ( one-dimensional ) fields due to a single
point of view , is based on a uniform sign aspect. The division of the same multilayer ( multi-dimensional ) fields based on different points of view, but this
generates a reference "nuclear " value .
For I. Trier and J. Weisgerber typical interpretation of the semantic field as the
paradigmatic categories .
Along with the interpretation of the field as a paradigmatic phenomena appear
operation in which fields are treated as syntactic complexes . Syntactic approach
associated with the name of Portsiga who coined the term " syntactic field." Syntax
( syntagmatic ) fields are the phrases and other syntactic unit as a manifestation of
semantic interoperability of its components.
The syntax of the field - a kind of relation between the verb and the noun denoting
the subject of the action or state , the instrument or object of the action , the
relationship between adjectives and nouns. The most typical examples of V.
Portsiga following : go - foot , see - eye missed - a hand to hear - ear licking
"language , blossom - a plant light - hair, bark - dog laughing - the horse , etc.
The concept of the semantic field of a large audience , a number of case studies is
growing in field theory are introduced additions and clarifications . Field theory is
increasingly associated with a particular classification system of the vocabulary of
which is divided into ordered in relation to each other both large and small groups .
The concept of semantic field , later in this paper refers to the basic concepts of
modern lexical semantics. This definition contains all of the major problems of
lexical semantics and defines their consideration from the perspective of systemic
approach. In the description field of the relationship between the different types of
words are analyzed not in isolation but in the general system of lexicalsemantic
relations .
However, the semantic field of the unit remains the least studied vocabulary. So far
in linguistics are not defined strict boundaries of the term of the semantic field .
They are often referred to different associations of words. In many studies, the
volume of the field concept is vague or broad , on the contrary , is very narrow.
There is no uniformity in the use of terms .
" The semantic field - a set of semantic units having a fixed similarity in some
semantic layer and the related specific semantic relations . For signifying layer
mentioned similarity is interpreted as a link to some ( the same ), a set of concepts
for the denotative layer - as a link to the same set of objects in the outside world,
for expressive layer - as a link to the same set of conditions of speech
communication for syntactic layer - as a link to the same set of syntactic relations
between the parts of speech segments. Thus , every semantic layer include
semantic field. Can be seen in association semantic fields and arch units (for
example, for the dismemberment of significative - denotative units) . "
The semantic field is a large systemic- structural unit of the lexicalsemantic
system of the language, it brings together not only the individual language
elements (single token , lexicalsemantic variants ) based on the total integral
criterion , but also the different lexical paradigm of different levels and volume, so
each unit field appears in it throughout the paradigmatic complex.
The semantic field , like any other system , based on its structure . Traditionally,
the structure is defined as " relatively stable unity of elements, their relationships
and the integrity of the property ; invariant aspect of the system ".
The application of this concept makes it possible to divide the space into
homogeneous linguistic components, each of which consists of a set of closely
interrelated and interacting units.
The semantic field as a special language system has a complex linguistic structure.
The structural framework of the field formed by the totality of all the paradigmatic
groups. Paradigmatic relations may be very diverse in nature and can be
represented by various classes of lexical items that are identical for some semantic
features. Paradigmatic relations differ by no one linear, since one and the same
word may belong simultaneously to different lexicalsemantic paradigm , that is,
in different series , in which the words are opposed to each other in any particular
semantic features .
So , YM Guard wrote about the need to "share the vocabulary of the different areas
in the semantic fields (for example, the" joy ") , lexicalsemantic groups (for
example , a group of words meaning " change "), focus groups (eg," the name of
the birds "), synonymous series ( for example, with a number of invariant meaning
" brave "), onomasiological group (for example , the expression of the concept of
"time" nouns in Russian).
IV Sentenberg notes that in the lexicalsemantic system of language singled out
the following main types of lexical-semantic paradigms that are in the hierarchy of
semantic relations : 1 - lexicalsemantic fields , 2 - lexicalsemantic groups , 3 themed series ( lexicalsemantic groups) ; 4 - multiple words , synonyms series
antonymous series conversives .
According to E. Coseriu " semantic ( verbal ), the field is structurally the lexical
paradigm that occurs when the segmentation of lexicalsemantic continuum at
different intervals corresponding to individual words of language. These segments
word directly opposed to each other on the basis of simple meaning- signs . "
In the works of Novikov find the following definition: The semantic field - "
hierarchical structure of the set of lexical units, united by a common ( invariant )
value and reflect the specific language in the conceptual sphere ."
Below the mean - a set of linguistic ( lexical ) units, united by the same content
(sometimes also a community of formal parameters) and reflecting the conceptual ,
substantive or functional similarity of designated events "( Linguistic Encyclopedic
Dictionary.
The concept of "field" is specified , GS Schurom that defines it as "a way of being
and linguistic groupings of elements that have common ( invariant ) properties."
The most important integral component of the lexicalsemantic fields are lexicalsemantic groups of words. It can be assumed that the areas of semantic fields - is
the lexicalsemantic groups , that is, the semantic field - a generic term in relation
to the lexicalsemantic group . LM Vasilyev , believes that " the term lexicalsemantic group can designate any semantic class of words ( tokens ) combined at
least one common lexical paradigmatic Sema , or at least one common semantic
factor ."
This correlation is based on the fact that the meanings of words, united by the same
lexicalsemantic group , there is one that is common to all semantic feature ,
which links the word.
Lexical- semanticheskme groups are identified on the basis of semantic features identifying Seme is regularly repeated in all the lexical units and class specific ,
differentiating these things, stand in opposition to this token to the micro structure
of the other tokens . The main feature of the words of one paradigmatic Lexical
semanticheskme group is that their values of a single categorical lexical sem . This
is a semantic basis sema group and every single word specified by differential sem.
For example, within the meaning of the verb tan - " treat the skin by soaking in
special solutions " can be distinguished categorical lexical these things
"processing" and differential semes , " a special object" ( the skin) , "a way of
processing ( soaking ) , the" means "( solution) .
A very important feature of a group of words is that the differential Seme
categorical clarifying these things , they are the same type , repetitive " categorical
sema suggests " sets " not all , but some specific aspects of their refinement. Within
these aspects formed the typical differential Seme . In this regard, each lexicalsemanticheskme set of differential seed is peculiar. Since categorical sema "
movement" in the relevant verbs specified in the following aspects : a "direction ",
" moving means " the "environment movement ", " moving parties ", " intensity" ,
and others. The presence of similar , repeating this and do all the words within a
group of related specific oppositions . The totality of all the opposition
paradigmatic relations forms the inner structure of these groups ' structure is
hierarchical in nature , " as all the elements of the group - the words - Privativny
associated with base , bearing the words .
The value of the basic unit of the group is very general , very meaningful character.
In it, besides categorical Seme represented no more than one or two distinctive
features . For example, in the seventeenth structure of the verb to take ( to take) , in
addition to grammatical and lexical and grammatical these things, there is a
categorical sema goal of an action , " the communion of the object " and
differential sema " by hand." Hierarchical chains Privativny related words do not
end , they included more specific and specialized notation action initiation .
Average : take - get - mine - belkovat ; take - to adopt , take - take - extract - draw ,
take - hire - charter etc. These chains of words serially connected privative
oppositions give the internal structure of the lexicalsemantic groups of words
form a multilevel hierarchical system.
In terms of lexicalsemanticheskme are two types of logical relationships :
equipollent and privative opposition. In privative oppositions expressed by the
relation of inclusion when specific Sema registered only one member of the
opposition to "speak " - " lie ", " + speak lies." For equipollent oppositions
characterized relations crossing , crossing the " lie " - " + a lie to say ," witty " talk
+ acuity ."
An important link in the description of lexical material are thematic groups of
words. The basis for the allocation of these microsystems are extra-linguistic
factors . AA Ufimtseva notes that "the study of such groups is limited to a kind of
inventory of the type of " white goods "," body part "," kinds of clothes ","
construction ", etc. and even does not attempt to reveal the internal semantic
relations of words . "
Vocabulary of a language is the language directly reflects reality , manifested in the
dictionary not only the linguistic factors , caused the ratio of tokens to each other,
but also outside the linguistic terms that specify the content and function words.
Since every language "in their own " highlights and groups the phenomena of
reality , to that extent , " extralinguistic " moments largely are closely intertwined
with the " proper language " and an isolated consideration of the latter is
essentially impossible .
Thematic classification amenable mostly nouns . In the meaning of specific nouns
prevails denotative content correlates with objects of the material world ( ascribed
to them a sign of " materiality " - Bogdanov , 1977). Therefore, the basis for the
classification and description of specific nouns is the relatedness of words in a
particular subject area, subject field , ie extra-linguistic factors . The values of
specific nouns are relatively autonomous , independent of other members of the
class of tokens. According to FP Sorokoletova , " the complexity of the nature of
the lexical meaning of words determines the possibility of combining both
extralinguistic manner that reflects the values of communication with the outside
world , and on a purely linguistic , which are based on intralanguage

