adive Gymbidic) DSS A spe.

jalrypeoi inrelligen1DSS
th t can respondto chrngcs,rndh lics.ed !\ proacuve
rathcr thanr.activc.
{d hoc DSS DSS thar dealswtth specitic
trcbrcnN tnrt
rre usuall!ncither anticiparednor recurrins.
rdvanccd planning lDd rchcdutins (Aps) A soflwrre
trckrge Uut cin be tnrcgraledwith ERp or SCM yti
wuc to hch optinriTcsoltwnrcinlcSration.
agency 'lfie dcgrce ol ntrtolloml vcsre{tir a s) sarc
agcnl A conpulcr s()trw.reth.t pcrlbrnrsccrrrin taskr
h) r l\ , ( n r . r h. .' . ,i 1 rrrtr.,th .,u ..h
.a In .,n i r.nne.r \.1
( ) r( ala { nd S en c m tea l c rtsw h c na h n o rm rti ty
i s round.
AI wo.lslalions ,tc. LlSp machines.
algorilhln A ncp b! rtcf scrrch in lvhich ;nf()vcnrenl
r snr . dcar c lc r y s l c pu n l i l l h e b e s ts o l u ti o ni s to und.
rnrlog nmdel An rbstr.rcl.s),mboticnrodotdL a s)!cnr
t hal bc hr lc slik c l h c s y (c m rb u l l o o k sd i n e rc n L.
,n t r logic ll r eas o n i n g D c l c rrn i n n rgrh c o u tc o n rcol A
P r ' hlc m \ lilf i l h c u s e .t rn rto g i e $ A
. p ro l o d urc tof
( r r r wingc onc tu s ()rr\
rb o u t d p ro b tc u b ! u s n g pA sr

aul onal i ( merh' ,ds A Lrunrxri .InourLdr,. .,,rr.rj r . . , n

m.rh,J.:I .i cr.n,pJr-r \o k.,rer,ri ur.,nrrh., \ d, . , " \ er Lnnsl .Jte nunr., \r .t J.,r,,.

,,ffi"'.

"""

A $frware
accnt
*ilh

autorcspondersi nrcl l i gcnt .qcD rs thar rnsw !r cu! _

{ r!l .r\
c,,nrt. (r refri \ nrl rr.n\ ,i l
nr.tcd. thrce di nen\i onal i ofl nat: rt$ kuo,.n as
c.htp tct thdrrkt.^
arorr An ourgoingcornccrion(tcrnlinrt) troDrr biol(,gj

hackbone LonS dbrancc.trigh-caprcjtr,hi8fi spccd nct

\.rt. rh.,rl u,k ,rr.,i n-tIr-.rnJr.ornti ur!I rnr.r.
D o.kpropoguri onttr, t.J\r tr),,s1 t-,,rnIrr.,t!,i .th,nin
n!ur:rrJ,' nrt' Jri nF
I(., n! i . JrrrJ.\,,1r
" r.i IF.,i. r
l ul Ju i i Ll t,ut\1.,.I\ ru.i ul f r..,t 1r.i .I..,rt ... .
htckl rrcki D fl \ r \ t, ,r, t .. ,, . . , t ,,, r,,. ...,.. . r t .
tr.,((.. u, r.{1, ,1i .rt{ .,,, ,,{.,., . ,t .t . 1 rl
l | n i ncorrccrrcsul r1()c\rnj j nf !n.\| tLj r.n ,rttr,,,.rL L1!
\
brckw i rd chsi ni nH A \.rrch trrhfi q!r l rrj rrtLj \rn!|l
l l l E N rrl cs) uscdi n Ir,aucr,,u,r,r" N , i r,.,rr,r, |.
r { ly t ic |l t oc lniq u o s M c rh o d sth rt u s c mrrh e mdrj car
$i th thc ncl i oncl au\c,j l ,, ruh rnrt \,)rt, r,,1.\\. 1t ur
l, ) r lnuhsr o dcri v c rD o p ti ma ts o tu ti o nd i rc c l tyor k)
rhrougha chai n0t rutesi n rn rl l cD tr ri , l rr(t ,r \.n j
pr c dic tr c c nr i n re s u l l .n u i d y i r $ l v i g s rrucl ured
rbl e scl of condi l i 0nctruscs.
banncrs A n cl ccrrori c" bi l l br)N d. 1hrr tl pi c.r f c0f
lDontmil} Bcing abte r() rcnlrin anonynrouswhile con_
kxrs I snorrtcxl of gruphi catncs\agc
n) N d!ni scu
r r ' bur r ngr l Nnle c l i rg ,
producLor a vcrdor.
lpplicrtion serviccprovider (ASp) A softwrrc vendor
bclieffonction nre rcprescDtationof uDcerlrhty wrrh,
r lr . , rut l\ r . 1. 1\ J
out the Dcedro sl)ecili exlcr prcbabititjcs.
-,ti $ .,\ .rp p ti rJ tru r.1 ,,J rtJnr/r
lrest practiccs In an orgrniz ion. lhc besl mcthods
approxinrtc rcasoning A c(Dputationat nodelinS of
tor s,nvi ngprobtcnrs.ttcse dfc.Il cn srorcdm thc
s )s e db y h u n u rs L oreat r oc c $es( or pd rs o tp ro c e s s c u
knowlcdgercposiroryofr knowlc.lgcmanasonrcnr
s${ D aboutnar u. .lp h e n o m e n r.
l cnr
lrlificill inldligemc (AI) Thc $rttield of c(,npu1crsci
blackborrd AD arer of NorkinS memory sct rs,ue 0
.r'cc conccrnedlvrtl slntrolic rcasonirSand problcn
thc desciprion of a cutrenl problcm aDdfbr rccordiDg
intcrnredirtercsultsiD an cxpefl svstem.
lrlilicial ncu.al nctworks(ANN) Comlrurcrtcchnologv
blind scarch A scarchapprorch thar docsnot make use
rl]arrftemprsto buildconpurersrhat willopcr.re likc a
ol knowlcdgeor heurisricslo help specdnp rhc search
hnn.n braiD.Thcnuchincsposscs siDulmncousmcn
nruce\. A r1,c.,,n. n. ,. Jrt. r.,r! .eJr,tr t.,,\. , .
orv storarc and wofks wilh anbiSnousinlffm!tion.ls.
rnJrJ| | (mtr\ ru e\hJU srdI n,\\rbrti ri .\
bots Inl cl l i gentsoi tsare aS entsi.n abbrcvi ri i oDof
!$ociatiec mcmory The abitit! 10recal tunjptcrc silua
,. r4,\ t \uat,) u\(J.,\ D .,,r,,t rno,f.r r(
,, J. . r
r'onitrorn parrialiDformation.
krorb.ts. soJtbats,
ot sh.)pbots
!srn.lronous Occurringat diflercnftincs.
br.i nl tormi trptetc(troni (r c InerhuJotoc\
ot i JJ.r!(|
d uc lion A nar k e t m e c h a n i s mb y \h i c tr s c l l A ptacc
fti ' !r,,uT pr^.rs u.,. .,nJt, t )
oitersrnd buven nake scque.tialbids
and synerg}lIn cSS. iLis computcrsnpporred.
rnlolllitcd lnDslatioD A pfocessthar I .or1put.r ()ti
brcadlh-firstseard A searchtechniquettrat cvaluabs
w ar c t r aDs lat e sa d o c u m e n li ro m (j n . l .n !rr$e ro
elcry rrem ar r grlen level ot thc searchspaccbeLre
anotlrerwithour rhe intervenlionofhLnrin
proceedmgro thc nextlelcl.

850

C LO55A R Y

bdck-and-morlar Pure ph)sicalorganizations(coryoru.

busincssGyslen) analyst An individualwhosejoh i' r(,
rnx lv / ehu. . ne* p ru (L s L .a n J th e .u t| n rh e ! n ., r..
(o. need)frorn inlormalion lechnolosv
I'usiDc$ activily monitodng (BAM) s$tens Thcsc s\s
temsconsislolrcal time systemsthat lert managcrsto
polenlial opportunilies. impending troblcnrs. iDd
threals,and thcn cmpowerthem to reacl thrcughmod
els and c(,llaboralion.Situationsare de1e.1cdin rcal
time,quickly .malyzcd,and solved.
husine$ an{lJtics (BA) The application oi nrdels
directly 1obusircssdata.tlsing DSS lods (r.e business
intclligcrce). especiall),models,in assisrinsdecision
makcrs.EsscntiallyoLAPiDss.
burin$s inrclltgcncc(Br) The ure oianalyticalmethods,
oithorntrrurlly or auromatica
lly.to dcrivc rclationships
rrom dAla.Sccbusinessanalytic|.data-mining,decisioniuppon systcms,
online analylicalproccssing(OLAP).
businlsinrclllgcncctooh An infornMtion sysremthal
allows usen to view datr h driAbrscs and inlerprer
thcnl easilyand quickly.lt is usuAllyrelaredto an EtS.
buslncsiprocersreengineoring(BPR) A ftethodology
fof introducingn fund mcntnl chAngein specificbusincsspfocesses.Ilirusu,rllysupportedby an inrormarion
buftncis proc$ nanagencnr (BPM) sy3lcm This lypc
or syslern iulcgratcs drta. applications,and pcoplc
iogetherrhrough conrmonllusinessnroccss.Ilaims1o
$treamliuoaDd{ubnrate businessproccsscs,thus oltselling (hc adniDislfative burden of thc oreaniz tion
n'1dcrcrling aD cnvironment where proccssc!csn bc
leverasc'lfdslralcgic value.(SeeDarz,2002:audCIKB.
2003.)
buJ-ilde mrrkctploc! A nrodelin $hich El(crroniccumnrercelechnologyis uscdto stfeamlinethe purchasing
processin ordcr 1orcducethe cosl of ilems purchascd.
thc adninistr^tive cosi of procuienont. and tllc pur
ch!singclclc tiine.
cs.er lrdders Differenl career pnlhs thal individuals
may kkc in an organizalion.For examplc.lhorc arc
man'rgcmcnlparhsand rechnicalpa$s.
csselibrsry lto knowlcdgebaseofacase-bnscdrcasoD
cme-busedrcNoning (CBR) A melhodolosyh which
knowlcdsca.d/or inferencesare dcrivcd fron histori
c'iscrn,nascncnt systcn (CMS) A syslcn for nanas
rng thc largc volune of casesin an organ;ldonal dcci
sion-supportsystcn.
certainty A conditioD under wlich i1 is assumedthrt
fulure v.lucs arc knowDibr sureand only one rcsult is
rssocialcdwith an actio..
certainty Ihctor (CF) A percenlage supplicd bv !n
expcrt svstemthat indicatesthe probability lhal dr.
coDclusionreachedbv the stslem is corcct. Also. thc

d.!.ee ('l bclicl an expertha$tha( a ccrraincon.lu.i

\11loc.ur it a ccrlainpremiseis lruc.
(crl si nl l l hton A rrametrorl l ur rJpre.enrrnL,
\orki ng w j l h d.S feesof bel i ci of true and l !t\.
kno$lcdgc b!scd systems.
.hannel ronllict wtren onc ncthod (or chann.l
reuchngcustomershindcrsor inrpedesan(,thcrmcrh .:
oi rcrching custohen.
chierlnorlcdsc officer (CKO) The personnr charr!
.' kn,' $l (,.l FL
(l rorr Irdn nrS ani /:,r,.,
n,rnJgcm(nr
choic phssc Tle third phasc h decision-makin!
$hr' j hrn ,' l rerni ri \(i 5sLl (crJd.
chromosolnc A candidllc snution lor a gcnctic !L:
(hunki nF D i \rJr dnJ curquer. or Ji \i Ji rrr ..,ri I
problcnrsinlo subprohlcms.
ch$ A term usedin objcct-orientedprogrlnrmrr.
dcsignAtea Sroupotitcms with the samochrftclea- .(c.g.,thcFiarcar i!in a chssoftransportalion).
d$sificrllon nodel tur ES,a nodel cnplolcd in hu j
ing cxperl syrlcmslhat usesproductioDrulcsand c,n...
A hi ghl yboundcdpfobl en w i th i cw know nrr\..- .

