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Martin J. Gander
Domain
Truncation
History
Example
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Martin J. Gander
martin.gander@unige.ch
University of Geneva
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
Emile
Picard (1893): Sur lapplication des methodes
dapproximations successives `
a letude de certaines equations
differentielles ordinaires
Les methodes dapproximation
dont nous faisons usage sont
theoriquement susceptibles de
sappliquer `
a toute equation,
mais elles ne deviennent vraiment interessantes pour letude
des proprietes des fonctions
definies par les equations
differentielles que si lon ne
reste pas dans les generalites
et si lon envisage certaines
classes dequations.
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
in = R (0, )
Construction
Application: ABCs
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
0
0
support
of f
Mathematical
Equivalences
1
1
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
int
Construction
Application: ABCs
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
v
n v
f
n v +
v
0
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
in
on 0
on 0
in int
on 1
on 1
in +
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
2
2
v+ (x, k) = A(k)e +k x + B(k)e +k x
2
v + (x, k) = v (1, k)e +k (x1)
This implies
x v+ (x, k)|x=1 =
+ k 2 v(x, k)|x=1
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
= f
in int
p
1
2
= F (p + k v ) on 0
= F 1 ( + k 2 v ) on 1
with
p
F(f (y )) = + k 2 .
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
Martin J. Gander
Domain
Truncation
History
Example
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
support
of f
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
Stretched-Coordinate PML
W.C. Chew and W. H. Weedon (1994): A 3d perfectly
matched medium from modified Maxwells equations with
stretched coordinates
F.L. Teixeira and W.C. Chew (1998): General
closed-form PML constitutive tensors to match arbitrary
bianisotropic and dispersive linear media
Idea: Analytic continuation of the solution and equation to
a complex x contour which changes oscillating waves into
exponentially decaying waves outside the region of interest:
e ikx e ik((x)+i (x)) = e ik(x) e k(x)
Then perform a coordinate transform to express the complex
x as a function of a real coordinate, which leads to complex
materials:
i
(x)
x
x
1+
k
Martin J. Gander
Domain
Truncation
History
Example
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
Martin J. Gander
0.8
Domain
Truncation
0.6
0.4
History
Example
0.5
0.2
Construction
Application: ABCs
0.2
0.5
0.4
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
0.6
1
0.8
10
10
Meaning
Approximations
0.8
Mathematical
Equivalences
0.6
0.4
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
0.5
0.2
Conclusions
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.6
1
0.8
Pole Condition
10
10
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
int
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
History
Example
( + k s )
v (s, k) n v (1, k) s v (1, k) = 0
Hence
v + (1, k)
s v + (1, k)
+
+ k2 s2
p
This solution has poles at s = + k 2 , and a partial
fraction expansion gives
v + (s, k) =
v + (1, k)
+
v (s, k) =
n v + (1,k)
2
+k
p
+
2(s + + k 2 )
Martin J. Gander
Domain
Truncation
( + k xx )
v =0
v + (1, k)
n v + (1,k)
+ 2
+k
p
2(s + k 2 )
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
Martin J. Gander
v + (1,k)
n
n
v + (1, k) +
v + (1, k)
+k 2
+k 2
p
p
+
v (s, k) =
2(s + + k 2 )
2(s + k 2 )
which is equivalent to
n v + (1, k) =
+ k 2 v+ (1, k)
Domain
Truncation
History
Example
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
Martin J. Gander
s s0
s + s0
s = s0
s + 1
s 1
History
Example
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Domain
Truncation
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
s0
s
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
An Educated Guess
Martin J. Gander
X
v + (1, k)
n
+
an s
v (s , k) = (s 1) (s 1)
2s0
n=0
v + (s , k)
because then
Laplace transforms
s 1
s 1
Domain
Truncation
History
Example
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
( + k 2 )a0 + ( + k 2 ) v
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
(1,k)
s02 a0 + s20 v+ (1, k)=n v+ (1,k) Pole Condition
2s0
Meaning
(1,k)
(+k 2 )(a12a0)(+k 2 )v 2s
s02 (a1+2a0)+s20 v+(1,k)=0
Approximations
0
+
s 1 :
..
..
.
.
s i : ( + k 2 )(ai 2ai 1 + ai 2 ) s02 (ai + 2ai 1 + ai 2 )=0
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
A Simple Example
For I = 0, all coefficients ai = 0, and only the relation from
the s 0 term remains:
s0
k2 +
n v + (1, k) + (
+ +
)
v (1, k) = 0
2s0
2
2s0
It remains to choose the expansion point s0 :
s
s0
p
2
+ kmin
Domain
Truncation
History
Example
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
s
p
2
+ kmax
v + (1, k) = 0
n v + (1, k) + ( + )
2
Martin J. Gander
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
+
v13
+
a03 a13 a23
vn3
PML
+
v11
+
a01 a11 a21
vn1
Pole Condition
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Meaning
Approximations
x
0
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
is given by
uj+1 uj
uj uj1
j
j1
hj
hj1
( Dyy )uj = 0
hj
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
( + k )(ai 2ai 1 + ai 2 )
s02 (ai
+ 2ai 1 + ai 2 ) = 0
Domain
Truncation
History
Example
which is equivalent to
Construction
Application: ABCs
Martin J. Gander
+ k 2 + s02
b :=
+ k 2 s02
ai 1 2bai + ai +1 = 0
which will be truncated for some i = I ,
aI 1 2baI = 0.