communication ."
As pointed out by LM Vasiliev , with thematic ( denotative ) description of the
material " is taken into account , first of all , the natural ontological division of
objects , features, properties , activities, processes , events, states , reflected in the
structure of language . This is the most traditional principle . That it is based
allocation of such semantic classes of words as names of animals, birds, plants ,
berries , mushrooms, etc. , kinship terms , various crafts , rituals and the like . "
Thematic Group - an association of tokens indicating a substantive nature .
Allocation of these groups is based on the extra-linguistic criteria , therefore , as a
rule , the members of such series may not be common semantic features . FP Owl
rightly points to the " neutral" or "zero" connection between the words belonging
to the thematic group.
Most often, in the case of generic groups are realized due denotations , such as
furniture - wardrobe, desk , chair. Between generic and specific concepts exist
inclusive relationship , ie, the inclusion relation . The value for the members of the
Theme Group implicitly contains two semantic features: a synthesis that
integrates , for example, "furniture" and differentiating , which separates one copy
member of a number of other (cabinet , table ) .
Elements of the thematic groups can be linked as a whole and its parts . Wed : face
- cheeks , chin, eyes and lips. Often, as the integrating component value is a
function of the total members of the Theme Group . For example, the noun "house
", " flat ", " hut ", " cottage " are united by common feature - they stand for human
dwelling . In such cases, one can speak of functional groups as a special kind of
thematic groups. The thematic groups can be attributed situational series of words
that relate to the concept of the situation and the mean time, place, circumstances ,
participants, relations between them, etc. Versatile and comprehensive
characteristics of paradigmatic groups provides DN Shmeliov . He notes , first, that
"the paradigmatic relations between words depends on the relations existing
between the objects themselves to reality. As a reflection of the grouping of the
objects themselves , really like the combination of words reveal , however, a
number of features that are determined by the properties of a particular language . "
Secondly , in his opinion, "the paradigmatic relations in the vocabulary not only
require multiple , but not single-line . Many words can simultaneously belong to
multiple lexicalsemantic paradigm : each essential element of the lexical meaning
( semantic feature ) , and therefore stands out as a significant part of the value that
is caused by certain - the paradigmatic opposition to the word of some other word
or several words. "
In the works of DN Shmelev also points to the fact of heterogeneity sets of tokens.
According to him, a group of words allocated on the basis of objective- logical
community , in many cases, and are characterized by some common for them to
own linguistic signs , in other words , many thematic groups of words are at a
closer look , and also lexicalsemantic groups . DN Shmeliov emphasizes that "
extralinguistic " moments largely are closely intertwined with the " proper
language " and an isolated consideration of the past and not on the merits . "
D. Shmeliov rightly observes that grammatical word classes are not the same type
in terms of the possibility of their system of classification. Thus, the verb lexicon,
which because of its categorical values indicates a situation characterized by the
highest number of actual linguistic performance. Contact of the concrete nouns
with each other to the greatest extent reflect exactly extralinguistic
communication , i.e. ties are due to real objects designated by them themselves .
Apparently, only taking into account all relationships that exist in the vocabulary of
the language will appreciate the true nature of certain indicators , as well as the
characteristics of the organization of different groups of words.
Isolation of the thematic groups is dependent primarily on the objectives of the
study : groups can be wider and narrower , the same word may fall into different
groups depending on the criteria that will be the basis for allocation of thematic
groups , the choice of the same criterion is not given in the lexical material , but
depends largely on the subjective will of the researcher.
The question of what is a semantic field identifier is controversial. There are two
main approaches to the allocation of semantic fields in the lexicon : the first , a
logical approach in the study of the field is based on the concept of the second ,
linguistic - of language. Logical (conceptual ) approach involves analyzing the
structure of a particular conceptual sphere, which corresponds to the verbal field (I.
Trier) . When linguistic approach semantic fields marked not by conceptual , and
on the basis of language . At the same semantic field is interpreted as a set of
words that are in dangling bonds through their lexical meanings that go in a
different historical period. The words constituting such associations are, or
paradigmatic or syntagmatic ( syntactic ) relations. The task of research in this area
is to determine the nature of the semantic relationships between words of the field ,
their separation and isolation of those who are subject to further analysis .
It appears that the structure of the semantic field are recognized language and
conceptual aspects . Unlikely to be useful to contrast sharply lexicalsemantic and
conceptual elements in the field. The main purpose of the semantic field, its main
function is , above all, in the adequate language displaying a certain area actually
outlined by the name of the field ( its conceptual content ) and concretized with the
maximum fullness of its elements. The semantic field , thus appears to be
associated with the world of reality through words that make it up .
The ratio of words to reality , in turn, through its denotative and significative
values denotation class calls the realities designated word significatum indicates
the most significant signs of homogeneous reality.
Moving in the description of vocabulary through the field to the linguistic concept ,
we are on the way of generalization of individual values , we obtain a set of basic
concepts that define the division of the lexical structure of the language. These
basic concepts can be seen as a semantic component that can be used to describe
the content side of the dictionary.
Conceptual categories explicated at different linguistic levels . Therefore, different
ways of expressing them : this lexical means , and word-formation , and
morphological, and syntactic aspects , which combine on the basis of common
functional purpose , are functional and semantic field (see the works Bondarko ) .
The main conceptual categories that are reflected in the language, refer the action ,
condition , quantity, time , locality , etc. The basis of many functionalsemantic
fields ( categories) are lexical resources , which are combined in the lexicalsemantic field. It is no coincidence in the recent years in the analysis of the
semantic fields of the principle of functionality. Another GS Schur expresses the
idea of the functional basis of semantic fields . On the interaction of functionalsemantic and lexicalsemantic fields also writes IV Sentenberg , stressing that the
functionalsemantic category is expressed at the lexical level.
The basis of the lexical and semantic fields of space- conceptual categories :
action, movement , status, perception , modality . The structure of the field created
by a multi-stage , multiple and successive division , resulting in a type of paradigm
delaminate over FGC , paradigms such as lexicalsemantic field , a type of OOP
paradigm , the paradigm of the small number of types of synonymous and
paradigmatic pair or binomials . Since the conceptual category is associated with
various aspects of practical human activity , the structure of the fields - the concept
of a complex , multi-dimensional and heterogeneous . Thus, the lexical - semantic
field of action due to the multi-dimensionality and various aspects of cognitive
activity - specific types of operations ( creation, destruction , alteration, movement
of the object , etc.) , an instrument of action, subject , object, validity conditions ,
evaluation , etc. . Functional- semantic field of space involves the specification of
the general idea of the general concept in several respects - event-driven ,
landscape , parametric . In the systemic organization of the semantic field play an
important role examined.Wordbilding categories nests , which are the building
blocks of semantic fields .
The problem of structuring the lexicalsemantic field is very complex, as
paradigmatic of not a single-line and multi-stage. Paradigmatic relations between
words depends on the relations existing between the phenomena of reality.
Extralinguistic conditioning relations evident in the so -called specific vocabulary
provided by associations of words like furniture , body parts , vehicles , locations ,
etc. They reflect the grouping of objects in reality. Another type of lexicalsemantic paradigm arises in the dismemberment of the value of its specialization in
one direction . Average : move, run, walk , trudge , trudge , etc. In the systemic
organization of the semantic field play an important role derivational nests - the
root word of community . Semantic commonality of related words in them
expresses the root ( the original , the root word ) . It also acts as a carrier for the
total of all the words of the field of semantic component. Word-building nests - the
building blocks of semantic fields .
PN Denisov stressed that there are a number of terms that indicate the number of
dimensions of the semantic space of language or by the axes of the coordinate
system that allowed for the orderly presentation of different aspects of the lexical
system . According to him, the subsystems of vocabulary are the first major
division of the classification grid ideographic dictionaries: "The Man" , "The
Universe " and the first " floor" of these sub-systems: "The sky and celestial bodies
", "Earth ", " flora ", " Animal the world. " Lower " floor" of the division can be
seen as analogues of semantic fields , for example , the subsystem "The sky and
celestial bodies " is divided into two broad united , located in the clutches of
semantic fields : (I) the heavens and the celestial bodies , and 2) the weather and
winds that , in turn, are divided into semantic fields of varying difficulty : I) the
sky , and 2) the heavenly bodies , and 3 ) weather 4) winds . The author points to
the possibility of coupling semantic fields in larger units and their division into the
micro , while stressing that the precise terminology is not yet established .
The initial unit determines underlying semantic field , determines the semantic
derivation of the word-formation and its elements , the direction of the field
deployment of the initial token , its composition of parts of speech . It is also
necessary to consider the role of parts of speech characteristics of the lexicalsemantic units of the field and its main word .
Dominant in the field of the structure organizes this title element which generates
lexical semantic contours semantic paradigm in which all paradigm ideally can be
minimized.
One key feature of the structure is its semantic integrity field which " provides , in
particular, that the low level unit can be represented as a limiting case of a unit of
higher level" , i.e. the relationship hierarchy suggesting occurrence ratio less
complex units in a more complicated . The division of the semantic field in the
lexicalsemantic groups, classes of words - is the highest level of the hierarchy ,
but not the only one. Each lexicalsemantic group also has its own distinct
structure . The elements of the structure of the lexicalsemantic groups are lexicalsemantic variants , the combined ratios synonyms, antonyms , etc. Translations
Integrating Sema in each group , in addition to archesemes field stands invariant
sem, giving the name of the group. A set of differential seed is different for each
group , it is the specific distinctive features that distinguish one lexicalsemanticheskme group from another. In a similar circumstance explains the
heterogeneity of the semantic field as its inherent property , which manifests itself
in the presence of the field of nuclear and peripheral areas . As the core and the
periphery of the field consists of a set of group formations and unit elements ,
lexicalsemantic variants .
The lexicalsemantic field as a special unit has a complex system- and a very
unique structure , the constituent elements of which are connected to each other
paradigmatic relations . Analyzed the lexical field locality multidimensional,
complex . The organization of lexicalsemantic field are ordered classes , lexical
paradigm of different types, structuring semantic field vertically and horizontally.
The core of the lexical fields as its semantic dominant forms a lexical unit that
expresses the total value of the invariant . One key feature of the structure of the
lexicalsemantic field is its integrity, which is provided by the relationship ,
suggesting the occurrence of less complex units into more complex . The centerfield locality is valued word "place" . In the semantic structure of the synthesis of
speech reflects the whole spectrum of the concept of space.
1. " Space , the Earth's land surface" ( a familiar place , locality , region);
2 . " Space , the place where anything is , there is a " (the residence ) ;
3 . " Space , space , period, intended serving for some activity " (workplace ) ;
4 . " Province, peripherals and peripheral organizations , institutions ( as opposed