cllcl.and.mort{r fuf cllck-and-brickoryanlrrtioos) r g ni zatn,nsl h t conduct R )nrc

i ti csbut l hci ! pdma| vbusi ncss
i s donc i n the ph\...
cllcnl/serverrrchilcclure A ucrwork sysrenrin \r:-(hcmcmorynndorhcr..1 :
severnl P C(cl
s i cnts)sharc
bililics ol A lafger compulcr or thoseof prirles. J.,
brscs,aDds0 on herlcrt.
cogn ive limih The liftits ot thc abiliry ('l thc hur::
mind b proccss,store.rndrocallintixnrarion.
cognillre style (cognltlon) Thc subieclive pn\...
through wl ch individualsorgauizcand chansc Inl
mationduring lhc decision-nMking
process.
collrbor!tins multlrgenls Mulliplc aBentsworlinL
coll$bontiic conmerce (c-conncrcc) A rypc of , L-.
lronic comnercewherc busiDcspartnen,usudllt rl, lhe supplychain,collaboratc cloclrorically.
collabo.alivc$mputing The shdrcdcomputerird \ .
when 1woor nore peoplework togcther(e.g..h\ u-.-.
icreen shanDg)-See
groupwucigroup supporlsv\l(r collabor$tiiefilcnng A me|hod for generarins,r!, ::
endationsfrom user prolilc. lt usei preferenc!: :
olher uscn ol similarbehrvior to predictthe prelerc._.
ollhe particularuser.
collahoralire workflo$ manngemcna A dajor nril :
collaborating in processesot busiDcssactivities !.furctions ircluding: planning and scheduling,den:
new producl intbrmation, producr conrent manr:
nent, order managemenl,aDd sourcingand procu:.

biti1
communilyof practice(COP) A sroup of peoplein . :
organ;ation with a cornmonprolessionalinterest.olr, -

851
selforganizedfq maniginq tfo\t:Jir |r ., kn.\ tcdge_
nratagemcntsvslcnr.
@ nplelc enunr c ra ti o tr l fi e ttu { rr\,,r.h rc N i n !cver}
teasjble$olutionto a problem
onplcxily
A mclsurc oi ho$ drifrrutr a t()btrm is in
lc r m s ol jt s f dn ru l :rl i o ni ()r o fttn 1 l rti o n . rtsrcqui rcd
()phmizationcltitrt. (r irs sloctrasticnrlur!
(o m ponentnodc l A mo d c tl fi .r .o n ta rn \
r Iu n cl ronrl
dc s c r iplioD
oi r l l c o n l p o n e n lN, r.tl h c rri n l c ra .uons.
mnputc.-uidcd instrtrclion(CAI) Ir
Sncr.l.rhc useoi
c om t ur c r s r s re { c l i n g l o o i s . s \n o n u n (,u s w i th
..thputet tJ.tsedn\trrr tit11..oDtpttuta6sin4lI.dhtutg,
an.t cottpaterhd\.11ttliniry.
cohpulcr-boscdinfornalion sJsrcn (UBIS) An xtroF
nrlion s!ncm spcciiicaltydesiSndto run oi ronrpur_
conputcrsuppo ed roopefttivc Bork (CSCW) .S..col
laborrti!c conrtutine.
conccplualgrtph (C(i) A diagramlhar dcscrihlr how
rnd when rn expcrt s knowtcdgcwilt conc jnto ph.! irs
ril cxPcfl svsr0mol)craros.
conflnr r$dnli
(otrutcs) ScteclingI p()cedurc lnrn
. ' c , i t li. linr . J l ,,r .,frtk .,t.l ( c ,{ n fc ri n s n r.rJ (,rrc. ,,r
IUIT\

(ontrodion *ciShts Thc \reighras*)ciAredwith

crch tint
rn a eural notwork nrodet..tlrcyrrc rssosscdh) nenrirl
n c ls or k slc r m in grl g o ri th D $ .
(otriialrtrry cnforocr 'thc conrpoDcrrot the
irfcrencc
c ngr nc r n c x p e rls y s tc nth rl rtte n l p tsto n u i n rri Da
c ons r s' D
r onl
r c pr c s e n rrtroon1th c c D rg i n gs o l u l i o n.
(o nulllli. ' n env im D n r(n t I\r
\).t!11
t.rrt o l ,rr f\F
, r ' l \ . u! \ r \ L n ' { ' .\n d I r,. o h r. n !rp \.n k n u w t.Jd.
a Dd_adv jc cinc
. I l l u d c sth e w o rk p trc ci,n to rc n c c ngrnc.
e x pr anr lr onlr c i l j ry . fc c o n n n e n d c da c ti o n ,rD d uscr
conlenl mloagemcnrsysron(CMS) An./..//,rr.zr,.r
| | F ru J rr(e 'J )n rrr' c \' r
'r
s r c n\ ol doc uDr e n ts
a n. d ru ro mrl i c a l l ! D ra i n rarns
uro
curreursel for usedl rhe cDtcrprisclev;].
coDtrolstnclurc S.. irterenceengine.
corlrolhblc rrrilblcs Decisionlariables.$rch ds
!en
rLr yr o Lr r oduc c ..n l o u nLrst rc s o u rc e1s r,b c a o cared.
and $ o!. rhnl can hc changcdand nranipularedbv rhc
cookics Icxl driDgsstoredon a uscis hrrd drilc lles lo
rccord the history.ihis or hcf acrionsar prlri.r]hr\tb
.orporaaeportnl A sldcm thar integrarestnt.fnal aptli
catrons.ruch as darabascmaDaAemeDr.
docuDrrrrnr.r
agcment,.nd e mail. wittr extcrllataLrpli.rLions.
sucha!
newsservrces
aDdcuslomerwctrsires.Itis a \\.h hastd
i nt . dJ LJlI r r ! i\ . \ u .(r, a c c !* r^ .J .f ,ftl .,.a ,f .
.o \l - bonelitandlr \ i r \ In e h u .tn ' J .r,.r r..r. | . \
"
bilit y oi r pr ojc c th ] c o m p rri n ge s ri m a r.t;i .
\l l h
antrc'patcdbencfits.
coursc*are A roftwarc svslemthalsupp. \

crertilitl Thc hnlnaDtrair thrr leadsto thc p( uclion

or acrs.rrems.andustanccsotnoveltv: and rhe acnrevc
menl of creatile Products.
crcsl i ri $ ruppod\)\tcnr t( \s, A gruLt.ufturr.\,rJr n
tndrhctT.u\er\(j J\ptupcr(.rl i \e .utLl i ,,n\t. prnt.l (m \ .
ailical strces facton (CSIS) Thc ihct{,rsthrr are nnxt
cflticalto the iucces\of an organizarion.
qossovc. lhe combnmrS()t pans
oi two supcior lohr
rons bv ! gcnelicalgoritbn fu an attemDrto nroducc.n
evenberlcr solurjon.
custorncrrelalionshipman{gcmnt(CRM) An orSani/.' unrdti n.ri rri \e\trn., u-i (.1[c i \r.,t.ruP tr,\uct r \ Jl
l uLu{ ' rner rrnsrnLtr,,rrl \(1, h,. L. l
crtt ccDter!kr t('lrlty progrilns.suchas rcw.rding trc
cudomerno-crstonrer(C2C) c-comnrcrccur which brnh
thc buycr.rndthc sci terrrci ndi vi .l urts
(n()thu ncs. \ ) .
cybc.bonki ng,l .?E l ectr(nrihanknu.
c
d{to R rs hcts.l hatarc nrc.ni ngtess
bv l hcms.tvcs
(c. g. .
nanrcs
or ounrbcN ).
drla irtcgrily Thc accuractrnJ rcccssibitilv,,i drlr. tr rs
a prrt ol dnl ! quati l !1
dal s arts D cprrtnl cnrrtdrtr w arch{{ sesl hrl () nt f
\1.' rrr.l e!.' t.l .,l r
d{ l a i nl ng Thc:rcri vi l ! (t tooki nt t,,r !cr} st)cc, t , c.
derai l cJ.but urknr)w n i nt{,rnul n)ni | l .ti l abrscs
searchi (tr vatuabte
rct di l fi cutrto fi nd (trl .. I.i rnrf , t \
c:.11.\lh.' ttt.pryi.
d8t! qml i ty (D Q) l hc quN ti ryot.l dl r, i nctud,,,8,rc r l
.(cun.\.Tl !-Fr,.n..1{ rtl .r. 11.. 1nJ rr(..,n ..
dot, vftullization A lraphicat rninr|tnD ,)r vidco
trc
scnl arnmofdrl N andrhercsul l sol .hl ranrl !s,.
d{lo wrrchonre l'hc ph!sicrl repository wtrcre rct,rrrdnrr dat. a' c speci al l y(trl ani zcd10
tnrvi de cntc.
pnsc widc,cledDcddat. in r stand.rdizcdli)nrar.
d,la warchuming A rclalidal dalabascspeciallvoflanilcd t. prolidc datr ior crs! acccs.
dahb{sc l}e orSanizing, )t tils irro rclaredun,rswhich
arc vl ew cdas N snrgl esLor.rcconccpi I. hc datd .rc
thr n InadlJ\di i rhl ( l u., { rJc r j nre rt use^.
.
darab!\oInunagemcnt
\y\tttrri tl )l t\,1s, \,,,ts..I1 l o,
cstablishins.updaiins.and querlins (c.s..rnaDaging).
dccisionnalysis Merho.lstof .lercrminingthc sotulion
ror proI'lcm.typicatty$beDir is iramropriilc to ulilize
nefulive .dAorithms.
drchi onrooD r {n.,.,dn8,nLnr t,{ ., c,,,uo.ut.D .n\!.
rfrr i 1 {hrfn r...,.(,\i i ,d,te
r,..^n(., Jrt p., rr.l
pants.I}e objectilc is to enhuce lrourwofk.
decisionstJle Thc manncf in wbiih a dccision lr.kcr
thinks and rcact! lo problen\ tt inchrdesperccprions.
cogmrlveresponscs.
!a1ues.aDdbelich.
dedsionlable A table usc.llo reprcscn.knoNlcugeano
preprre n 1oranalysis.
decisionlre A gaphical prescnrrrion()I a sequeoceot
mierrclateddecilio.s ro be nade unLlerassunlcdrisk

852

CLO55ARY

decisionvanabhi .l?econtrollablevariables.
dccision-makirg The action of seleclinganong ahema'
decision-support
syitens (DSS) Compuler-baledinlormation systemsthai combine modcls and dara rn an
attempt1osolvenonslruclurcdproblcmswilh cxtcm\c
uscrinvohcmcnt though a ftiendly uscrinlertace.
declarstiveknowledg Thc rcprcscntationol tactsand

delemiDistic nodels Modcls constructed undr

!$uned certainty!namely,lherc is only one po$ible
( and known) resull of eachallcmativc cou$e oi actron
drelopDcrt environments Partsof expertsystemsthar
are usedby builders.Thcyinclude the knowledgebase.
rhe i.ferenc0 cnginc. knowledge acqujsition. and
i mpr^\i nHrLd.uni opcapdb' l rry.
Ihe knnul edg( (nEl
nee. and the ei(pcrt arc consideredpart of theseent,'

DI

DI
d]

dy
dchrrtiye rulc8 Rules lhal slale nll lhe tacls and rclationshipsinvolvedin a problcm.
dductivereosoning tn logic,rcasoningtiom thc seneral
1o thc spccific.Consequentreasoningin which conclusionsfollow premises.
dcep knowlcdgc A representationof informationabout
thc internal and causalstructureof a systernthat considcrsthc interaclionsamongthe sysrenk components.
dcoprepr.scnladon A modelthat capturesallthe forns
ofknowledgeusedbyexperti in their reasoning.
dctuurfficaaton Creating a crisp solution fron a fuzzy
Iogicsolution.
dclndh'lduatlon A feeling of beingseparatedfrom oth.
ers that can lead to behavior violating cslablished
norlnsoi appror'riateness.
Dclphl Melhod A qualiladle forecasdngmethodology
usinganonymousqueslionnaires,
EiJecdvefor tchno.
lL)Sicalforecasungand lor forL.casring
invohing scn5ide'n.nd chain Thc flow of matc als from an opcration
to thc lin0l dcmand.lt includesorder generaiion,taking. and futtillmcnt and has been integrated into th
supplychaiD.
de'nor (or &mon) A proccdurc thal runs if a spccific
predefinedslateis recognizcd.
denoDstrstior prolotype A snall-scaleprototype of a
l us uall)c \ pc f lr s\,rc m rh d l J u m o n n ra l !!5 o mcm aj ,rr
cdprbililicsoi rhc linallystcm on a rudimentarybasis.Il
is uscdto gain supportanlonguse|sand managers.
dendite The part of a biologicalneuron that provides
depndentvqriabl3 A sysrcn's measureof efTectivedepth-fiist sclrch A scarch procedure thai explorcs
cach branch of a scarchtrec to irs full vertical length.
Each branchis scarchedfor a solutioniifnone is found,
a new venical branchis searchedto its depih,and so on.
d$criptivc nodcls Models that describelhings as tbey
desisn ph8 The seconddecision naking phase:lindins
p us ' iblralr c r Da ri rr.In d e c r' i o nm a k i n Ca n d d .\c ' srnB
d e s k loppnic bs s i trg A v a ri a ri o no l e p ro c u re mcnli n
which supplien' catalogsare aggregatedin an
'nternal
mastercatalogo. the buver'ssefler. so that the
com
pany's purchasingagentsor even end-userscan shop
more convememy.

dcvclopDetrtstrsiegies Mctlods usedto analyze,design.