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
(1,
k)
=
.
1
4s0
+ k 2 s02
2b 2b...
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Conclusions
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Martin J. Gander
= (0.5, 1) (0,
1) with truncation at x = 0.5,
2 2
uex = sin(ky )e k +(x1) , = 0, s0 = 1.5, I = 0
Domain
Truncation
History
Example
0.6
0.6
PML
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
1
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
0
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.2
0
0.4
0.6
0.2
0
0.4
x 10
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
20
15
10
error
0.8
0.4
Conclusions
5
1
0.8
1
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
Martin J. Gander
10
10
error
order 2
error
order 2
10
error
error
Domain
Truncation
10
10
History
Example
3
10
10
10
PML
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
I = 0, s0 = 1.5
10
Meaning
Approximations
10
error
order 2
error
order 2
Mathematical
Equivalences
10
error
10
10
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
10
Conclusions
10
10
10
10
10
I = 0, s0 = 2
10
10
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
10
error
10
I = 2, s0 = 1.5
10
10
10
10
10
I = 2, s0 = 3
10
Varying s0 : s0 =
2
+ kmin
History
Example
0.2
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
error
4
3
2
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
1
0
1
1
1
0.95
0.5
1
0.95
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.85
y
0.8
0.85
x
0.8
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
Varying s0 : s0 =
+ k22
0.08
0.06
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
4
error
0.04
3
Pole Condition
0.02
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
2
1
0
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
0.02
1
1
0.95
0.5
1
0.95
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.85
y
0.8
0.85
x
0.8
Conclusions
Varying s0 : s0 =
+ k32
0.03
0.025
PML
0.02
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
0.015
error
4
3
0.01
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
0.005
Mathematical
Equivalences
0
1
0.005
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
0.01
1
1
0.95
0.5
1
0.95
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.85
y
0.8
0.85
x
0.8
Conclusions
Varying s0 : s0 =
+ k42
x 10
6
14
12
5
10
4
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
8
error
6
3
2
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
0
1
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
2
0
1
1
0.95
0.5
1
0.95
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.85
y
0.8
0.85
x
0.8
Conclusions
Varying s0 : s0 =
+ k52
x 10
6
20
15
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
4
error
10
3
Pole Condition
5
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
2
1
0
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
1
1
0.95
0.5
1
0.95
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.85
y
0.8
0.85
x
0.8
Conclusions
Varying s0 : s0 =
+ k62
0.04
0.035
5
0.03
4
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
0.025
error
0.02
3
2
Pole Condition
0.015
Meaning
Approximations
0.01
Mathematical
Equivalences
0.005
1
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
0
0
0.005
1
1
0.95
0.5
1
0.95
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.85
y
0.8
0.85
x
0.8
Conclusions
Varying s0 : s0 =
+ k72
0.06
0.05
PML
0.04
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
4
error
0.03
3
2
Pole Condition
0.02
Meaning
Approximations
0.01
0.01
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
1
1
0.95
0.5
1
0.95
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.85
y
0.8
0.85
x
0.8
Conclusions
Varying s0 : s0 =
+ k82
0.08
0.07
5
0.06
4
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
0.05
error
0.04
3
2
Pole Condition
0.03
Meaning
Approximations
0.02
Mathematical
Equivalences
0.01
1
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
0
0
0.01
1
1
0.95
0.5
1
0.95
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.85
y
0.8
0.85
x
0.8
Conclusions
Varying s0 : s0 =
+ k92
0.12
0.1
PML
0.08
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
4
error
0.06
3
2
Pole Condition
0.04
Meaning
Approximations
0.02
0.02
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
1
1
0.95
0.5
1
0.95
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.85
y
0.8
0.85
x
0.8
Conclusions
Martin J. Gander
10
Domain
Truncation
History
Example
PML
error
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
1
10
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
10
km
10
12
14
16
18
Optimization of s0
Martin J. Gander
Domain
Truncation
0
be the (2j + 2, 2j) Pade approximation at s0 of
Let Qjj (k,s0)
the symbol of the DtN operator.
Then the reflection coefficient of the jth pole condition
approximation,
p
P (k,s )
+ k 2 Qjj (k,s00 )
,
(k, s0 ) = p
P (k,s )
+ k 2 + Qjj (k,s00 )
History
Example
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions
s02
1/2
1/2
2
kmax
Conclusions
Martin J. Gander
2
2
s0 =( + kmin
)1/4 ( + kmax
)1/4
1
2
2
s1 = 2 ( + kmin
)5/12 ( + kmax
)1/12
2
2
s2 =2( + kmin
)1/12 ( + kmax
)5/12
History
Example
PML
Historical
Stretched-Coordinate
PML
Pole Condition
Meaning
Approximations
Current efforts:
Domain
Truncation
R =14
2
( + kmin
)1/12
2
( + kmax )1/12
Mathematical
Equivalences
With PML
With ABC
Numerical
Experiments
Optimization of s0
Conclusions