to the center) " ( delegates from the floor ) ;
5 . " The space occupied by a body, as well as the free space that can be occupied
by someone , or something else " ( to free space on the desk for books ) ;
6. " A certain space , a designated intended for what - . usually occupied by
someone or someone - than - or "( the keys hanging on the spot) ;
7. ' Separate part of an object "( the point of impact ) ;
8. "Part of an excerpt of music or literary work of any text " (the best place in the
novel ) ;
9. " Post office" (get a new place ) .
The main ( central ) values are the first four words of LSV "place" that form the
core of the field locativity . At the first level division of the lexicalsemantic field
of the locality are three dimensional functional areas , which are the
konkretizatorami words " space" - "unlimited length ( in all dimensions, directions)
" - air, sea , world space , "territory " - " space with definitions, boundaries , space
land, inland and coastal waters, including the air space above them , with
boundaries defined by membership in the state, of any administrative area "," plant
"( artifacts ) - " that which is erected , constructed . "
Thus , the notion of lexicalsemantic field , as we see, quite thoroughly developed
in the linguistic science.
1.2 Terminology Group
The term (Latin terminus boundary , limit , end ") - is a special word or phrase ,
taken in a specific professional field and are used in special circumstances. The
term is a verbal designation of the concepts included in the system in terms of
domain expertise. Terminology ( as a set of terms ) is an autonomous sector of any
national language , closely related to the professional activities . The terms of each
branch of science , technology, and form their own production system defined in
the first place , the conceptual connections of professional knowledge in an effort
to express these relations by means of language . [1 ]
The terms - words special , limited its special purpose , words seeking to be unique
as an accurate expression of concepts and naming things. This is necessary in
science, technology , politics and diplomacy.
The term is a member of a certain terminological system pertaining to a particular
field of science, technology and production . Each term has its precise scientific
definition of a number of other terms in the same field. The terms , in contrast to
the " common usage " of words within their field are usually ambiguous
terminology , the same word can be a term of different areas of knowledge , but it
is not polysemy and homonymy ( cf. term surge in hydraulics, electrical
engineering and optics ) . Terms opposed to the general lexicon as in the sense that
they are associated with a specific scientific concept : in the term reflected the
results of scientific research and its theoretical understanding . The term can also
become an artificial word . [2 ]
The terms do not exist in a language, and in the specific terminology. If a common
language (regardless of the terminology) the word may be multi-valued , then
getting to a certain terminology , it becomes unambiguous . The term does not
require herein as ordinary word as it 1) a certain terminology member that acts
instead context 2) may be used in isolation, eg in lyrics registers or demands in the
art , 3) which should be unique and not at all in English , and within this
terminology .
Terminology - a set of terms specific industry knowledge or production, as well as
teaching about education, composition and functioning of terms. [4 ]
The subject of the general theory of terminology are : the study of the formation
and use of special words by which accumulated and transferred the accumulated
human knowledge , improvement of existing terminology systems , search for the
best ways to create new terms and their systems , search for universal features
inherent in the terminology of the different areas of knowledge .
With the accelerated development of any field of science or technology begins
active reflection of her achievements by the media , the transition of certain terms
of the special use in general . In this case, the terms lose their scientific accuracy ,
expand the scope of its use. Is their determinologization . In a special use, taking
the appropriate place in the system , the terms are themselves. In general use pass
their " twins " are homonyms , not having the necessary systemic and scientific
accuracy . They become the buzz words , acquire stylistic possibilities ,
emotionality . These buzz words - terms in 1940-1950 's were an atom and its
derivatives, in the 1960s, satellite, in the 1970 lunar rover . Introduced their
portable use : atomchiki "little children " nuclear scientists " policy , threatening
nuclear war" were called Lunokhod man , barely standing on his feet. [5 ]
The same term can belong to multiple terms of this language, which is a
terminological Interscience homonyms , for example, reaction 1) in chemistry, 2)
in physiology, 3) in politics; reduction 1) in philosophy, 2) in law, 3 ) in phonetics ;
assimilation 1) in ethnography , 2 ) in phonetics , etc.
For linguists is very important to understand that the term speech , found in the
terminology of the various sciences are not the same thing - this is a typical
Interscience homonym 1 ) linguistics , 2 ) psychological , 3 ) Physiology , 4 )
medicine, not to mention such values , as "speech prosecutor ", " speech at the
solemn act of the rector ," " incoherence criminal" , "I hear it's not a boy, but her
husband " ( Pushkin) , etc. [4 ]
Good terms should be " bounded away " from the polysemy of expressiveness ,
and thus the usual neterminologicheskih words that just for the most ambiguous
and expressive.
Between the terms and not the terms of a constant exchange : the words of a
common language , losing some of its properties are terms ( without ceasing to be
the facts of a common language : boot in the drill , front sight on the barrel of a
gun , winch in a port or such technical terms derived from the names of body parts
as the shoulder , knee, foot , finger, neck , jaw , trunk, tusk , etc.) and , on the
contrary , the terms are included in a common language ( sniff , follow, hound - a
hunting terminology land - from aviation ; podressorivat , put a brake , close the
ash-pit - the transport of technical terminology , the terms may even get special
idiomatic expressions ironed - the terminology of tailors , to cut a nut or a knot or
hitch - from carpentry terminology fold - from gamblers terminology , etc.) [5 ]
Among the terms are words that exist only as the terms and within the same
terminology (nozzle , cupola , vector, resection, uvula , metathesis , etc.), there are
those that are there , too, just like the terms , but are involved in the different
terminologies ( operation , assimilation, progressive, regressive , prosthesis , etc.)
happen ( that often ), and such that are used and how the terms and
neterminologicheskie as ordinary words , such as differences in the literal and
figurative ( metaphorical ) values: fly - " little fly " fly - as the term small business
(" keep the fly on the bottom line of the target "), fly - as a term of theatrical makeup artists and hairdressers (" put the fly on the left cheek ") or less and provided
more specialized meanings: road - a word of common language and the road - as a
term of engineering and road works and the land - as a common word as a term and
geology etc.
Differ in terminology - naturally existing set of terms of specific areas of
knowledge or their fragments and terminological ordered terminology with fixed
relationships between terms that reflect the relationship between these terms is
called concepts.
Terminology each area of knowledge is limited to a certain volume terms, as verbal
system reflects its basic concepts. On the recommendation of the International
Commission of Terminology and scope of terminology collections should not be
"much more than the number of terms in the 100 ."
Problems of terminology by specialized state committees , commissions ,
institutions , and other organizations .
Since the terminology - is ideally strict and "smart ", ie relying on a purely
intellectual side of the word, part of the lexicon , the expression is alien to her . So,
for example , the following words , terms like roller boot , fist, tongue , fly , bow ,
etc. ( enclosing a diminutive suffixes that help to create a common language
expressive word ), " delimited " from the diminutive expression and their
neumenshitelnyh (since no terms of boots , fist , tongue , fly , arc, and the shaft and
the shaft that do not form pair , which is in the nose - the nose , the ball - a ball , a
garden - a garden , a cat - cat , etc.). [7 ]
For example, a gear as domestic word - " six horses in harness " has a doublet of
six, but the gear as a technical term that loses a synonym ; cone geometry of the
term can not be synonymous with the clutch , while the automotive terminology
outdated cone is just a synonym for a new and more correct term adhesion
( "squeeze cone" - "squeeze grip "). Heat in a common language is the opposite of
the cold, but the heat of the term - " embers " in blacksmithing has no antonym .
There is one quality that is essential for the terms. This is their internationalism .
Just in the area of politics, science , technology is usually only carried out
international relations , and therefore the question of understanding of people of
different nations and languages here is very important. Not to mention the
international congresses and conferences , we can restrict at least the question of
reading the literature , common terminology , and even at different phonetic and
grammatical terms in the design of each particular language , gives a prerequisite