and implemenlcomputu syslems.
directory A culalogof all the datain a databaseor all th.
modelsin a nodcl base.
di rbel i ct l hc desreeof hehel l har somcrhrngi : nul
diltancc le{rntng (DL) Th processol lcarningwhcn !r
involvostoolsor technologies
designedtooverconc th!
restriclionsofcither same-timor same.place
lcarning
SLudcnrs
arc not in a clarrroomhur u:e LL.lccomnrLrtu(.,.
tion nctworks.groupware.telephones,
faxes.and tclc\!

clf{
efff

E-8
dtutrlbutcd rrllficiol intelligenc (DAl) A multiple.
agentsysten for problem-solving.Splitting of a pfoh
lcm into multiple cooperating systcmsin dcrivins a

E.le
document msnrgment Thc automatcd man0gcmenr
rnd control of digitized documcntsihroughout th.r!
life-cycle.
documcnt mrnagemcnt uyctmi tDMSt Inlormalr,{
systems(e.g.,hardwarc!sottware)thAt allow ihe flo$.
storage,relieval. and uscofdigitized documents.
docunented kdowlcdSc For ES, stored knowledg(
sourcesnot baseddireclly on humanexpertise.
donnin An area of experlisc.
donaln n ncs The o(rcial namc assignedto an Interner
site.consistingof nultiple pa s,scparatcdby dots.which
are tnnslsled from righl ro lcft in locating the site.
domrln.specific toob Software shells designedto h.
used only in thc dcvclopment of a specific areai i(tr
example.a diagnosticsystcln.
&ill do*n The invesligalionof infornation in detail:for
example.finding nol only iolal salesbut also salesb\
region.by product,or by salcsperson.
DSSapplication A DSSprogran built for a specificpur
pose:for exanplc, a schcdulingsystemfor a specilic
conpany.S.e spccificDSs.
DSS gnrslor (ersin) Computer software that pnr
videsa set of capabiliticstbr quicklv building a specifi.
DSS.
DSS integrrtd tool A loolkit for DSS developmerl.Ir
includesa spreadsheel.
a dalabascmanagementsvsrem
graphics.and other Ieatures
DSS pfinrry lools Fcaturcsthat facilitatetle develop,
ment of eilher a DSS scncratoror a specificDSS,such
as progranming languages.Srapbics.editors! query s\ +
tems.and random numbergenelato6.

in

Cr

grl

CLOSsARY
Dss^lcchnologJtcvts A tiamc$ort tor undersran.ling
DSS devclopmenlrspecrficDSS_DSS gencralors.
and
DSStools
DSSt ools S ollwx r e(te m(n l .,L ! . td n tL .!-, rh d rra crl
rra l(r h( Llev r luf m (not l J D s \ u r d D \s
d tn { m ic er ?lanlt ion tn h S.d n (V .tu .,l !r ' l (Ic
r.rru
.
tJ ..i
trrJ
,rh.,1
rccoosrruclsthe roason!ibr its sctions .s ir evaruarcs
dlDamic modh M(dcls whoseinput d.ta are cnangeo
over lmeitor cxamplc.a Iive veaf
trolir (or x,rrl proe-burinc$ A broad dclinirion ot eteclronicrcnnrercc
thal refen notjust to buyingand selling.hutaho to serq crnt c us r on) ( r .c.u l h h l ra l i n H$
n b r!n !\ p .,rl n er..
rn u ( nnuuc t t n$
et e rl ro n i (l ra n \rc l rrrl \
rn o r !:!
" rl h rn
clbctivcDr$ Thc degrceoi goal atrainment.Doin! rhc
righl things.
e fl l ci enc ! lI < r ' ( io. rl n u rp u rl ,, rn tu r Atn ro fri .t( u.c
afrlsour.cI DuinAlhc thinrr riuhr.
[-govornm(nr m. ur
trrtern.r tc;trn"tod! rn g(ncrrl
"r
,rnr ercJtronrcc^n)nrerlr
in phrtrculurr,r Lictr\Lr,nroF
n non Andpuhlic scr!ic0sr(, cirizcDs.
busines,pr(nors
JnJ auppliers.rnJ rhorEwnrkrusin rh(
tuHic r...ctnr.
..
rrenrnrDg I h.. onhn( dcliverJ of rnlum: r^n Lor
turp '.rs coI
s educ r t k r n tra
, i n i n S.o f k u o w l c d g em u n a gccl e ctronic br r ins t or n tD g ,fl .

B ra i n s L o rm i n g(c l cc-

853

clect.onir solo slorcfronts Electronic burinesscs

that
maintaiDthcirown Intcrnetnamc and Webrreinar
bc
extcnstonsoI phlsicatstoresor may bc new busnesscs
st?rtedby entfeprcneurs*ho sa1!a nicheon rhe
web.
cleclm.ic slorcfronls Secetcctronicsolo slore,roD6
clicitrtiotr of knowledge &e knowledgcelicitation.
cml osernrg {mpto} ec\ pru!i Ji rr Lmptu,< L\ srJn
rr(L\ tu Inturmkl i onnceJ(J tor d< ci sron-n,ai .n!
Jnu
wrrh computcr proSranrsthnt gencratcrecommcDded
decbronsror specificsccnarios.
E MY ( l \. tE mptl MyctN )
th( nunrp(rrt,( tJrl
i chl l edtl e \hcl l ) ut M\ C tN con.i rtrnts
oi * ndl F t(tr
Jl l (r rh! Inu$l eJ!e r\ remured FM C t\ t,e(unrc!. 1
n(s fruucn)-$hrr qh.n l hc InostrJFe ruj nr
!urcv
r,,rI tl rl rcrentfrubl emdom. n r! Jddrd
Mcrpsl thi i otr In ,' btecr-uenrro
rhLcoufrutr.rmmrng.
trrnt nr ual r,rnd tr,.ceJures
rnd rmheJJrnrrnem an
end usercomprfinS Devctopile oro,s own intbrnnirion
cnd urcrdctetopmcnrJe. ,nJ-u\r .,,j r)r,utul

cnhonced
prodmrr(rti.arton
rrpnr rrr'rrr.ri.:r-r,,^..r.
nrte{H hc-rrt di stri huted
$ysl cnr
rhl l r ow sD rnuhc_
rurcrsto akc t' rslD n)ductnrodi l .i c.ti 0rrs
i ntw hcrc rnl
accol erare$
l he ti D e l o nrrrket i or nrw nr;du.l \ rn.l
.ervrc$.E P R mr..A ' :,r....rn,t
tu\.,.,i J\ r\e trr!fl )..t$,r,.
ul her cxrrl i n$LrJ unr(r!r.r! rt,,rn.,,ri ,11
r((hr,,.,,r1
l o ennbl ea hosl oi col trboruti l eD ranutucl urj ng
rnd
dpfti cati ol rs.Il i s d ki nd (j i

clecimnic conmercc (EC) Uuying And sc ing pfoducts

no $crvrcesus'ngconpurersand uciworks.
s.tcrp_n$ccomputing Slc cnterpfiscirli,rmation syscm
elctrotriccommrniti$ croups (,t peoplc wiLhsiNiiar
(Ers).
usethc IntcfneL1()coDnunicale,cothbo,
cnicryrisr
inforn{iion ponlt \r. Jnrcrtrr^er,,flut.
'nlcresrswho
ratc.
dtscursissuesoi nluruatconccrn.or conouq Dusrcntcryri l ci nformudonsJi temtE tsr A n uri Jnvnrrunnc$. Al$ cdlledriir(r.omnrrirnc
wruesysreDthal endblespcor,lct0 comDunicdrc
wrln
cl(rronic cu\iomer rcterionihip ninagemcnt {e.CRM)
one
other rrd acess approprirre drra throughour
( u \tunt c r! eni. t . \ e tf re rri c , s e b
an
a n D trc a r,u n (.. rtc\
!nl erpri \< .l l i nctud.\., nunrh(r.f (nre,pn.(_w rd(.y..
rorcerutomatjon toots.and analysiltotcusr(Dcn.pur| .)sr..m.I (.vsr. t r$trJte
clasingbehaviorson thc Intcrnerinirintiveslhar emDre
nranasenrcntsysrens (KMS), supply chain n,rnasc
u organiTdlionro m()rc eftcdivcly re\pond to lls cu$
nrc' )t\\cl (n\. (S C M). (nre,trFe ,L\.urce
romers needsand ro marker to thcm ou . onc ro-otre
i ,,.,,,nr!
r< suur(J,ndni $er,enr,t R \4 r .\.
clectronic documrDi m|nreencna (trDM) A method
cnterpriseknostdgcporlat (trXp) AD etectronrcd.or
ror proccsDg (locumenrsetcctronicalltiDcludirgcap
way inro a knowtcdgemanagemcnrlysrem.
rurejsbragc,relricval,nnn iput.tjon, . nd DrescDtation.
cnrerpri s(port.t A (urt.^rrteInrcrnJl W .b.i rc
cle.tronic Intcrnt conmunities ,Vc clectroniccommu_
l .n .
Inrranerll l I I i nl rttdrr\ mJn) i nrerndtJnptrcJl run.
$rl tl
externrl oncs. Users acccssthch vii iran.lard Wct)
cl e r| ro nic m c c t ing t Emc o ti n B l A n r(..| | 1 1 th J t
r.
e n n anc c h\
d r gr uuP\u p p o !!s re n r
menl (ERM) &. cnrerprise
clectronic meting systens ([MS) Ai inn]nnalioD
resourccprinuns (ERp).
l <chnolut ! -bJ \ eJ r n \i ru n mJ n r rl . \u tp u n \
rr,,L p
en.erytsercsourcephnning([Rp) A processrnaLDremccrnp\ . r e' uun$! r e t.$ h i c h n J \ t-.,d r.r,rt-u rJ J
grateslhe rDtbrm.tioDproccsing of all routinE
!(u
ncn!r
g ro n nr c al\andr c m n o rd l l ).
I| -\ n.r.l , dn
electroni. retriling (e-rriting) Dirccr \cliirq ro con
^rJ.ni /arnn re.s..nrJLfl ns.br ,,,{.l ,ru
\j uc' i un ..hcdu,rrc. budB el rnr.\,i rrcr rnd .,,,,,,D 8
sume6 through clecrronicstorelrorts rr nrtjs. usualr
ou$ncsstartne6. Also knowt as ortetplise ksouce
designcdaroundan etcctroniccaralo! f.rmar.
nahaSetltnt tERM).

,.J

854

ai ;5i {R Y

cnterprisesyslems S.( enlorprisccoDrputii!

cnlcrprise-widecoll.boration sJslcms cnruf .uf ...:.
systemslhxr supportenlire cnlcrpriscs.
cnlcrprire-widecomputing .Se.cnlcrpfiseconrtur,f L
cnunerllion (conplcle) A listing of all t.\rbl.
',,1u
tions rnd a comparisonoI |hcir results1. order t! lrnd

.\pe.l i se The set oI c.pabi l i l l esthdt undertj ncsr :

oi hrl nan experl s.i ncl udi D sexl en\l
rJ.ri ,trmance
r\j n n knoB l edC c.
hcufkti c rul es l har si mpti t\ i r
r tmrc rftturchcs lo problern-solvin8.melakIrIn
edcc rnd rnel cogni ti on.and conpi l ed form\
hchrvior thar rilord grert economyin a skilled pcrt, '

cniironmenlrl scsnning and inaltsis C.nduc(inq i

searchtor ind an anall-sisoi infounarioi in c\r.nrt
databases
ud tloss ofiniornation.
c-procurenrenaPurchasingby usirg clcctroni. iupnort.
cvqlualion 'lhc activitv oi asxcssinS
the overall valuc ol
an expcrl systcmin terms ot acccplableperi(mrncc
levcls,usctirlness,
flexibilily. clliciency,and con-cl'icc

.\planation and justificltion Thc dcsignand pn,gftn'rngol aDexplanationcapabiliry

cxplanaliont cilily 'lhc componenlolrn cxpert $,rth.t crD cxpl ai nl hc systcms reasonrSand i ul ri \

cvolulionl|rydcyclopmenl A systematicpft)cosrlor sys

ten dcvclopncnt that is uscdin DSS.A ponnr ot thc
s y s t em is quic k l y c o n s rru c l c drn d th e n l cstcd,
inrprovcd.tltrdcnlargedin stcps.Sinrilir to prorotyping.
cxccplion roporting Calling altcntidr to a dcvi.rtior
largcr than rn rgreed on throslrold(e.A.,l0 pcrccnl or
$200,000).
erecutirainlbrmrlioD3}strm (EIS) A conpulorizcds!stcm spccilicallydesigncdtosupportexecurivcwork.
cxcculivesrpporl iystcm (Ess) An cxecurilc inform!r i' { $. r r m t h. ' ti n c l u d eV
s n e h n rl y trc x.rn
l Jr,fl rruni caln,nc{pAl'ilities.
xpecution-drivcn procesling A reasoDinglncthod.
uscdwirh frlrnrer.thal IrIcnpls to idenriiy dnla to conexperl A human being who hAsdevelopd I high lcvel
ol prolicicncr-in mrknrsjudgmenh in I spocilic,usurlly
c\ptrt $Iporl cy(cm An L\p.jfl .v\(m trh,^c prnrrr
n' i. . i" n ii t r \ I tn .' rl F rrb l .m.^ l v i n !- J n J J -(r .run
cxpertsJslcD(ES) A conpulcrsvsiem rhar dpplicsrc.
$ niDg m et hod o l o g i c sl o k n o w l e d g ei D d s p cci l i c
domair to render ddvicc or recommcndrlions.mnch
likc N human expcrt.A conputer systcn thrt achieves
! hrgh level of perlorDaDcc in task arcxs lhrl. for
hunan bcirfs. require ),carsol specialeduca(ioDrnd
xp s$lcn shcll A computcrfrogram thdl lacihlatcs
rchtivelv easvimplemcntationof a speciliccxpcrt s\s
rcm.Analogousto a DSSgenerator,
export rool user A pcrsonNbo is skilled iD thc apflica
tron oi one or morc typcsof specializedproblcn soh
expe .drivcn knowledge rcquhilion A silutlion iD
Bhich atr expert ciplurcs hcf or his own knowlcdsc
wilhout dre help olr knowlcdSeengineer.
expcrtisetransfer syslen (ETS) A conputcr prograD
that lntervrewscxpcrtsand helF thcn build cxpertsls

cxplan{tionsuhsyslenl Jc. extlanrtion ircilit}

crplanution-based lc!.niog A
machine l$nr
rptroach thalassu cs thar thereis cnoughexistin! 1r
(tr! (o l ati onal i zcahy one i nstrncci s or i s not i L
tr,
lvp'ql mcnrber('i. class.
cxpliciakno*lcdgc KnowlcdScrha(dcrts with obic.r
ral i ,rl l l , and techni crlm:rtcri al(d 1n,pol i ci cs.
t)n . .
durcr,roil ware.documcnrs.etc.).
cxteD dodsnppl ychoi n A sutpl v chti i i th.r i n.t!husincsspartncrs,ruch a$cusl(rner$ nd $rl)l)ti!$
extr{cl To catturc dstr from sclor|l sources.
sfnth!.
l honr.sunnari zc Lhcnr.
dcternri D w
c hi chot rh.fl
rel cva)rland
, organi rethcnr.
crtrrnet A comhnutioli ol corD(trrlei'rlftrncls.rfJ
Intcncl , \pcci l i cN l luscd
l
i n cnhrnccdpr(Jdrl c1
r..
r!r (E P R ).
f| cet A D A nri hurcor I tcA turcl hardcscri bcs
thc r,tr,..
01a sl oti n i l ramc
fu(i l i i !..tr{i n GS S r \ tcr.^n sh.,.t,i .. o,!,-1r. .
cloclronicallvcontrols.grout in I collxborari!cnnr:
ing docisnnrmnkingcDviroonrenr
(o.g.,adccisnnrr,
trcl s D cchrari l c kD ow l cdgerl he
rruc .D d fal s! .L
nenLstu xn a iiiciNliDrcUigence
sy(cn.
lcssibility shdy A prcliminary invcsligrrion ld J!
opiDgphn\ to coDstruct. nerr inlornNlnrr svsrcfr
major aspectsot Lhcstudy are cosr vs.bcnefir.lcilogical,humaD.organizarional. rnd linancial.
lecdtbMrrd-l,rckpropagalior Alloss .ll neL,n{r.
l i nk l hc ourpul i n oD c l aver l d thc i npur of rhc r
lalcr. but does n,,l rllow Anvtuedhackli*age
fifth-generulionlangurgcs(s(il,) Artilicirl inte,,,!-conpurcr frogranDing larguase!.Ihc bcst kno\l
PROLOG and LISP
l i rc{ ul l A nerhr,l turtr.rcL.i npdru.!.,,ri l .ri ., ..
pulcrs irom dulsidcrs.
firing r nlc Obtaining irformalion oD cither the rf
lhe lllEN part ol a rulc thar rnakcslhc fule rn .,..
r' (n (trucor fal se).
forecasling Prediclinglhcfnture.
forwardructions Uscd naioly asa sclhgcluDnel .,.
SIcscllei aucrionsitcm(s) to man\ potcntialbur.r.
lbrnlrd chaining A dara ddven scarchin a rule-r..

DS

ot ll

ir r n

gratlic

groupI)
Sroupp

groupth

ctosSARY
Iourlh-gcncralioD lrnguaEcs (.t(;L\) \onprocedurar.
us d onm t ed la n g u a g e rh
s a t c n a b l . q u rc x p ro gram
miDgby specilringonly rhe.tesjredrcsutr!
lirne
A knowledgcreprcsenlat'onscherlrcrnrr assocL
ar r . onL or nr o retc i ru rc \ k i rh d n o ^ 1 .\r In r-rT. nL
sloh and particulu slol valucs.
rm m c . bA c d\ ls r cm An (\T c r, $ .r(m s h u .e In n q
t( dl e
l rJ n $ { o l .i (\l n ,r(n l e J ,In rh ! knus,
' \ r c t y f \ c nt ( u. s

8s5

groxpwaie Conputcrircd rcchnotogiesand

mcthods
rnar arm ro support rhc work oI people working
in
groupwork Any lork bcing performed by
norc roan
heuistic progrannins

the uscolheurisricsin probten1

hcuriitics lnfomal, judgmenralknowledseof an

appli_
aron ar(. rhJt c,,n\ri rure\rhe ' .rure\or punJ
lioDtliDcdcisior-making A process01aulon,aungdccr
i ud! nrent rn l he fi etd H eu,i " ri cs,hu enc" mpa* es
rn.
$on proccsses
and pushinSthcm dosn thc organzauon
knnstedtJ.ot hoq l o rut\e prohtJm\(,ri crJn
.,n. r
to cnpower ctnptoyees$.ho {re in conracl wilh
)
(tecrj \el ).ho$ tnptan.l Lf\i n\ohi ngkcnmpte\pro ,
cns
tonlcls.lt includescvalualionmatriccssnd ready
made
l o rmpror(| erturmxnce.:l nd
\u ti rrrtr.
DSS.
' cm.now
ni dden
l al er thc mi Jdl eI.,)erot an afl i ti cratneur.,rnrltu n c t ionallnt egnri o n tru v rJ i n f d rl t(re n r.u tp u rl
tunc
wortwirh thrcc or more layen.
r on( d! . r s r nB t e!)rl e m rh ru u c hx .rn F te ..u n j\rLnr
hi ddcnurenpl oynent A rl uxl i on rn trhi ,h pLotr(
dr (
cunridcreJemplnycdhur wort ont)
of Ihc lrm(. In
tuzzilication A procossthAt convensan accurarc
n.fl
nunlsu(n j E rr thc sj rm..amounl ot $or[ coul u LE pe r ber into a fuzzydescripli{njsuchai convcrringriom
rn
rormed hy rewerneuple.
exactagc inro youngor old.
hierarchicrl.cssontng A reasoningmerhod,
basedon {i
ftrl.J logic. Logicaltyconsisrenr
wals ofredsoningtharcAn
tree rearch, iu.which ccrraiD attcrnarives.orlocK.
or
copew n unccrtainor p0rrialinformationrcharacErrsrrc
eventscan hc climinalcdal Yllliouslcvch ot rhc
scarch
oI lrunranihinkingnndmAnvcrlerr systcms.
lrvzy
raf! A r.\ rhLur] aptri{ch rn whrchrer membcF
humsn-m.chlneintedrce i?" Lrserinrerlircc.
shrprs trssprecrsclhAnhavinpobjccrs\lncrt! in or
our
hybrld (tDtcgnted) comprtcr systems Dificrcn,
conr
pul .r.programs
or l u^l r rhardrJ i nl ($-r,l Ld
rd fcfl .,r, . .
gamoplsying A dc'mainrhal has bcen invesligatcd
in
.
artificialintolligencc.includingchcckersand chess.
hyrrri d rJl tch! tenvhonment S ^trq r
f" rt.,!c.
Senrral.purpirccprobtem.rolvcr (cps,
A procedurc
l or cxFJl ti np rhe conrrucl i .,nJl xp(,1\y.l .nr.
l h,, r
tr . . . v et oped
by A t A n N L s c U An d H c rb Srmo ni n an
j ncrude!cveri ,tknuw tcJB er!trc\(nrrri ^n
{h(,,,,F
_
rr r m pl r i c r J lc a n i n te th C e ncr o mp u re r.Ah h ough
ironlcmodel A rcdlcd
thysrrdl rplrca
un(u(.es<tut.rhe conccptmade! vatuableconnrbution
|dca gncratioh Thr proccs. hy \hich p.ottl
to tlreAl field.
ts.n.rnrJ
roeas-u(u8Iy .ul ponE d hl \nfrw rrc: tor c\Jnrft( .
qcnciic Nlgorlrhmr Sotlsflre prngrim<
rhdr tEirrnin rn
uevel oni ngal Lrndrrve\,,turrrn. In d
elolultonary manncr sinilar 10 rhc way biotogical
tr,,bi cm. !,,.
sys,
IF-TH E N A condi uunnt
rutedccorJi ngIn shrch d .(r.
gcosrsphicInfornrtion system(GIS) An iniofmatron
13rndcl on F l rren onl } i r a pdni cuhrcundrri un
i. \ i\
sysren |hal usesspatialdala,suchAsdigitiuedmaps.
A
co'nomafion or toxr! graphics.icons.and syDrDoron
i mpl ncnal ri on phl rc the roufl h Jecrson-m.krn d
pnar. In\ut\rnFrcl ual l ) puurn!, rcrom,nended.utuBoalscckirg an{lydo Asking a cornpurerwhatvuuesccF
lam varirblesnlusrhavein ordor ro artaindesiruogolrs
independcna
varisbtcs Varirblesin rDodctthat rre con[ra phic r l us c r int erfl c (c u t)
{ n In rJ ,i c ri \. u rrr
troiled by the dccision-makerand/or thc enlnonncnr
tnondl) interracein which, by usins icons and sinitft
and $hich determincthe rcsultof a decision(aiso
calted
oDJects.the user can conrrc,lcomDnnication with
a
inducaiorrrble A rabtethatfacititatesruie inducrion
for
groupDSS S.. group-snpporrsystens.
group purchasing The requiremenrsof maDrrbuye^
are
i nducti vel rrrni nF A md.hi nL tearn,nBrtproach
in
aggregarcd
so that rheymat<eup a targevoiunc.
wnrcnrur(s are u'retrcd frum frcrsor ddLi
elolp supportsFlems (cSS) Infornution svnemsthat
inductiv reasonitrg tn togic. reasoning
from ue
suptort the work of groups (communicalion.dccision
specrtc to tbe gcneral.CoDdilionalor antecedcnr
rcan hk r nu)gc nJ r all\q ^ rk i n t o n u n .| | u ,l u ,c d ,. .e mr
structuredprobiems
Ine\actIrppm\i mrtr) i earoni trF \ rvpl nt rcJ.onrnp
gtoupthinL ln a mceting,continualrcintorcem.nt
ot an
useownenan expertsvslcmmustmakedecisions
based
ideabv group mcmbers
on pa ial or incompleteinfomutjon.