understanding of the business while reading a book in a given specialty , at least
and written in a language unknown to the reader . [2 ]The terminology generally
refers to a system of scientific concepts. You can give a definition of the
terminology : a set of names, words and phrases used for precise and unambiguous
notation of scientific concepts in the system of concepts of the science , industry,
technology and production .
Terms shall have the following qualities : to be precise and unambiguous.
If the majority of ordinary language words peculiar ambiguity ( polysemy ), the
terminological systems seek to ensure that one signifier ( word or phrase )
corresponded to only one signified (object, concept) . If obscheliteraturnogo
language synonyms (words with a different sound, but with the same or very
similar meaning) and homonyms (words sounding the same , but with different
values ) is quite normal , normal , in terms of synonyms and homonyms are trying
to get rid of.
Terminology , unlike other reservoirs vocabulary is largely a subject of constant
systematic regulation. At different levels of industry (special committee of the
ministries and agencies) , national and international - much work to streamline ,
harmonize and standardize even separate branch systems terms. In the past ( in the
USSR ) for many years was active Committee of scientific and technical
terminology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , were special
terminological commission existed nomenclature committee governing the naming
of objects , installations and systems.
The terminology is in constant motion : something in it dies , will expire life cycle
terms, concepts , definitions. They fell out of use , are eliminated along with the
century old-fashioned , outdated or made non-scientific concepts. Such, for
example, have been in the history of science , the terms " chrematistics ", "
political economy" and hundreds of others. Many of the " old" long-known terms
such as "the economy " are filled with brand-new scientific content . This change
in the content of the concept sometimes becomes quite a relief , if we compare the
etymology of the word, ie its literal meaning inherent in the word at the beginning
of its appearance in the language, with modern understanding .
Typically, experts use a working definition of the term , which is usually
incomplete, but reflect its essential properties, for example , the definition of G.
Distiller : " In the role of the term can act every word ... the term - it's not a special
word , and the word of special functions, the functions of a special concept names ,
the names of the special object or phenomenon ". [2 ]
In the definitions of the term is most often revealed a significant feature (for
example, correlation with the scientific concept , system , etc.). "The term - the
most informative unit of natural language.
The term - the exact carrier of information on scientific concepts. "

There are three main views on the function of the term : nominative , definitive , ie
presence of the term of strict and precise definition , nominative and definitive .
VV Vinogradov wrote : "The word takes nominative or definitive function, ie or a
means to indicate clearly , and then it is - a simple sign, or a means of logical
definition , then it is - a scientific term . " " Sometimes it is said that the term refers
to , is , and even expresses reflects the concept , which implies that the term is
attributed to the nominative , significative , expressive , and even the reflective
function ." Most legitimate point of view it seems KA Levkovskaya : "Among the
specific content words words in the meaning and use of the terms are as they are ,
along with the nominative function ( refer to those or other representations) , and
performed in other words, language, stand still , and its definitive function
( defining the relevant concepts) " . It is interesting to note that only in terms
possible to combine the concepts and lexical meaning , in spite of their
differences .
We list the most important features of the word - term as opposed to the word netermina : correlation is not a separate subject , but with the concept , the need for
definirovanii , the formation of the individual characteristic of individual scientists
concepts , the meaning of correlation with the values of other terms within the
relevant terminology of the system; Operating within a certain profession , etc. "It
turns out , therefore, that in the word - term to the forefront of its object value ,
subjective well estimated , or even removed or glossed over ."
Traditionally, a good term to meet the following basic requirements , which vary
among different authors: uniqueness , accuracy , brevity , consistency , emotionally
expressive neutrality , the absence of modal and stylistic features , the indifference
to the context , the lack of synonyms and homonyms within the same term system ,
etc. [ 2]
The term is unambiguous , in the opinion of some, allows for ambiguity , in the
opinion of others, tends to be unambiguous , in the opinion of third . AA Reformed
brings clarification that the uniqueness of the term should be understood within the
terminology of the field , ie this terminology . "
Consistency, or regularity of the term is understood in different ways: as an entity
classification as systemic derivational as systemic doubly term as a member of
terminological system , on the one hand, and as an element of the language - on the
other. AA Reformed indicates a trend of systematic term.
Researchers have denied the stylistic features of a term or allow their limited use .
" Emotionally expressive neutrality, unmarked is an indispensable feature of any
second term. Emotional and stylistic qualities of becoming only the terms in the "
improper conditions and contexts of their use ." "The term is accurate and the cold
and the scope for the expression of the term within the terminology vnepolozhena
". [3 ]
Traditionally, the terminology believe that the term is indifferent to the context.
"The principle of the independence of the term on the context rather that the
requirement that the term is always the same understanding of members of one
profession to its unambiguous interpretation provided a system of scientific
concepts, not the lexicalsemantic system of language." AA Reformatsky

considers that the term context is not needed , since it is related to the field of
terminology , and supersedes that context. This point of view is acceptable for the
perfect term that meets the relevant requirements. To understand the meaning of
polysemous terms ( and rare homonyms ) requires neutralizing the context in
which it implements only one of its values .
The rapid development of science and technology in the twentieth century has led
to the rapid development of relevant terminology . There was a need for
standardization of terms , as well as in the analysis , management and streamlining
terminology various fields of science and technology. [4 ]
Streamlining is understood as bringing terminological system in line with the
charges against the requirements of the terms . EN Tolikina writes: " Sort - means a
consistent and unique conception of science, it can be done not at all her
condition ."
"All the other features commonly attributed to the terms and terminology in
general : the accuracy of the values , uniqueness , consistency , lack of synonyms ,
etc. - No more than their tendency or desirable qualities , or, finally , the
requirements for a "good" rationally constructed terminology. Examples of the lack
of systematic , lack of rigor in terms of real values , their multiple meanings ,
synonyms and homonyms are well known . "
At the turn of XX-XXI centuries put forward a new idea, " that in the traditional
Terminology linguistic facts have been tampered with requirements posed by the
terminology " that one can not speak of the uniqueness of the term or on -one
correspondence ( isomorphism ) , " a term - one concept ", not least because that is
a basic development concepts and categories ... ".
AA Reformed defines the terms " as unambiguous words , devoid of
expressiveness ." M. Glushko states that " the term - a word or phrase to express
the concepts and notation of subjects having , thanks to his strict and precise
definition , crisp semantic boundaries and therefore unambiguous within the
classification system." [5 ]
What is the linguistic nature of the term ? First, the term - is an integral , organic
part of the lexical system language. Secondly , the terms are different from other
categories of words for its vast information saturation . In technical terms given to
the most accurate , concentrated and economical determination of a scientific or
technical concepts.
The main requirement to the term - its uniqueness . In obscheterminologicheskom
terms of this requirement is implemented in two ways , because there are two types
of terms :
1) the general scientific and general technical terms , and 2) special ( nomenclature
) terms . General scientific and general technical terms express the general
concepts of science and technology. The terms do not exist in a language, and in
the specific terminology. Terminology , as a system of scientific terms , is a
subsystem within a common lexical system [6 ] .
According to the AA Reformatskii , terminology - a system of concepts of the
science contained in the corresponding verbal expression . If a common language
(regardless of the terminology) the word may be multi-valued , then getting to a