856

CLO5SARY

infrerce The processoI drawins a conclusionfrom

sivcn cvidcncc.Torcacha dccisioDby rcasonin!'
inlerenceenginc Thc partolan cxpcrt syslen thal aclu.
auy pcrforms t}le rcasoning function.
inlerencetlee A schcrnatic
vicw of thc infcrcnccproccss
showin8theorderinwhich nles are bcinSlcstcd.
inlercncing Performing the intcrcncc function.
inferenctngrules ln ES. rulcs that dircct thc infcrcncc
i n f luenc edir gr um A J i a g ra ml h a r \h u q . rh ( \dri ,' u.
typcsofvariablcsin r problcIn (dccision.indcpcndcnl,
rcsull) and how thc] aro rclatcd to cachothcr.
information DatA lhAl Arc organizcd in A mc ningtul
lnform|lton rcvolutlon Thc chAngcscrcatcdby computcrs that havc rcvolulionizcdour lifc. A conccptsimilAr
to lhc induslrial rcvolulion, which changedthe wolld
whcn machincswereinlroduced.
inhednrme Tho procc$sby whichone objccrtakeson or
is Assigncdthc ch{ractcd$licsof anothcr objccl highcr
up in A hicrarchy.
lnpulr The resourccsintroduccdinto 0 systcmlbr translormation intooutputs.
inctentlotton Thc proccssof assigning(or substituling)a
spccilicvaluc or namc 1oa varinblcin a framc (or in a
logic cxprcssion),m{king it { particular "inshncc" ol
in$iitudonsltzation Thc proccssthrough which an MSS
sy(tem ii incorltnratcdas an onfaing pafl of organizalnstltullonal DSS (or MSS) A systemtlat is a permanent fixture in an organizationwith continuingtin0nc i0l s uppor l.I r d L rl s s i rh .l e c i 5 i o n r o f ! rc curri n8
ntclcctllal assct A spccificpart ol thc know-howoI {n
organizstion. lntcllcctual asscts oftcn includc thc
knowledgethat emnloyeespossess.
inlcllctual crpl.al The know-how of an organization.
Intellectualcapital often includesthe knowledgethat
employea
Possess.
intcllcctual propcrtJ The intangiblc propcdy crcatcd by
individualsor corporations,which is protcctcd undcr
copyright,tfade secret.and patentlaws.
inllllgence A degreeof reasoningand learnedbehav
ior. usuallytask-or problem'solving-oriented.
inllligencephase The initial phaseof problem delini
lion in decision-making.
intelligenl rgent (IA) An expert or knowledgebased
\ ) \ r em em hedd e di n .^ mn u re rh a \e d ' n fo rm .rion* \
telns(or thejr components)to makelhem smarterintelligent conpuleFaided imtruction (ICAI) The usc
ofAI lechniquesfor training or teachingwith a conr
intlligent d$tobrse A databasenanagement system
cxhibiliDgarliliciat inlelligencetealuresthat assistthe
usr or designer;
ohen includesES and intelligentagenls

iDleliecnt DSS A DSS that includesone or nore com

poncnls of an expert systemor other AI lechnology.
\\ilh lhis conrponent.the DSS behavesin a beltcr
(nrorc*nrtelliSenl")manner.
iDleligert inlcr{rcc A userjnterfaceexhibilingrrtificiaL
rntelliSence
leaturesthal a$ist thc uscrioftcn cludcs
ES and intelligentagents,I1 may leam thc usagoslylc01
lhc decisionnraker.
intelligenlsoflw c agcDt ,tcei.teuigenl agent.
inllligent l lorlng sy|lcm (lTS) Selr-tutoringsyrtem\
that can SuidelearneF in how besl to proceedwi(hlhc
intelhncdh sJstcn$ lntelligert multinedia systems.
intcrrcllvc inductiotr A compuler-bascd ncans oI
knowledgeacquisitionthat direclly supportsan oxpcrl
in pcrlorming knowledge acquiririo. by guiding thc
cxpod lhroughknowledgestructurinS.
interloce$ Thc parts of computer sysrernsthat inleracl
with uscrs,&cceptingcommandshon lhe comf,uter
kcybo8rdAnd displayingthe resuhsgeneraledby othc!
partsotthe systms.
Intcrmcdtary A prson who u!'esa computcr to luliill
requstsmadeby orher f,opleifor 0xamplc,{ tinanci l
Analystwho uses0 computer lo answerqucsliotrr'l(tr
hternct

kl

kn
I
kn(

A gbbal network of hundredsof thousandsoI

Intcrnct co|nnunltler Sdceleclronic(virtual) comhunr

Inlclnca follbot A soltwareagenLthal can lcarn rnd bc
usedon the Intrnel.
lnlcryrclcr (rule lnterpreter) Scr inlerencc cnginc.
intervicw analyilr An explicit.face-to-faceknowledse
acquisitiontechniqueinvolvinga direct diabg berween
thc cxpert and lhe knowledgeengineer.
intrsburin$s {lnlrrorgrnlrs.lonsl) EC Electronic busi
nesstransactions
thattake placewithin atrorgantation.
in an attempt1()increaseproductivity,spccd,and qudl
rty,and lo cut cosls,
intllnct An internalnetwork thal usesIntcrncl c.pabil
ities,suchasbrowsing.search
engines,and e-nail.
itcmtivc dcilgn .te?evolutionaryprotolyping process:
itcralivc proce3s Sc?evoluiionaryprololyping procc$:
protot)!ing.
job conlenl The specific lasks dn.l rcsponsibilitics
j$titicrtion

facility (or iuslifier) S.. cxplanation flcililr

iustifict sc? explanationfacilily.
kcy performarceindicalors(KPIS) Speciticrnersurs ol
the critical successfactorsin an execuliveinformatron
key $ord scarch A melhod ol looking for imporrant
termsindocumenGorWeb bascdsvstcns
keJ tlords lmporlanl lcrns tu a docunent based (o!
web-based)sysletn.Usedtor scarching.

!
kn'r
P

in

CLOSSARY

457

ky word bahncrs Electronicadvenfem.nls rharrppea.

son(s)who need to k.ow throughoutthe orSanrzauonr
wben a predeterminedword is queriedfrom he scarcn
knowledgeevolvcsand growsduring the process.
e n g ine: u\ ed
t o lar F uct u .ro mL ^$ rrhfd rc u tdIn
r r(r(sr\. lamwledgmrp S?einductiontablc.
l n o $ bois
A . ut r $ rre p ru l ru !r to r rm p te m (n r rnt knowledgequefes, rDd nrniputotion liDguage(KeML)
mo b ile agent s G e e h tl p ://{ q $ .c n ri .re s to n .v a.uv
A languaSeand pforocol lor exchangingintormation
Lnowlcdgc Undcrstanding. awareness.or lamiliarity
acqulrcd ttriough educarionof extericnce. AnyrhinS
lhat has beef, learncd.perceivcd.discovcrcd.intefcd,
or understood.Thc ability to use inlor ation. In a
knosledge-managcmentsysrcnt.kno*tcdgc
h iniorma
knowledgclcquiiition The extrrdion and fbdnuriuon
or knowledgedcrived from vrrious rources.espccialty
knowledgaudit Thc processof ide.dtying the knowrcdgean organizalionhas,who has it, and }ow ir flows
(or doesnot) throughthe enrcrprise.
knowledgebasc A collectionof tactc,rulcs,and procc_
duresorganired inlo schemas.
The asscmblyof alt rhe
inlbrmation and knowledgc abour a specificlicld of
knorlcdgc dlrgrom A grAphical rcpresenlalion of
knowlcdge.
knolrledge dlscoveryIn datobrcca(KDD) A machine
learningprocessLhntperformsrule induction,or a rclated
procedurc to eshblish knowlcdge from large dalabases.
knoslcdgc dlicorery A nuchine learningproccssrhat
perlorms rulc induction, or a relarcd proccdure for
eshblishingknowledgclrom largc darabases
or textual
knosledgc elicitation Thc acr of exlractingknowledge,
gencrally aulomatically. lrom nonhuman sou!cesj
Lnolrledgccngin$r An Al speciatisr
rcsponsiblcfor the
iechnical side of developing an expcn system.The
knowlcdge engineer *orks ctosely with rhe domain
expclt to caplure the expcrfs knowledgein a knowt_
knowlcdgcengincdng(XE) The ensineerinsdiscipline
rn whichknowlcdgeisinrcgratedinto compurersysrems
to solve complcx problens normally requiring d high
le!el of hum:!ncxpertise.
knowlcdgc inferercing S.z infrencins.
knowledgeinlerchengGfonot (KIF) A conpurcr oricnted languageused in the inleichaDgeof knowledge
amongdrspalateprognms.
knowledgml|tragcmenaThe aclivenunagementof rhe
expcrtisein an or8a.izalion.It involvcscollecling.caregorizirg,and disseminalins
knowldgc.
knowlcdgc mrnsecnenr suitcs Knowledge-n,arr8e,
mcnt softwarcthat consistsof a comprebensivcsd of
knowledgemrnagemenl systen (KMS) A svsrcmthar
tacilitalesknowledgcma.agemcntby ensurinpknollcdge flow hom rhe pcrson(s) }ho kno* ro rhc per-

lixmwledgerefiningsystem A systcmtbat has the abiliry

l o dna\/e i r. uqn terturm.ncl terh. and rmpru\c
itself for luture cons ltations.
knowledSc rcpoiitory Thc actual storagc location
of knowlcdSe in a knowlcdse mAnagemonrsy$em.
Sinilar in narure to a darnbnse,
bur generallytexl_orikno*ledg rcpr$enhrion A formalismlor rcpresenting
facls and rules in a compurer abour a rubjccr or spcknowlodgelulldation Terling ro dercrmjnewhcther rhc
kno*ledgc in an AI svsrcm is corroct and wnerhcr
thc syslenrperformswith rn accepkble tevcl of accuknowledge worehousc A rctosirury f^r !n nrganizi_
knowledgwo*crc Enployeer who use knowledgcrs n
significantinput to lheir work.
knowldge-baiedeconomJ The modcfn. globnt econ.
omy which is drivcn bl whnt peoplo rnd orgnnizartuns
"know"rather than only bycapilat and trbor.
lnowldttc.basedeyslcm A tlfjicrlly rute bascdststcru
ror provi di ngcxFrri sc. tdenri cfl ro
l Fj . c\ccri rhJr
lhe sourceof cxperthcnuy includcdocumcnledknowtedgc.
Inonledgc.poorploccdurcs Standardmcrhodsfor dciiltng with shallov knowledgcdomains,
knowldgwarc Artificial iDteltigenccsofiwarc.
Kohonenslf.org{nLdngfcrrurc lr|apr A r)pr nf neural
neruork model tor machrnelearnrns.
L.commcrcc E"commerccdeli!ercdinfornlltrionabout
good3and sewicesbascdon tho locatior of you and
your mobile dcvice.
lcrky ktrowlcdge Je?expticirknowlcdle.
lcarnlng rlgorhhn The haining procedurc usedby aD
artificialneuralnctwork.
leamlngorganlz8rion An organizationcapablcoflearn
ing fion its past expericnce.implying thc cxistencc01
an organ%tional memoryand d neans ro savc,rcprc
sent.and sharcn throl8h its personnel.
lcrrning rite A paramoterfor lcarning neural ncr
workslt deierminesthe podion ofthe exisringilisclcp
ancythat nusl bc offsel.
lifc-cycle Ir syslcmdevelopment.a stnctured approach
to lhe dcvelopmcntof iDfornation systemsin severnl
linear programming (Lp) A nathenadcal Inodel
tor the oplinal solution of resourcc allocalion
problems.Allthe relarionslipsamohgthc variablesare

858

c!csSiRY

LISP (lirl proccsor) An AI programminglin ui!:.:::

at c d bt A l pioD c c rJ o h n M c c a ru r,\.th a t r! !:f.i rrl r
popularin thc Unitcd StatesIt is bNscdon m.nrfukr
rg listsof symbols.
LISP mechincs A siDSleusef computcr d.sign.d tn
m af ily t o ex ped i teth e d e v e l o p me not f AI trc g r3mi
Also ca]led,4/ wrlrr/drn rr.
list A wfitten seriesof relateditems.Used to represenl
logic
oldcriv slclarionshipsamonspropor
lions^.scicncc
lnd argumcnts.lt ircludesproposilionrllogiclnd

Dohile rgenls lnrclligcnl software agenls that mole

ir.n one blcmc! sitc 10 anothcr,rctricving and se.d
mohik porlal

Porlals ftal arc acccsiblc from mobile

nohilit) Thc dcgrcc to which agentstravel throu.qhr

.0npulcr nc1*ork.
modelbase A collcclionof prcproglamnedquantitatnc
nrodeh (e.g..!trlistical, linancial, oplinization) orga
nrzedasa singleunil.
modcl basemanognentsysten (MBMS) Soltwarelor
establishing.
updaling,con1bintug..n.lso on (e.9.,man
asi ng).aD S S
modelbasc.
model building blocks Prcprcs.ammed soft*rr.
elemenlr thrl can bc uscd to build computeflzed
nhdels For cxtilnplc. ! random-number general.r
can be empk)ved in thc constructionof a simulalion

m|chi e le!.nins Thc proccssby shich ! compurcr

lcarns from experience(e.9..usin8 proSratnsthat can
lcarn f.om historicalcases).
msna8c m c nt
s c ic n c cl MS , Il e rffl ' c rro n o l rh e.ci en
tilic rpproach aDdn.thcmatical nlodcLsto thc analys;
ind solulionof artigcriAldccisionproblcnN.
munagemonl"informotionsystcm (MlS) A busmcss modcl lnatu Strall. gcncrrlly dcp{rlNcrtal rcpositdi..
inlonnatn)n systc dcsigncdto provid. pasl,pre$ent.
of knowledgccrcalodby cmployingknovlcdgciisco\
rrd futurc inibrmAtionnppropriatefor plAnning,orgaery techni qucron p$stdcci si oni nstrnccs.S i mi l arr , ,
niz ing. A nd
c ont f o l l i n g th e o p e fa ti oonf sa n o rg a n i zati on.
/dla rr.//lJ..,1/.rr.rdc
modcl w rohouscs.
mrnrgcmcnl supportsJslcn (MSS) The applicationof
model rlrehoocos L rgc. gcncrnlh enterprhe-Nid(
ny t y pc of dc c i s i o n -s u p p ote
rt c h n o l o g yro d e ci si onrepositffiesotktrowlcdgccrcrlcd by cmpbying kno\l
edge-disco!crylcchniqucson prsl docisioninsrAnc..
mmr{l mclhodr M{nurl mcrhodj lor knoslcdAcucquiSimil^t ro lata wurchout?s.,4/s, rr? modcl nl rts.
sjli(nriKnowlcdgccngincoNusc intcNicws 0nd obscF
nodcl-b!bed rcd!oning S.. nloJ!l-hbs(J :ystJr..
vAtionsrc clicit knowledgefrom experts.
nodcl-basd syltem (or rcosoning) An applicrl!,n
mrnutactnrlng rcquhcIncnls plrnnlng (MRP) A com\l hose know l cdgci s dcri l od by a nmthcmal i crl(1, .
puterizediniegratedplrn tbr pufchasingand/of buying
olher lypc oi) modcl.
parls And subassemhlies
usedfbr severalitems so that
nodling tools Sollwnrc plograms rhar enable rh!
inv enr or i( (r r e n i n i m i z e dh u t tro d u c l J e l i l e ri esarc
buildins ot marhomaticalmodcls quickly.Spreadsheet.
and planninglaDgudscs
arc hodcling lools.
m${ivo parqllcl procc$ing A line-graincd. parallel
moditlcd Turing test
tost in wl ch { nanagcr F
computingenvironmcntin which many snull,linlitcdshown two v,lutions. oDc doilcd by a conputcr rni
.ne l ' y a human.anJ i ! r.kLtl Ir (un' p,' rrrh" m.
crp.bility prccossing
clcmcnlsarc uscd:dcscribcs
artifi
cial neuralnetworks.
modN ponens An inlcrcnccrulc lypc wbich the rul. _.\
mathctn lical (quantibtive) nodel A sysremof svmbols
impliesB juslificsB by rhc cxisrcnccofA.
andex pr es s ion s re p re s e n ti n g a re a l s i tu a ti on.
moduslollens An inlcrcncc rulc typc in which the ruL!
'A irnplicsB nuy bc lruc, but B is kDownto be fah.
mathcnalical progrsnning An optimizationtechnique
for tbe allocalionofresourcessubiectto consiraints.
implyingthal A is false.
mclrdata Dara aboui data.In a data warehouserhese
momcnlum A lcaniDg plnnctcr iD tlccdlorwrd ba.k
describerhe contentsof the data warehouseand the
propagationneurdlnetworks.
Monl Carlosimulstion A mcchaDiN thal uscsr.ndoll
mlaknowldge In an experi syslem,knowledgeabout
numbers to prcdicr rhc bchavior ol an event whoi.
probabilityis known.
hoN the syslemoperalesor reasons.More generally.
knowledgeabout knowledge.
mulliagenl system A systcmwith multiple cooperari'1!
mllrule A rule that describeshow other rules should
be usedor modified.
mulliagenh,l?d multiagenlsyslcm.
mtasearch
ngincs Searchenginesthat combineresults nullictitria nodeling .Ve multiplc sorls.
from severaldifferentsearchengi.es.
nultidimensionalrndlsis An utltsis of data by thr..
or more dinensionsS.d multidincnsionalirv
mi c r oelef lr oni$ M i l i J ru ri /a r,o no f .l e c rro n i c ci rcui r.
mullidimensionrl nodeling A nodeling method the:
micropsJncnts PayrneDlsoi snall dollar-amounrsfor
involvesdrla analysisin scvcraldimensions.
Seemulr,
goodslnd sc iccs.
dineNional aDalysis.

nrrl

fl
mul

MYI

ot

ai(

gu

MS

(CA

ingI

c[gsaRY
|nrdtidinNiomt scotitrF A mclhud rhJr
rJ(n e\ \arr
o s!rm Ln! d\ or t m $t!o { (
d n J rh .n .,ri .n e e \ In
o e j ur m ot a dF r nn (cmrtn r l t !s e \ te d .r\g u J (\
r, l
Im regrcsslo. ro anatyzc.inlcrprct. and
integrarcthc
mu l i i dim c n. ionats pr e .d !h e e tr s tr(J d \h c e r \o q a rc
\ysrc m (lhalf f aniput rrerp r(d a \h (e r\
In mo r( rh rn rs u
o rm$iuns M ut lr dr m e n .i o n \p
d t ,e d J \h c (r.k o rt (i rh
lnultidilt|enltonrtity O,8ani/rn$ J\enrrn!..,nd
Jnlhrtr
i n g d a r aD\ s ewr at J im e n s ro n!u
..rh k s v i $ h t r(Bro n
D y p r oduc rb)
. s ot es p e h u na.n d b ) l rme (ro u r
d rn re n muftip|e-crltcrtaprobtcn (lIutttcritcrjd prot,tell)
J.c
rhuxiptcgohk.
multiph expedr ftoor more expsrr. used
a<,hc.urirc!
or knowledgcfor an cxncrt slsrem,
multiplc Sorlr Reterr r^ a dccisrun\ ualjon
m trhich
atrernauvetare evatuaredsilh sereral.sornerines
conflrcung.goals.
multiple knorvtedgerepresent.fion Tle
use oi two or
morer{resenttrrroni ofknowtedgem an e)Lpufl5}srcmi
I or exampk.trumc! and rulcr

.,:.Iol:

probren(nurrrobjccrive
probrcn,

:li:",":
r?f mulrjplc
goals,
mut.tion A genctic opcrator llar caulcs
a random
cnangcrn a potcnrialsolurron.
MYCIN An earty rule-baFrJe\perr sysrcm.
de\etopud
hyIJw,ar,t"H. Shorrlifre. rtrar ielps ro
idennrl gpes
or riuod rnredrons and prcscnbe aptrof,flflre
anribr_
nrlural lrnguage A languagcipokeD h)
humanson a

**
31XL,1*,"

rs Enshlhfrenchrapdnesc.
ur

859

norprogrrnmcd probtm
"feeunslruclureddecsions.
*-AlI"
Modch tial presc.ibehul a sysren
l.u:t
snouldoperate.
nucleur tle cenrr.t proce$rngpoflron
ur d ,,(uron.
manlpulatenumbe$.
O-A -V , tri ptet A knu$t(dg( r(pr(renl drrun
uri nt
onr(cr\.atrri bul csand \otu.r
obj cd A
ptac. ur l brneahuuruhrJh i ntorma_
oon ls cuflecred,
" er$n. proce\s(d, ur slored,

'jlj"li!,!!l:'
#l;r
",ixt:t:Hil,
^fllit'"fi
"jf.gfl
j;:,:::T
;1.#,
i"*i,:'$js"l::;",-,:rff
_Erer

u\mg Lneubiecr_nrienlcd
approach.

objcct.orlenrcdplopr&nrning A lan8uage
rhr !eprernrprece.!in8 rhe5J represenrarion\
b!
I'l:_"1::,:
ecnomgnlessages
-"
and acti!aringmelhods.
o ne.tcommercilt)drl8brie! Exrcrndl
daluhasesp,o_
vrocqrc organizrrionsand indi\rduitr
lor a tEc.
onln srrr' ticrt }rocailing tOLAp,
An nrlormrrion
sy(l rm l hal cnabtes
rhc uscr.$hrl e t.,pC .r,.qucrJthu

l',,,rr..r
hJrq.ui,
F

illllT:ll1!li',,"
sJ,,
crarcorn secondt ",,"r,.rs..,nd
p:T,.r"'1..j cumpurer sy(rem.!n
ncrs,irh ,n.,r pr,
mrLl ne l orw arc andhardqxre,,Ji nyrend.,r
r,, b! u.uu
opcnlion{l modetc Modek r}ar refrcsinr
frLrhtlm' lor
rneopEratronatle\cl of managemenl.
opcr$uor|lrasearch(OR) .S.cmanagem.nr.ciencc
opnmuiotl|tror The bestpo\ihlr soturion
ro d moueted

olttTi::lon
The.lr^c.jii ur iJ!nrityinsthc r.en por!rbrc
soruunnlu a problem.
organl zrtl onat
cgert,t?epuhti carenl .
ortanizrllonrt cornputit|g Organrzarrun_wrdc
rnrormannn sysrrms
dndknuw tE tl ge
manrgcmenr.
orgonrzari onat
cutturc The dggrcl aruarri l uuecIn an
narllral hngurge pro.rfsor An Al-hdsed user
Inl<flac(
organ'
zarron
concern,ng
d ce ai n i (sue(r.A .,re(hn.l
rn a o$\ t h. u( er lo in te rd c w
r r,h d c ,,n ttu rc r-b J r.e d ogy.
computer\ DSS).
n sre m rn m uc hr he. am Ee a y rh a rh ( u r.h ( s u u ruc n n mgrnizltiord dccision{uppon system(()DSS,
versewrth dnoLherhuman_
ner
w orr(r0,l J\Sl har servespeoD l e/r
^
t r ccdrfre sir nent . A n ana ttri \ to d e r( n j n '
srrerrt l u,Jrrnn.,
s h ..rh e rd n
usuauyocatrnS
ni ri scverrtdcci si uns
rsworrh JcvetufinC.
'vrrr
or8lnizetionat inrc igencc Jcc
ncu
ra l co m put ir g r t r c t s o .k o , A n r\t(,rm (n rJ t
knowlcrlAc warc
com
nousc
pu -e r d e . un aim r d al bu i td rn grn r< rc (n r
.u r,fu re r\
mgrnrzal i oD al knostedgc base
rn d rn p s alc in a m dnnermo J e te Jo n rh ei u n c u u n rn d
{ n nrsrni /arrun.j
or
Kno$rcdgcrepositury.
rn u h !man hr ar n. S c . d ,ri ti c rd t n e u ,d t
n .,ru r(.
orgatriAtionrt telmitrg ft<
troces or cdlrlurinsInusts
eotseand makir! ir avadrblcenremnse-wide.
*i"l}
ncuralnelworks
(ANN).
ug$tri ri ti omt mcmor) Thal
l.ll-r
_secarrinciar
neuo "trs
an orronrzorron
f pr ec c \ s in ge trm e n r.ru t d b rn l u r' r.dn, l
" hi ch
''lnows"
..ell\
arrl Jrcuneur
l
alnelwor k
dsi fredc{rr
C ar. l bi t ha!e beenanat} /LdaD d
nominal group techniqrc (NGT) A sinple
havc
brnmsrornnu turrher value
mg processior Donclectronic
meetings.
outcome varirble .ts? rcsult variablc.
mlurrl knguag inrerfae A userinrerface
lhor usesa
naluJalrhuman)IanguaBe
fur rnlcracrion.
narur krgusge procei.ing {NLp) Usins
a nrrurrl tanguageproccssorto inlerlsccwilh a compurerbascJ(y!

860

a -JS 5i R !

orerexpcctalioni Assunptionsthat a s)ltcm c.n J.l:,.:

m ur Lr hin i dc ru .l l )\d :J \p e (ri l l ) .o rl m. 1 n L
1ocarll AI systems.
p rr adigm s t icc as e s A c a s cth a t i s u n i q u erh .t can t.
maintninedlo derivencw knowledgelor the lulur.
prrlllcl proc$ring An advancedcon]putcr tturc.!s1r!
tccbniquethal alloqs a conrpulertu pcrlirnn nrullltle
Plocesesa1once-in parallel.
p u r lllc li\ n I n r u i ,,L ,p -u p p n \\\re
rr n 1 t,' c -.. .' r.r
''
which everyonein d group can sork sinrulrrncounr(if
branNlorming. voling.raDking,etc.).
p!.rmctcrs Fjxed irclors. not undcr thc conlftt ol rhr
dccisionmakcr,thalaftbcttheresullurirblcs in n ueopaitcrn matching .lde pattern rccognition.SoireLilncs
this ler m r c lc r s s p e c i fi c a l l v1 o n { tc h i D S rh e II- rnd
THEN parls in rulc-basedsvslems.lnthis case.fatlorn
matchingctrn bc consideredonc irrcr of paltern reco{pallcrn rccognition The lechniqucol matchingdn ox(crnrl pirllcrn to one storedin ,i conputcrs men rv: uscd
in tuIorcncocnsines,imagc proccssins,neural computnrg.irndspeechrecognilion(ill other words.rhc proccss
oI chs$iryrrgdnla inr(,prodclornlincdcatcSorios).
pcrceptron Eafly ne rdl nctwork strucrurclhdt u\cs no
hiddcn lrlcr.
Pcrsonalrgcnl ,Sk,privalc agonl.
pcrsonolconstructthory Ar rpproach n1 which cach
pcrsonrsviewcd s a 'Iporronalscienrisl who scckslo
prodict and c(rlrol cloDls by lorming rhoorics,testing
lypotheses.nndanalyztugresullsolcxpcrimonrs.
lersonsl dlglt$l sssistrDt(PDA) A (usually)handheld
dcviccthat empl('ysdgcnllcchnologrl,) holp hrndlc an
individtr.l sda\'-to-ddyrctivitics(apponllmcnts.ctc.).
personrlity(lcnper|metrl) type A persons gcncrrl afti1udc.ll irfluencesthc pcrson\ orientati(n row.rd loal
dlrainDrent.
seleclionol .lternatrves.lrc!tmcDr oi risk.
dd rcactionsundorstrcss.
[ersor-1o-pers{,Dpsymcnh Enahlcs Lhc rransfer oi
lundsbetweentwo iDdividnalsfor a varicl! oiptrryoses.
phlsed dcvclopmeDt A netbodology rhrl inlolves
broakinga syslemup iDto . seriesol vcrsionsthat are
dcvcloped sequenlialltr.Each venion has morc func
tiomlitv than thc prcviousone.and thcy cvolvc into a
physicqlintegr.ilion ftc seamlessintcgrationof seve.al
svstemsinlo onc lunctioring syslem.
pop.urdc/pop-up rd An ad rbat appoarsundcrneath
thc current browser window add is secn bv lhc user
whcDthe activewindowis closed.
pmcticcapproach Thc pnctice approachloward kDoFl
cdgc managen1enl
Lcuscs on building thc social.nli
ronnreotsor comnuniticsofpraclice neccssarrro iacil
itate the shxring of tacit undcdandine. .S1.
pe60nalizalionstratcgl