certain terminology , it becomes unambiguous .
The specificity of terms as a particular lexical category of words is that they are
created in the process of production and research activities and, therefore, operate
only with people who have the relevant scientific and industrial realities , that is
macrocontext . Therefore, in contrast to ordinary words , the uniqueness of which
is provided in a speech communication situation or linguistic context , the
uniqueness of the term is regulated by linguistic or extralinguistic macrocontext
microcontext . [8 ]
The term does not need a context, as a common word , so it is 1) a member of a
specific terminology that appears in place of the context , and 2) can be used
separately, for example in the texts of registers or orders in engineering , 3) which
must be unambiguous and not at all in language, and within this terminology . [7]
Within the lexical system terms exhibit the same properties as the other word, that
is peculiar to them , antonyms, and idiomatic . For example , the term valve in
Mechanical Engineering, stands for " valve " in radio " vacuum tube " in
hydraulics " gate ", the term power in physics means "power" , "energy ", in
mathematics - the "degree" , in optics - "the power of the lens magnification ."
The same term can belong to multiple terms of this language, which is a
terminological Interscience homonyms , for example:
reaction 1) in Chemistry, 2) in physiology 3) policy;
1 reduction ) in philosophy, 2) in law, 3) in phonetics ;
assimilation 1) in ethnography , 2 ) in phonetics .
Gradually, the content of scientific knowledge is moving into the signs of our
chosen language, saturate and fill them . In the language of the word , the phrase is
inseparable from their settings , and here the content of scientific knowledge
becomes part of the language of science . Scientific knowledge , which found
expression in the word in the term , goes to a qualitatively new stage , including in
the semantic system and the structure of a language of science , becoming a
component of the lexicalsemantic system of the language. [9 ]
2
2.1
Currently, regulations in the field of education are not conceptual and
terminological examination for compliance with the system of concepts and the
corresponding terms used in these documents. In developing the documents little
consideration of the relationship between the conceptual and terminological
apparatus of pedagogy , the level of development of the field of knowledge and
practice . Because of the displacement of the concepts in different parts of the
document there is discrepancy in their understanding , that adversely affects the
assessment of the actual state of affairs on the practical implementation of the ideas
.
One of the reasons for this - lack of well conceived conceptual and terminological
apparatus of texts , the lack of consistency in the terminology of the newly created
and previously adopted regulations.
In pedagogical literature have been numerous attempts to use formal methods for
the analysis of documents. However, these methods have not yielded positive
results, and is now almost never used. In the best case, the text is attached glossary
which defines key terms used in the document.
Conceptual and terminological method allows for the structuring of texts of
regulations and present them in the form of a terminological language in vocational
education. This makes it possible to characterize a document in terms of the extent
of disclosure of terms expressing the requirements for the education system, the
completeness of their set , accuracy, scientific elaboration , unambiguous
interpretation, adaptation of borrowed concepts to the education system .
Additional structuring of the text, including the identification of groups of
borrowed concepts can also be set to have their own interpretation of the concept ,
or they were used in pure form borrowed , find out the relationship and the
relationship between teacher education and socio- economic terms , to determine
the necessity and possibility of teaching the interpretation of the socio -economic
and other terms used in the text of the document , to distinguish between the ideas
contained in the document and their own ideas , interests, likes and dislikes of
professionals developers.
The method includes the structuring concepts and terms contained in the
documents and their distribution in the blocks in which these terms were used in
view of the traditional division of pedagogy and content aspect of the conditions
and means of implementing these instruments. Ensuring regulatory document
concepts and terminology explanations relied on the general idea of the work
completed with scientific texts , taking into account the major structural features of
the text to reflect its substantive and composite nature , ie Unbeatable quality
official - a business document .
Consider the application of this method for the comparative analysis of such
documents as the " National Doctrine of Education ", " The concept of
modernization of Russian education for the period up to 2010 ," " Regulations on
the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR in 1918 ."
It should be noted that any regulatory document can be viewed as a system of
regulatory principles , concretized in the rules of explicitly formulated through a
program of action . The text of the official business of the document must be very
clear on the content and expression of thought. Ambiguities that reduce clarity and
understandability of the text, resulting in its highly specialized terminology glut
and complexity of syntax. In all cases, the criterion of clarity and accessibility
requires the unambiguous use of conceptual categories and their definitions , when
it is assumed lack of knowledge of concepts and terms of the addressee.
The document must comply with the same terms and definitions that are found in
different parts of it , to avoid duplication of other laws and contradictions of their
original versions of the document, ie some places in the bill, which belong to
different legal field (for example, the tax code , labor code , etc.). In addition, as a
general rule, any regulatory document in the field of education includes the
concepts of economics, sociology , politics, which must also be clarified .
In any regulatory document, the language structures , in which the meaning of the
sentences , concepts , terms, affect a variety of associations between used words,
semantic nuances of language constructs that intuitively understood the meaning of
words and sentences. And then the empirical standards of logical rigor and
accuracy of the results as a characteristic of our method , ie, mode of expression of
the studied contents depend on the means used.
It is important to take into account the following considerations . The logic of the
deployment of the content of normative document for the understanding of its
readers is not the same as the logic of the study of this content . In the latter case,
we go from the idea of reform pedagogy , and thus from its traditional structure
( its sections ) as a field of scientific knowledge ( theory) and activities , in the first
case, according to our problem , we are going to need to submit the results of the
study as comments to thematic sections regulation. Such a submission should be
accompanied by a reasoned statement as a whole on the normative document and
any of its parts or elements .
Our proposed method is not only a method of analysis, but also one of the ways to
obtain data for the construction of the system and subsystem -specific concepts and
terms of pedagogy , it is a prerequisite to the implementation of regulations in the
field of education on the basis of further analysis of the clarity and correctness of
their language , as well as bringing in compliance with the stated goals and the
means to achieve them . Ultimately , this method allows us to characterize the text
of the document in terms of balance or imbalance of the constitutive parts and
goal-setting , as well as the degree of turning to the practice and development of

terms expressing the final product changes.
In view of the limited space focus only on the most important categorical terms
that characterize the administrative functions in the field of education .
Social management . The education sector in social terms - is primarily a sector of
the economy , and in this broad sense, control the education sector as the industry
acts as a form of social control , ie purposeful influence on society to save ,
organize , improve and develop the specifics of a particular quality of society, in
this case, the domestic education, which , as proclaimed in the Doctrine , "the basis
of socio- economic and cultural development of Russia " ( Introduction, p.1) .
Education, education is considered so in the Doctrine of much deeper than was still
at the level of educational and training programs. Level Doctrine - a high level of
human morality and respect for the law, it is supplied with the proclamation of the
State 's own commitment to high spirituality and legal values . National Doctrine
of Education - is self- government ideology , the expression of its achievements
and capabilities.
Let us turn to the main features of social management education. Saving a single
educational space Russia to be carried out by improving the conditions of all : and
for the functioning of educational institutions, and for self-education and selfeducation of all categories of the population , the development - through the
systematic update of all aspects of education as the enrichment of all the different
spheres of social organization , improvement - for through the integration of
education , science and industry (the compound of the educational process with
research and educational institutions with research organizations , with the
production, singly or in a center of education, culture , science and new
technologies, especially for higher education) . Social governance in the broad
sense is reflected in the Doctrine and in such positions as: 1) the need to engage in
education of talented professionals who are , in fact, will not only carry out the
learning process at a high level , but are able to connect this to the conduct of
operations research research, theoretical or related to the practice of teaching , and
2) the need for timely training of teachers at all levels and the like. These
provisions should be seen as a state policy , as substantial elements of social
control , along with other stated goals ( free education , support humanistic
traditions of ethnic cultures of the people of Kazakhstan , etc.).
How, though, is the impact on the education sector with a view to ordering ? Here
are the main means of normative legal acts , the orientation of which should serve
two main purposes of the system of state policy in the field of education: legal
modalities of the educational institutions of various forms of ownership in the
spirit of public-private partnership and the goal of integration of the Russian
system of education and the world of the educational system without a loss we
need history and identity of modern features of the national education
( harmonization of Russian education and educational standards of the world of