p.cdicatlogic (calculus) A logicalstslem of rcasoning

u..d LnA I programsto i ndi catcrel al i onshi ps
amo ng
J.trr iIe'ns.lhc basisof thc computer langu{gc pRO
LO(]
p.inciple of choi(c The crilcrion ior muking r chorce
rnron! i l l crnanver
priy.$
PrivacvmeansdillcrcDt things10 diilcfent l)e(!
plc. I. gcDcrdl.ptra.) i! lhc right to be lctt .lone and
lhc r ighl lo bc lree olunrcrsonablepersoml iDtrusions.
lntohfittnn priw.r ls the righl lo derermiic *hcn. and
to rvhal lrlcnl, intornlationabouronescllcan be c.m
nrurr.nl cdto others.
privale{gent An .gent that {orks ntr onlv onc l)e6(rr.
problel!| maDagment Dividing I dccision ffakng
fn' .cts rnto sl cpr !nd sutt(' rLi ng tfi e tun.1i ('nr L
requrrcmcnlsoI thcscs1cPs.
prohl cmow ncN hi p l hc j uri sdi crbn({ ul ho.i tv)ro
" ' tr l
prohlem+olrlng A proccssin which onc slartslron rr
j ni ti ,rl rl rtcand ptucccds10searchthrougha
tn' hl cn)
tpacc lo identiiv ti dcsircd8oai.
ptoeodurrl (numcric) rcasoring A rca$nirg mcthr{1
l bal uti l i zcsrnumcri crrl hcrl h n I symbol i Icpp()rch
procedrrrl knorl cdgo Inl ornrLi ()nabout courscs(ir
N cl i oni
contrrstsw i th dcchrrti !ol now l cdA e.
procedurolrul $ R ul cs thnl rdl i sc on hor 10 i rtl r x
prtntcm. givcn rhrl ccnain llcls rrc known.
procc$ approlch Ilre pr('ccssrpp(uch ro knowlc !.
nunAgemcnlrltcnrpts 10 codilv orlanizrlioDal kno$
cdge thr)ugh n{rralilcd (oDrkns.pi.ccsscs rnd r.ch
nobgi es.t.4codi l i cari ,nr
srr!rcgy.
Proe$ gain ID GSS.inpr()vcNcnts in rhc cllcclilcn.$
ol rhoacl i vi l i csol ^mee1i nS .
troce$ loii In CSS.dcgradnlionnr thc efieclilencssi,:
lhc activiliesol a mccring.
pro(cs lracking liNce the reasoDingproces\ior rorch
m8 a conclu$onby experrslslcDN.
proccasing
eleDcnrs(Pn{) ltc Dcuronsin d Dcurrl nrr
I}rodtrcllife-clclc The proccssth.t staris wilh thc cr.
attonotap('duct ind endswith its disposal.
p.odurl lifc-clcle Drnagcnent (PLM) An intcgrlrcLl
nrtunnation-divcn approach10 rll .specrsoI I pkrl
uct s life,lrom its dcsignrhrcughD ufacrurc,dcplo\
mcnt. and D ai D l cnance.
cul ni D .ti l rgi n thc producr.
rcmovallion scrviceand Iiral disposal.
prodmtion .ules A kno!lcdgc rcpresentationmcthl,.
in which knowlcdBcis forrnrlizcd inro rulesconranxr.
.' n Ir prfl anJd | | IF\ fJ' (11.o!.,1cd i c,.nJi ri .,n., l
rn action.respcclivch).
productivily Thc ratio of ouLpurs(rcsnlts) 10 rnpur.
programnd problcm Well-structuredprohlcns th:
arc repelitlvcrnd rontine and torwhich therc arc n..

P
P

pr

p.

pnl
ptrl

prr

ri

dr

ali
th

rapid

20t

crossARY
proJed nanrgmcnt The activitr-and m.rhod!
oidirec!
mg undcoDrrollinsa Droicd_
PR O LO G A hc r r - t.,e t c o mp u re rt.n r
rneconcephul prellicaLccrlcutus
p rcpolnionallo, { ic A ro rmd ttu e tra l $ .r(mo r
r(d .u n rns
In qhr c hc onc lus i u na\ rL d l d $ n tru m x ,e r| .. o t ,tdr(.
nenrs accordinSto a irrid ret ofrules.
p ro to( olanaly r is A . e r u t rh rr u c rro ng. u \e rn rn g
rh ( r oj ma l nndc ont r otot d a rarn m u \In pfro mu n e me d ,L rm
r,,

861

rerl-aime The actuai occurrenceot evcnt!:

relers to
rerutr,g' ren
(noughro be u.ctul i nJi ,cLrl ) con.
'
afi
dt)
rrorrrng
I ph).i calproce\ ur gui di ng. h umanu.(r.
reaFnmerl rtem A ,yj rem thal i \ \) nchru r^J
to runn
renl time.,t e reat tine
rccommendrtionlyitems A computersystcm
mar can
sugSest
new rtemsroa userbascdon hisrevealedprefcr
ence.Ir nay be contcnrbasedor collaborarive
tiltering
ro \uge(n i tcmsl hal mal chrhL
or
rh.
u,e;.
trLterence
.\n e-{ d.nptL
F rharA md/on com s runcti onot _Orh.r
Fuple boughrlhj\ huok alsobuughr. . ...tundion.
rccommnder3lslemr .S,,.recomm.ndalinn
5)"remr.
rccurrentnetnork A parricutarl)pc ot arriUcial
neur.,t
nctsorks lhar alloss the recurrenlc^nnccriuns
or neu-

p ro to t ! ?ing. I n s y . lL md L \e tu p me nJr.\l ra r(g

n $ h trh
a rcat eJ - do$nr ) s r e m u r p o rrro nn l d !y \t(m
l \ !onsrru c t ed
t n a s h. ltn e . te \l c J .a n J rm p ro \e u r \(re r rl
ilerations.
publicsSenl An agenr$at scnes rnv use..
pnblic exchangcs E-markerplaccsin *hi"tfinerc
arc
rcgnsrlon anrtysic A lend anaty$r merhod
oa:eo nn d
nuny seilersond many buyers"
ilatrrticol iorccastingmodct.
pur phy cornprntee .frc virt uatorganirurions.
*111"119':9T.
whose
record!
qu{taltve reaeohing(OR} A mranc or rlpre\cnrrng
areorsa.
.A,rakbare
nv.jd rnto.lahle5thal
can be proccssedby cirher retaa n d m ar r nSinf er c n c c su .rn gg e n e ra p
l h )5 i c Akt n o tr l uonaralgeoraor retalionatcalculu!
eugeaboul the wortd.
rehfionrl modt brse nanrgcnent iysrcrn
qrdry olllf A usucltydescriprivemea.urc
{RMBMS)
o, how scll
rne rcj ronatepproachtAs in rclari.nat datanase(l
ffe r! trealingpconte in rhc $orkflace and rhc homc;
tn
rne ucsrgndnd de!cl ntmenruf a nrotj rthdsJ
nrrn.g.j orten usedlo delcrihc the impad ofMSS.
qunUlstivr sofinarc pickrgcs prcf,rogrammeo
\some_ rcpe ory grtd anltysts A loot usedby pslchc,logjslsr,l
rlmci ca ed ready_mrd.)modelsand oprimizaLron
slsrcpresenta per$n\ vi er
a nn,bten i n r,rrn\.,r rr\
lcms;sometirnes
they scrvcrs buildingbtocksfor othcr
elcments
and cunstrucK ^f
quanuhnvc modch.
.cproductlon The crearion ot n...s pcnerillun\
query aaclllry Thc mcchanismLhataccepr
ur
requcsrsror
mnruved5ol uuon(w i rh l he use!rl a gcnel i cnl turi thnr.
data-accedscs
rhcm.manipulare!
rhem.a;dquericsthcm.
reroruti on A rcA soni ngnntroach i n arti fi cr0t
qucry rongurgc A laneuaec
rnl eU r.
tro\ ided usparr nf a DBMS
roreasyaccess1()dala in thc da18basc.
rc0ull (oulcomc) r rbtc A lariahlc rhal e\presics
query lools. A DBMS subsysrEmthdt
thr
rcsuftll a Jccisionru.g..one concemingproiir
nrovidcs easy
r. usuoltt
dccessto ddta in lhe ddtaba\c.
one or lhe goatsofa deci.ion-makrnC
mpid rppllcstion.devetopnentrRADr A dcveropmenl
nrubtem.
Icvtruc rudtoni One bulcrwho sant< lu hu!
a nruducl
rn ctn oJ ology
r hdt ad j u s tsa ry rl c m d c v e to p m e nLt fu or" servrce
I supllier')are rnvircdlv submit brds:towen
cyci e , s o. r har
par r ( o f rh s s y (tc m c a n b c d e v e to p cd
D rosrosrscverrl
roundrcanrakeptaceu l he Io$esrhi J
q u rckr ) . lhc r etc\ ynah l i n gu \e r(ruo h ra i ns o mefu n c ri o n!s nor satBtacrory10the selter.
aF pu (s i b te .Ir i n c tu d e sme rh o d su f
rw l sc togi sri cs A now ot materi ator uni shl u guods
pna(cLJderJtopmenr.prorotlTrine.and lhruwatra)
oac( to rhe$urce: for examptc.
tru.
th( rerurnot Jef< cri rr
LoryprDs.
by custome$.
nroducts
rapid prolorypc In exprrt s)\lem\ de!utotmcnr.
an rtu
ri sl A prchdbi l i sl |o'
c \' ^cbi \ri c deci \ron!ruarror
n a r tds on ul ai c x pE s ).re m(u \u d y
q i l h 1 5ro
nrl
sD
rtl
sts
A dl ci si on-makrnB
^nc
m(rhod rh0r,,nat\/e!
2 u (rr ut c \lhr
) l i. quic L l vd (\e to p rdl o rc .r
rh r e ff(c ti \J
tbc rhl rhacd on as.umedknounprnhdbrti l rc\)
ds.,,crnessof rhe proposed knowledge represenrauon
and
dl ed ui rh di l l crenr dl rerna[v(s. { l {o kn,,$n
h te ru nc em ec hdni. mIn
as
! tu tv i n pI T d rri c u td r
n ru b l e rn .
rcldy-mad erprr sysrens Vass n,oduceJc\pr,,
\)s
roborics ThcscieDceof usinsa nachine (a robotl
ioper_
tcm packagesthar can bc purchasedfrom soltwarc
rorm manuattunc| | ons
w i rbourbumdni nt.neD ri .n.
conpanies.Itey are tairly gcneralin narure.
rel e rnbi 8ui t] { si rudfi ^ni n sbi ch rbe rute
l o be prrre sd J-m r dc qunt ir lr iv e m o d e k M a .\-p ro d u ,roq u i n ,r_
rormed bv an empl o)eei \ nor ctedr.Lack
ut a j oh
l a l n e dnal) . nm udehto r \p u c i fi c\e n i c .t T a rk e ,\ s u c h
oescnphonand changingcondirionsoften resultin
rcle
asvehicleroutingand producrmixins.
r .d J'mide r lr t c ns M a s -p rn d u c e A .l re n r
rul e { tormatsi v ot speci Ii D g
ra c n a g .,
rn a r.c anb( t ur c hJ . eJrro m s ^ trw rrec o m p rn re ..Ih { )
ortrl rc. o' stratcg\c\tr(* eJ a\ aD l f premi se
dnd a
d reId rt ) pener r tin na ru re .
I j -,r N conctu\i un
JnJ l ro\\rht)an E l sf concl ueon.