practice) .
Proposed interpretation corresponds to the value of the verb control , which is
understood to direct the activities and answer the question of " who - what ", and
streamlining of legislation on education is precisely determined by the guiding
ideas of higher -level ideas of social education sector management outlined in the
national doctrine. The word justice is meaningful opportunities to cope - well
arranged, organize , lead to an agreement . Because of this idea , for example ,
public- private partnerships as a leading social idea finds its correlate in the
following provisions of the Doctrine . The need for legislative consolidation : compliance with labor laws and implementation of social guarantees and benefits
for educators and students , as well as close to these positions - on material
property and the administrative responsibility of the founders of educational
organizations and to increase the responsibility of employers to ensure stable
funding for education institutions . Of course, such legislation applies to both parts
of the system of educational institutions and the system of public education schools
of all levels, and private. It is impossible, however, did not specify the norms of
that plan , as it were mandatory only for public educational institutions , although
the doctrine they definitely fixed as universal as the ideas of public policy, yet they
are not in the whole volume , or not at all required private schools , colleges and
universities. Such is the standard of free education. It is mandatory for the public
sector of education , the private sector is stimulated only for its introduction ,
which introduced a provision of state support of educational institutions for the
implementation of state policy in the field of education. Of course, in the context
of specific content Doctrine support elements are indicated, this material acts
another level , but it can be assumed in connection with the various situations . If,
say, the public university places allocated for tuition , then why in the private
educational institution does not appear places free of charge ?
Thus, the ideas of social control are the ideas that do not require their further
development and ideas that need to further their legislative design , as seen in the
Doctrine . Actually this kind of distinction is the subject of methodological support
of legislation on education. If, then , these conceptual aspects of the text of
legislation are natural and understandable , and it happens purely terminological
inaccuracies , when the meaning of the perception interrupted , which is
undesirable . Here is an example of the Doctrine of the text , when they say that a
certain provision applies to a group of "state and municipal educational
institutions," there is a lack of clarity . First, because local government agencies
may also be public , not private , but here they are opposed , and secondly, the state
educational institutions are either under federal jurisdiction or not federal , and
local various types, such as regional . In any case requires a terminological
precision, so correct to oppose the establishment of the regional office of federal
jurisdiction . If, however, it is more convenient to use the term state educational
institution (the term of the federal institution are not used , this is the first
element ), the context of its federal ownership should be clear. Another example of
terminological confusion . The state is obligated to provide incentives for private
investment in the development of educational institutions by providing businesses
and individuals who invest these investments , tax and customs privileges .
However, do not indicate whether such benefits are equal for both sectors of
education , there may be implied and preferential benefits , can also accidentally
omitted the words " for all types of property " - that this is the conceptual and
terminological confusion . It is clear that there is good reason to need conceptual
and terminological and methodological support of the legislative regulations on
education, the establishment of methodological principles describe the organization
of management of educational space. One of the principles we have already taken
advantage of - the separation between the concepts of social management and
direct management of the system of educational institutions. But here we need one
more intermediate general concept - an organized system .
Organized system . Socially organized system (the social system) . Management is
always considered as a function organized systems - biological, technical , social .
Understanding the function of abstract philosophical spirit is to understand it as a
phenomenon that depends on the other and change as that of the other.
Interpretation like that is too wide for our case , although the sphere of education,
of course, depends on the state and changes depending on changes in the state
system , the state and capabilities of the state. The difficulty is purely theoretical in essence , the state and the education system arise and develop almost parallel ,
they are known as the natural and historical phenomena , and to take their
interdependence in philosophical terms - which means to go quite far from the
concreteness of our facilities . (Not to mention the possibility of engaging in
scientific debate , lasting sometimes for decades , despite the apparent simplicity of
solving the issue , as the situation is very similar to the solution of the question ,
what came first - the chicken or the egg ) . Rational management function
interpreted as the work done by any authority or body. Since the same education
system - clearly a social organism, a system operating under society , control the
education sector within the community is a social management , the functions of
which , we recall - is the preservation of the system , its development and
improvement, as well as ordering . Social management here as a type of
management , the management of the education sector - as a form of social
control , as the implementation of specific private functions . In line with the
specific scope , it means support : 1) the mode of operation of the system of
educational institutions , and 2 ) the implementation of its work program .
Management of the education system as a socially organized system . System
management of educational institutions , respectively, form the following
subsystems : functions , first, watching - the development of the education sector
by well-known program towards a particular goal , the program usually concludes
the range of ideas that are declared in any legislative act , for example, national
Doctrine of education in the Russian Federation , which also lists the objectives,
tasks and responsibilities of the state. Second, the functions that provide the proper
organization of the relationship between all elements of the education system and
the mode of its operation as a set of specific mechanisms; indispensable part of
such mechanisms should be considered as the presence of laws , ordinances,
regulations , ordinances , and departmental regulations and the like. Third , the
functions that control - of all actors of the educational process ( legal entities and
officials , student- bearers of individual rights ) - the validity of all the mechanisms
of action of the educational process , the rule of law and the rule of law.
Thus, we distinguish between social management as a source of meaningful ideas
that fill the education development program to achieve certain purposes , and the
direct management of the education system to observe it , and ensure regulatory
functions according to established standards. It is impossible to not notice that the
normative documents drawn up at different times and distributed to various volume
and liability items as elements of the educational system is not always uniform
terminology and conceptual .
Control theory, from which we derive mainly conceptual features and terminology
are not noted however one important aspect of the matter , the features , so to
speak , the management situation . If s in terms of responsibility and objects as
elements of the educational system is not always terminological and conceptual
one, then for the social side of the categorical approach, the first control the
meaning of governance, namely direct the activities in the sense of control " who what ", then for the direct management of the education system as an organized
system of categorical meaning is the second - to manage its course , the influence
of process- in time, be propelled as they would say in theoretical mechanics. In
contrast to the motor - car , which converts energy into motion, which , generally
speaking, one should compare the social management in a broad sense. In control
theory, as is known , there is no conceptual modules establishing themselves
organized systems in general , nor the creation of their elements. Referred only to
the functions (control - a feature ), all the same features are aimed at maintaining
the stability of structures , providing mode and control, ie, it comes to managing
something already existing , ready- created . Not so with the social systems. then
the management is something existing . retention of stability structuring their
elements, that would compare social management .
Socially organized systems of the type are very different from biological or
technical systems is their particular involvement in the self-organization. ( In
biological systems , along with the theory of development, may be the creator of
the idea of the highest in the technical - management idea transforms into a pure
function ) . Social management education more inclined to reform its own system .
Of course, this refers primarily either revolutionary or historical situations where
the system of education or its essential parts are recreated : the base of universities,
for example, which has not been in the country at all. The idea so to speak pure
creation, perhaps , should include the position of the National Doctrine of
Education of the Russian Federation on the establishment of integrated structures

of education, science and industry. Existed even earlier in some universities ,
training academies and universities research institutes and other institutions whether they were truly integrated ? Target the idea of creating their distinguished
above all other scale, goal-setting is the idea of the Doctrine of the integration is
not accidental and should respond as it is now like to say , challenges. Indeed , the
trend of fusion science, industry and technology has become a fact in the world
and the fact global scale modern society has long been characterized as a postindustrial society . And the doctrine of the Russian Education , given such a new
social structure characteristic of the state of society , could not respond to this "call
time" , placing the formation of almost decisive.
The necessity of integration of education with production (the presence of science
in this symbiosis necessarily - obvious) , brings to mind some government
installation " The provisions of the Unified Labor School of the Russian Socialist
Federative Soviet Republic" in 1918 . Remember it is necessary, in particular,
Article twelve , proclaims productive labor basis of school life " is as productive
socially necessary labor ." The authors believed his method of teaching ( he " must
be closely and organically connected with the training "). Furthermore, by working
children can learn " with a variety of forms of production , up to the highest ." This
is somewhat contrary to the creators of their own representation of the document
on education as " the illuminating light of knowledge surrounding the entire life" :
it is difficult , learning and getting acquainted , at the same time such a big impact
on the life around us , and the authors seem to have had in mind the impact of the "
light of knowledge " in the future , when children graduate.
Such a disproportionate shift of even a minor , yet the share of " productive labor "
in the direction of the school , child labor can not show the full power of the
general background and ideas converters 1918 only due to the pragmatic side of
such a plant - the school work was to serve as payment for the costs of the very
school. Generally, if it is not to the detriment of learning, on the side, feasibly , is a
way of life of this area , nothing humane is not , of course, in such a device.
Rather, the intention of the newly established Soviet power is to make schools
work stemmed from the serious intention to renounce the old world of education
with his conceptual separation of the historical development of society and the
formation of a classical education real, ie general and professional . On the note to
the first two provisions of Article 1918 abolished craft , technical and commercial
schools and colleges real, ie level to a higher professional education. The new
school is one in the sense that all of it is professional ( "labor "). The historians of
the Soviet period pedagogy may well show that came out of this venture .
But exactly how to interpret the provisions of the Doctrine of the need for the
connection of the learning process with technology , production, so long as the
existing vocational training institutions are not abolished ? On the one hand we can
not ignore Russia's historical experience , on the other - Doctrine 1) does not call
for immediate reform of primary and secondary systems (the issue of higher
education in this context, we do not discuss ) vocational education, where teaching
work in a certain sense, the " connected " with the production of and 2) does not
extend the idea of creating a new type of schools providing general education, but
connected with the production differently than it has done in professional
educational institutions. Regarded idea is , of course, to the ideas of higher levels
of social control , as seen by the authorities at the moment , based on real time
relatively near future. Its difference is that it - the idea of a distant future , the idea
of long-range forecasting , calculated on a sufficiently developed post-industrial
social structure , with its high-tech development . Integrated education - a means to
becoming such a state of society , which makes the idea almost superidea : for
education rests with the mission of transformation of the society ( as the " basis of
socio- economic and cultural development of Russia "). Without such detailed
interpretations not do: they - convincing way disclosure of the nature of social
control , the nature of the ideas to be implemented , as long as they are enshrined
in law . There are a number of provisions that are only indirectly related to the role
of education: the elimination of child homelessness and the prevention and
eradication of crime among young people. Eliminating these negative phenomena tea goal of education is well supplied , a consequence of its more than now ,
significance and prestige for the new generation. For purely social objectives
include a commitment to provide high power , youth employment , receive an
education that guarantees people certainly a worthy place in society after years of
intensive training. In this regard, a variety of social goals and it was necessary to
disclose the content of the concept of methodological direction of education. There
are actually legal aspect of the case.
The legal conditions for the development of educational institutions. On the right
in the first place binds the concept of the state as the source and guarantor : the
legal rules and regulations are established and protected by the state . For man is
the ability to engage in any activity for the organizations and institutions legitimized the ability to provide a person to work on the basis of the known set of
documents . Education as a realization of the human right to education depends on
many factors , conditions, circumstances may be historical , local, short-term ,
random. The legal conditions are linked mainly with the relationship, from the
requirements of the governing bodies - from the existing rules and norms of
functioning of the organization , from the constitutional provision on human rights
training, health and safety, provision of educational programs and regulatory
standards and their implementation , etc. By the legal environment is such a norm
of self-government .
Self-government. The right to self-manage , self-management is implemented in
two forms. One , the highest - autonomy . The right to autonomy in education are
usually assigned to large educational structures , such as first-class universities in
the country , which for them is highly desirable because of the resulting wellknown independence , as well as more convenient submission ultimate managing
authority, bypassing intermediate . For the majority of educational institutions of

self-government is , first, the influence and impact on the life of the school some
additional structures , except for the administration , and secondly, independent of
any change in the administration of regulatory compliance and device life of the
school. Who gives them these rights as legislation is formulated and secured ?
Consider the examples of self-government with respect to age norms , which can
be varied according to the Regulations of the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR
in 1918 .
At a rate of admission of children to school the first stage at the age of eight years,
student government provided an opportunity to " fall back on a year in the
downward age norm " - subject to the approval of such a decision by a higher
Board of Education .
The decision to stay in school longer than the established standard of students
( over 17 years ), and the " reception of children age greater than normal " ( over 8
years ) received only the school board , that is, without the approval of a higher
authority .
The support of governments at the same time , ie subject to the law , played an
amazing body - the school team consisting of all students and all school staff
(which were classified as teachers , school doctors and " instructors manual labor
"). Not only is the subject of this school of law on the one hand endowed with
responsibility and then narrowed to the school board (a quarter of school staff , the
corresponding number for this quarter the number of students from the age of 12 ),
but on the other side of our entity has expanded . Expanded through the inclusion
of : representatives of the working population of the school district , as well as a
representative from the Department of Education .
The drafters of the Regulations in 1918 were no doubt people are educated and
familiar with the idea of the European Enlightenment , the media is right - the
people , otherwise how would take on the school board " working population ".
Another interesting presence on the school board officials from the Department of
Education . Strange though it was self unified labor school - the administration of
the school as it was not, but the responsibility is there , the school self-governing,
but a representative body of management education is constantly present .
Municipality thus sufficiently differentiated phenomenon , associated with the right
, it is an object and structurally diverse, also depends on the historical moment. In
the case of labor school capricious plexus rights and obligations could hardly be
otherwise legislate , rather than willful decree , which is the position in 1918 .
Obviously, the government in the form of a lower form , not autonomy , may be
mainly under the direct administrative control . There is one more sign of the
conceptual , somehow associated with self - self-organization .
Self-organization of students. Word of self-organization and articles about him not

in the dictionary of the Russian language , SI Ozhigova ( 1991 , 23 edition).
Whether at the level of self-organization avtoredaktora felt neglected social
phenomenon , or just forgot about it , or whether its value is considered selfevident. While a number of articles about the words from self-evident value is
placed : the words of the common language - self-deception , self-giving , selfpromotion and terms - self-incrimination , recused himself . Organize all means
something to base , combine for a particular purpose , systematically think through
how - or device ; property organization - is the ability to self-discipline , planned
activity , the ability to think through the steps . Term element of the "self" is
oriented when it comes to man and his domestic properties and abilities - selfknowledge , self-expression , samovyyavlenie . The term self-organization ,
connecting the inner workings of the individual over himself to his work , focuses
on the emergence of the personality qualities such as self-assertion and self-esteem
. The qualities we observe social needed for a dignified existence in the social
community. Self-organization is clearly appears here in the first place as a point of
education. It is in this context , educational and pre -law , it should be more likely
to interpret the position of the modern doctrine of national self-organization of
young people. It says that the state must provide " support for various forms of
self- learning , as an integral part of the whole education system and the formation
of civil legal culture of young people." The system of formation of legal culture
learning , becoming a citizen in the process of self-organization for training in a
particular community , inevitably acquires a legal skills and concepts , legal culture
- one of the prerequisites of the social role of the education sector , for which the
state holds so much hope .
It should be noted that the conceptual and terminological analysis of regulations
and performs ideological explanatory functions in relation to all subjects of
education. Indeed, it is a terminological support of regulatory documents ,
explaining the content of the terms used in them , is one of the important
conditions for the formation of pedagogical consciousness necessary for the
implementation of the proposed reforms.
Conceptual and terminological analysis of the normative document can be used as
a method for testing of any legal instrument in the field of education to its practical
implementation. The basis for this assertion is the fact that it is possible to analyze
the generated document , first, in terms of uniqueness , accuracy, conceptual
definition of terms used , coordination of the conceptual and terminological
apparatus of this document with the conceptual and terminological apparatus of
other regulatory documents. This, in turn, is a prerequisite for compliance with a
single conceptual and terminological apparatus in all the regulations of this kind.
Our method can serve as a propaedeutic tool for developers of regulations because
it allows you to provide accurate and unambiguous terms of their compliance with
applicable laws , identify the major deficiencies found in the regulations , to show
the ways to correct them .
2.2
Recent research industry terminology ( OV Felde ( Borhvaldt ) VN Prokhorova ,
TS Pristayko ) indicate that professional terminology and vocabulary - the concept
of same order that they belong to the same zone information space.
The question of professionalism as a special category of terminological units
affected in his monograph TS Pristayko . She made it clear on what grounds is the
disengagement of concepts "professional vocabulary" and " terminological
vocabulary" of the various authors .
The term "professional vocabulary" is used as a synonym for " special vocabulary
" as applied to a particular area. In this case, the terminology stands out as a special
part of the professional vocabulary . This point of view is present , for example, E.
Rosen : "Professional vocabulary uniform, make up one part of the terms and halfterm - the words , based on clear definitions and descriptions referred to the object,
the other is the same vocabulary , which is characterized not so much an object 's
definition referred to as his attachment to the spoken word ."
Professional vocabulary and terminology may be contrasted in terms of diachronic
as lexical items from different historical periods . This thought is expressed by VN
Portyannikova , who believes that "the terminology - is a special vocabulary of
modern science and technology, and professional vocabulary - a vocabulary ,
which developed and flourished during the craft industry ."
Such an understanding of the terminology and professional vocabulary is part of
scientists serious objections. So , SD Shelov , a comprehensive analysis of this
point of view , has come to the conclusion that due to historical conditions of the
development of production processes in the Russian village when the stage craft
labor preceded by a long period of subsistence farming , the special vocabulary of
work is often preceded by specialization and professionalization of labor. In this
context, the terms as special themed limited designations are not newer , on the
contrary, the ancient professional vocabulary , bearing in mind the direct meaning
of these words : vocabulary of a profession.
In our view , the question about the time of jargon in relation to the terms or on the
contrary should be considered only in view of the history of the development of
specific tools nomination of a branch of knowledge . Nominative private research
systems in diachronic aspect shows that professional conversational elements often
appear before the official name, and in some cases can go to the category of terms.
In turn , NA Shcheglova said: " The terminology systems as words having the
definitive function historically preceded by the word professional - the names of
things, objects , processes, products in a particular branch of labor. Only gradually
with the development of technology, in connection with the generalization of the
experience of a profession, in connection with the development of crafts in a more
perfect form of production, based on the application of the laws of science and
technology , professional words start converted to scientific and technical terms . "
This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in the early periods of the formation
of a special profile nominative systems , not quite lost its force , and today , in
particular in the field of substantive and procedural items. In the current economic
dictionaries are often marked by quotation marks nominative units , which are the
units are terminated , for example , along with the terms broker , vice - a broker,
dealer , broker , market maker , and others are used professionally terminated the
nomination , " rocket scientist ", in which focuses its scientific status of " engaged
in the development of new financial regulations and operations ", in the definition
of " market -maker " stresses "the high qualification of the employee " is a
synonym for clarifying " the manager of the securities market ," ie, determined by
the scope of his duties .
The next line of demarcation of professional terminology and vocabulary in the
works is scheduled AV Kalinin , VN Prokhorova , VN Sergeeva , NK Garbovskogo
, IM Polyakova , B.C. Terehovoj etc.; manifests itself in distinguishing and the
subsequent confrontation between two systems nomination inherent in the
professional field of communication, namely the special (terms) and non-specific
( jargon ) nomination .
In a number of places the terminology and vocabulary and professional team of
linguists led by EI Dibrova : "The words and phrases used in a particular branch of
science , technology, art , make up the terminology and professional language.
Terms - the words and phrases that call the concept in a specific area of science,
technology and art. The parameters of the term lies in the fact that the term : 1) has
a strictly definitive ( attributive ) Identify the value of a field of knowledge , 2)
logicisation semantics , 3) Conventional ( conscious understanding ) Used 4)
uniqueness and 5) is a member of the terminological system , coming on as a
member hyperons - giponimicheskoy organizations - hyperons or hyponymy . "
There is no doubt about the position that the term is impossible without the
existence of scientific theories, the sciences themselves , scientific and professional
field as a whole , as they are the main semiotic units by which fixed the basic
semantic information and through which the information is transmitted , but in
some industry terminology nominative form new units .
Definition of the role of terminology in scientific knowledge focused its attention
recently been formed cognitive Terminology . At the same time, the issues
associated with the epistemological function of the overall process in terms of
scientific knowledge , the problem of studying the influence of the terminology
( its orderliness , systematic ) on the development of science in modern linguistics
require further development.
A number of studies point to such epistemological function of terms such as
fixation , storage and transfer of knowledge ( instrumental function) , as well as
heuristic and its variant - systematizing function . General functions of the term
can be summarized as follows : nominative (or latch function knowledge) ,
signifying (or sign ) , communicative (or transfer function of knowledge) ,
pragmatic (or expressive ) . As specific can be mentioned such as heuristic ( the
discovery of new knowledge) and instrumental characterizing the term as a tool for
learning ( Leichik 1989 : 38-39) .
S. Green in the framework of the functions of the term has entered the
epistemological criterion and highlights features such term as a diagnostic and
prognostic . The first makes it possible to determine the level of development of

knowledge on the main mode of formation , for example, in the terminology of the
scope of commodity- money circulation is the leading source of borrowing ( direct
or tracing ) , which is characteristic of the initial stage of the formation of
terminology , and are more concerned economic professionally terminated
vocabulary.
In our opinion, if the terms are defined in sufficient detail , the concept of "
professional vocabulary" and "professionalism" are not distinguished : the
production of speech and expression are as duplicates or synonyms of the terms "
for itself" in its field . Professionalism is often replaced with the remaining
members of terminosistemy : Technical : Nose (burners ) , cervix ( the shaft ) .
These semi-official names give vitality and looseness nomination .
With respect to criteria of differentiation of terms and jargon in the literature, there
are two points of view : first, such a criterion may be diachronic characteristics .
Secondly, ( and this view appears to be more reasonable ), the criterion of
differentiation is typical of professionalism nenormirovannost use, often due to the
presence of emotional and expressive connotations , the limited use of professional
oral speech, not of a formal nature . Increase in the degree of one of the
characteristics of professionalism - expressive - takes a special type of unit in the
professional jargon , the use of which is unacceptable from the point of view of
professional ethics. Another important factor is that professionalism is a kind of "
shadow " notation: they accompany officially legalized and made to the regulations
and the terms therefore are unable to gain a foothold in the nomenclature system
specific area of knowledge.
As you can see , the concept of " special vocabulary " includes terms and the
concept of " professional vocabulary" - professionalism. Lee. Skvortsov , talking
about how there is a " measurement" of emerging terms in a particular field of
knowledge, professionalism uses for different phrase : " Very often, the term
expression or professional rejected on the basis of inaccurate and incorrect from a
scientific point of view, their use. The authors tend to forget about the natural
process of a living language in which terminology -born elements go into wider
use , becoming a " half-term ", " poluprofessionalizmami ", or even break away
from its source , adding imaginative, expressive vocabulary dictionary of common
language "[10, 218].
V. Tatarinov also avoids the use of the term "professional vocabulary" , pointing
out that in the study of jargon is important to consider the following: first , under
professionalisms usually understood not the totality of professional vocabulary ,
and a variant of conventional unit terms , and secondly , the terms "professional
vocabulary" and "professionalism" are not synonymous. We have to also regret that
the linguistic literature distinguishes between professional and specialized
terminology.
One can not but agree with the VA Tatarinov that " in any terminological are also
terminopodobnye lexical items whose status has not quite clear definition. There
was a tradition of such units be called terminoidami . Under terminoidami can be
understood as individual education terminology ( including Professionalism ) and

words that are used in a special text as yet no unreflected terminological content. "
Meanwhile, many scientists agree that a professional interaction between
professionals of any field of science , technology, art necessarily involves the use
of terms and jargon .
It is important to note that VM Zhirmunskii in the 30s also drew attention to the
fact that the special or professional vocabulary - a special sphere of language use .
According to him , the professional vocabulary - mobile and updated part of the
vocabulary of the language, it replenishes the words of common use and , in turn ,
extends the scope of its application and, under certain conditions, can become a
fact of common vocabulary , " professional speech in the extended or figurative
sense in certain specific historical conditions of life appear in the national language
. " Moreover, the " professional specialization effect in respect of language is not in
the grammatical differentiation, both in class dialects , and in the development of
special vocabulary , mostly accessible only to members of the profession , and that
in the process of historical development of the language dictionary of occupational
groups is not , of course , closed in his special field. (...) Many times there have
been reports of expansion of professional terminology for the original terms of its
use , professional words in the extended or figurative sense in certain specific
historical conditions of life come into the national language . " This statement
emphasizes the interaction between the professional vocabulary and
obscheliteraturnogo .
Professional communication - a dialogue between professionals of any field of
science , technology, art , necessarily implies the use of terms and jargon .
In the academic literature offers a definition of professionalism : "Professionalism
- words that are the accessory of the speaker's voice a certain group ,
a joint productive activity , trade or profession . Professionalism refer to special
concepts , tools or products of labor , production processes . Therefore, they are
sometimes called special words or technical terms . " The use of such words leads
to the fact that they lose their value and a specialized part of the common lexicon .
Such an occurrence of special terms in common use , or due to the prevalence of
specific subject matter and concepts , or metaphorical use them to refer to
previously called them the objects and phenomena of reality , such as fermentation
( cf. fermentation minds , originally a biological term ) , the sphere ( cf. in the
higher spheres , initially - a mathematical term ) .
It should be noted that in the terminology lexicon of professionalism occupy a
special place. The ratio of scientists to them is far from unambiguous . A number of
researchers strongly in favor of their withdrawal from the term system , while
others believe that professionalism is just a stylistic equivalent terms, and therefore
should be studied general linguistics and not of terminology , and others , on the
contrary , it is recommended to do the terminology of their study. With the latter
we can not agree , given that in recent times there is a tendency to replace the
standardized terminology of professionalism.
OV Felde ( Borhvaldt ) provides a definition of professionalism, based on the
analysis of professional prospectors dialect of the XIX century , " the
professionalism ( professional vocabulary ) are lexical items , mainly used for

naming ideas and concepts in the form sublanguages various crafts, trades and
occupations (fishing, hunting, farming and so on) . " distinctive feature of these
jargon is that they have emotional coloring , which can be determined by
comparison with the stylistically neutral special name. In most cases, expressive
jargon finds its material expression in slovoobrazovatlenyh affixes , confirmed the
terms of the micro-and macrocontext . For the period of the beginning of XX
century is characterized by a marked increase in professionalism. Professionalism
is the basic unit of professional vocabulary , it has a number of properties that are
common to units specialized vocabulary . He is characterized by specialization
values , the limited scope of use, the ability to enter into the system with other
professionally -oriented units , including the terms , and where there is no
equivalent terminology , professionalism pretends to take a " semantic gap " and
become a term .
In modern linguistics , there are three points of view on professionalism : the first
- the identification of the terms , the second - diachronic distinction , the third - the
nomination as distinguishing parameters : nenormirovannost use of jargon , the
limited scope of the operation in the spoken language and the presence of
emotionally expressive connotations .
To sum up, we can say that the stratification of the language of professional
communication is traditionally based on the selection of terminology as the core
language of scientific and professional communication and perinuclear areas - oral
professional vocabulary ( Professionalism ) , professional jargons and
nomenclature units . However, the language of professional communication is
realized not only in oral form. For example , the analysis of the vocabulary of
commodity- money circulation allowed to allocate a large number of
professionally terminated nominations set forth in the current economic
dictionaries , which , being essentially professionalism, acquired the status of terms
such as : heavy - action , " blue backs ", " cats and dogs , " " property of the father
", denoting a particular class of shares .
Before linguists , in our view , there is a problem - to explore the many linguistic
phenomena associated with the nominative activities in the areas of professional
communication.

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CONTENT

1 Lexical-semantic group words

world , and on a purely linguistic , which are based on intralanguage

4 . " Province, peripherals and peripheral organizations , institutions ( as opposed

grammatical terms in the design of each particular language , gives a prerequisite

The term - the exact carrier of information on scientific concepts. "

concepts, not the lexical- semantic system of language." AA Reformatsky

(regardless of the terminology) the word may be multi-valued , then getting to a

goal-setting , as well as the degree of turning to the practice and development of

( harmonization of Russian education and educational standards of the world of

Education of the Russian Federation on the establishment of integrated structures

authority, bypassing intermediate . For the majority of educational institutions of

Self-organization of students. Word of self-organization and articles about him not

prognostic . The first makes it possible to determine the level of development of

understood as individual education terminology ( including Professionalism ) and

professionalism ( professional vocabulary ) are lexical items , mainly used for

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