862

CLOSSARY

rule tnductior The ffeation of rules bv a comDulcr from

examplesof problemstor which the oulcomeis knosn
Thesorulesare then generaked to otbercaset.
rulc intrpretcr The intercnce mecbanismin a rulc
rule.b3icds$tcm A slnLm In shich knotrl(Jp( a rel
resentedcomplelely in terms of rules (c.8..a svstem
basedon produclionrules).
SAP RA The mosl widcly usedERP producr.IromSAp
A.G. (Cermany).Iti3 a highlyint8ratedpackagc.
$ftndng
A processby which one seeksa solutionrhar
will satisfya set of constraints.In contrasrto oprimization, $,hichseeksthc best possiblesolution.satisticins
simplyseeksa solutionthat will work (wcll enoush).
scomrio A slarcmentof assumplions
and configurations
concerningthc operating environmentof a particular
sYstemat a pa icular time.
sclpt A tamelikc structurerepresentinga stereot'?ed
sequenceolevcnts (e.g..ealingal a rcstauranr)
scarchengir$ Programrhat finds and listsWeb sitesor
pages (dcsignatedby URLs) rhai match some usersegmerlodon Dividing markctsinto specificgroups.
self-eyolvingDSS A speciallypc of inrelligenrDSS.
self-orgonizlng A neuralnetwork architecturethat uses
unsupcrviscdlearning.
semanticntwo* A knowledgcrepresentationmcthod
consislingofa ntwork oI nodcs,representingconccpls
or objets,connectedby arcs describingthc rclstions
betwenthe rodes.
censnllcWeb Sdcsemanticweb services.
semrndcWcb service! An cxtnsionof XML that allows
dcmunricinformationto bc rcpresenredin web.crvicc!,
lemi{utomrdcmethods Knowledge acquisitionmcthods th0t use compuler-bascdtools to supporl kDowl
cdge!ngineen in order ro taciliralethe f'rocess.
senristructucd dechlonc Dccisions in whico some
aspectsof the problcm arc structured and othcrs are
rcqsilirtly rnrlysls A .rudy oi the effecrof ! changein
onc orInore input variablosona proposedsolutior
shllow krowledgc A reprcscntationof only surfacelevelinformationthat can bc usedto dealwith lcn socshallow (sudrc) represntrlion A model thal docs
not capture all the forms of knowledge uscd by
cxperts in their reasonirg.Contrastswith decp rcpre
shell Software for svslems dcvcloDment that cons$s or
lhe basic structure of the systcm withour the details
relatcdto a specificproblem.A completeexpertsyslem
slipped of its specificknowlcdge.In rule,basedsystcms,it is a kind of expert systcm developmenl lool con
sisting of two standalone picces of sofrware-a rule sct
m anagerand an io re rrn !eL n s i n ec a p a b l eo l
' e !\u run!
with the rule setbuilt with thc rule setmanager

.ignoid (logical rctiyation) tunclion An S shaped rraDs

lcr lunclioDin thc rangeof zero ro one.
rinnl.tioD An imilation of realily.
ilot A subelemenloI a tiame of an object.A particular
characleristic.
spocification,
or definirionusedin fomrnga knowledgcbase.
socirl coDprting The use ot conputinSand telecolllrnu
nicarionsror socialization.
discussion,and
so on, instead
ol hce to faceintcraction.
sofi inlormafioo Fuzzt, unofficial,intuiiive. subjectivc.
ncbulour implicd,or vagueinlornation.
softbots (irtelligent softwrrc roboh) Software 0gcnts
with learningcapabilities.
softwrreagent$ Sleesoflbolsand intlligenrngcnt(tA).
softllere irtelligenl sgent (lA) Seesoflbors;intelligent
spammtng Indiscriminal distribution of e-mail messages(iunk c-mail).
cpeclttc DSS (rppltcation) A sysren lhar $ctualy
accomplhhcsa specificrask.lt is similar to application
soihrarcin conventionalMlS
spclficexpe sy3temr An expert syslcm that advhes
userson a specificissuc.
3pechrccognldon Translalionof the human vorcern()
indilidu:rl wor& and scnrcncesundersrandableby a

rv

'v

rvr
sPeechundcrstandlng An area of AI rcscarcb thar
atlemph to allov computers to recognizewords or
phrascsof hunan spccch.
8pr*&hcct addln Software programs dcsigned ro work
wi.h spreadsheeh.such as oplinization or decision
st8ffaedltrnt An individualwho acrsasan assisianrto a

sJ

svn
a

Nys

slsrlcexplamdon In ar ES,associating
a fixed explanalion te)(twitha rule to explainrhe rule\ mcaning.
5latlcmodcLr Modls that describea singlcinterval oI a

syc
6)
ii

sllrtulicalmclhod0 Mathematicalmcthodologiesbased
on probabilily and slatistialtheory.
rtrllr3 r$$s
A ratiil dcccs ro currenl inlormanon.trnvided by a computer.
idcky knowledge Se" tacit knowledge.
itod63 Cases with rich inlbrmarion and episodes.
Le< son\
mayhederi \edrromthi ski ndot cd\e\i n a cJ\e
sturgicmodcls Modcls that representproblemsfor the
.traregi cIevel{e\ecul i \r l c\el ' nl mandgumunr.
s(ruclureddecisiors Slandardor repetitivedccisionsiru
ationsIor which solutionlcchniquesare alreadyalail
structured intrviw A systcmatic goal-oicnted in
terviesing process that forces organized com,
municationbelween the knowledgeengincerand the
structurd pmblm

S.. stncrured decisions.

rys!

hcir I

CLOSSARY
st.uctued querJ langur8e(SeL) A dara derrmh,n
and
nanagemenllanguageof rclationaldar.bases.
It fronrendsmost relationaiDBMS.
su bjedir e pr obs b i ti t) A p ro h h b rl l \
e .l rmd redbv r
m anaS erwt lhnu lrh eb e n e ,int t a to md t m.u (l
buDoplimi?ltion An uprimiJriun hJ\ed pro..courc
InJr
doc snul c on\ id c rd th e rtre rn J U \(\In r o r
rm n r,t\ on
an organzatron.
rummrlion funcrion ScctransfornationtLrnclion.
srpervtsed learning A mcthod ot training
anrrrcral
n eur alnet s ur k .i n { h i c h { o mp tLc d .$ d rc\h u q n
ro rh(
ner wor kac r nf lu la n J rh e q e i g h l rJ re d ,l ru \r(d
ru mi nt.
mve thc error in irs uurpurs.
su pplyc hin ' I he fl o w u t mu re rl J t i n ro rm i rrun,
and
money.rromrhe crerrion or rdq mdreriahlu rhcir
tinat
processjng,inro
0 troduct ror rer!icer Jnd lhe JLIi!(.r)

863

technol og)terck or D sS toi E S ) Ihe

cl a\l trcaf ion
br\i c d< \eropm(nrroors.,nr(rra r ed
:1 verofnenl
:i ' ." *
"1n.h.
,
o."
anJ cumfl (redhpfi i cari uns
{D S Snr

i el ecommul rD pA n arranFemunlshereh)
emtto)e e\
w nrr.l home.g(mrrj tvn\i npa cumpLrl erurj
l erminat
nn{edru rh(rrftaceuf empto\menr.
teleconferencina Th( u,e or ictecommunrcatrun
rur a
meeunghetdjn diiTerenlIocalions.
Gmporrl rerrontDg Tbc abilrr) lo r(aron abuul
t0e lrnre
rerauonrnrPs
lretweenevcnts.
thlcihold vatft A hurdtc vatuc ror rhe oulpur
ur d neu_
r n rorrrggL,rl he nrxr l evetof neurons.
tt dn ourtut
vatuers smulterthan rhc rhrcsholdvdtue.
rl si nul h(
passedto the next levelofneurons
th:l:T:1.!m:orlprnc
A d!veropm!nr merhoooros)
incrudesrrr
rhe,,cucsq!ry rnar cresrecdestgnprororypes
ll::):,ei:Juci"r:nd.uscrb.rr
ro increascunJ..rirdnJ_
organv{rtional
unh!.peuple.andprocc,.turcs
rharrup'_
rng or.a s)l rem rhal h nor cteartyundersrood.
Theqc
nel p rhc ul cr tearnohoutrcqui rencnrs
iupply chlin mrnrgemcDr (SCM) Thu acrj\
fl nd the ti n al
res
ilstem ro bc dcplolcd.
mvorvcam nanagingsulptycharns:
ptanning.
organiT. tin|e.8ederanatJctr A tcchniquc
rhal analyzeshDloricul
mg,stotung,
andc0nrrol.
sura over sevcratlime period! anJ rben makes
rJmblotlcDSSJccAcriveDSS.
{ r^rc_

rymbol. A stringof characlcrsrharrcpresenN

a rcat.
wofl{l concepl,
Iri!:! jlluduje: rhe meaninsfur
rerationshrps
rcpre.
senrcd,nan Al truaram.
symbollcprocesslngTte usof slmbols.rdlher
than
n-umDers.
comhinud
\aith ftrlesoI rhumhtor heuristics)
ro proccss
Intorrn0tion
andsotvcnrublem(
synap$ Tle connection(whcre the weignrs
are)
Derseen
proccsrine
etemenrs
in a ncuratnetworr.
ilnchlonous Occurring
ar rhesamerime.
iy$cm A rel,of eluments
consiJcreJro dcra5a single
goat.onented
cnrity,
rdv9,:re
whuinnrarera prutecr
:ll:n rnrtyst0 _rrc spunsor
3yrrclr
Thcinvcsrigarion
andrecording
nfuri.rrnrsystems
!nd rhecunceptuat
desrgn
andfca<ihrlir)
sruoyo, newrysremr
sy$clnbr ldcr A pcrsorresponsible
for rheimplenlcn_
lationofa systcm.
s]ltctndligr '1hestecitickrion
uf approprarJ
hdrd.
ware.and
\o,lw3re
componenls
rrquircdlu rmplemrnl
anlntormatron
syslcm.
s$tem dvlopncnlIfe cycte(SDLC) A sysremanc
proccss
tor rheeffcctivcconstruction
of larg; inforDa_

rooltlt A co eltion of rltarcd .utrwarerlems

rncr ni$!t
a syirEmdcvetoper.
lop maJ|rgementruppo
The prescnceof { top-tevcl
as a lysrcm drv^c0re:onc or rhe nl.at rnrl1or.
:::1cc-r
rb he intr^ducuonor bn\ orsx.
::l:.la:t-1r',icce"',a4
nlzAUonat
change.
lopoloSicf The rype ncuronsarc
^rBanEedrn a neur0t
ne$vork

o serof dar|rorrnducins
a knowred8.
i:l . asR rulc base
""llllt
mooeLsuch
or a ncural nelwork

rraDrrcrion pmceritng 3ystm(TpS, Thc

iyrrem rnll
an ur8ani Tari on\routi ne.repeti ri \e,nasr c
frucessei
rransacrrnns
sucha\ ori l cnng.hi l l ng.nrpavi ns
trarsJoEmfirn ttrarrfcr) tun.tlo" ln u
InJ l uncl ronrharsum\ 0nJ l ran(form(".ru,,i*,,n,r,
i nfuts hE l .re a
ncur^nfi ru\.Therrtal i on\hi phcrsE rnrhc
i nrcrnar
acu .
va| | ontcl etanLlthEoul pul ufa neuron.
^rurtrq rt\t A tL\r tl esi ,ueJ
to mea\urul hu _,ntetlr
tence ui a compurer.
uncerrsi ntl l n cxnerr()\tem\. d vrl ue
l bal crnnot nu
oer(rmrk.j duri ngJ mn:utra| | on.
V kny ex| efl )!ems
n.' crumnoJ.re uncunarnr):rharr..,h;]
d,rus,nc
u\cr r. Inl rca( $hcrhE rhc or \he tl oer
nol know l h!

llbu se&rch A nelnory-andi.re igence,based

search un::1Tlr.:!otda.n:
rhc omision or unccrtainrytrom
procedure
ror compurer
problem_solvins.
a
stocha\lrc
model
lacilknowledseKnuwtedse
rhari\ u,uati in rherumdn
unccnai tr| t prcce\si n8 E .ri m.ri nF
dnd aggrcgdrrng
or \ubteclr\e.
cutnirr\e.
and<xpenenlrdt
tedrninr.
tr b
r' nccrrJ,n| | e\
i n rul ei ni ercnci ns.
n'ghl)personal
rnd harJIn furmatte
uDmntmllabteyari&btes Factor; ftar
ladic{lmodels VoJet\rbal,!prescnt
affectthe resuttoI
prohl(m.iu- rh!
J d< .rn4 hLt ar! n^t unJerl he cunl rut
clcdrte!er(nrd-t(!el)
oi rhedt r^ron_
of mandscmenr.
rr\rr l .r, \ .Jn L,ei nremattL.g..retdred
lem-dvelopd
ro l rchnul og)
DSS A teamase;bled ro builda la.sc.
orr. 1. .r .r,,r!rl (rnal re.s..r(tareJr.tLA ati \.u..nr
usudUv
inrcrdiscrttrDd,)
DS\.

854

CLO5SARY

undocunenred knowldge Knowledge thal comes tron

\ n u rc e \.ru c ha \ h u m a ne \p e rl \.
nond. c um enr ed
unstructured decisioN Complex decisions for which no
standardsolutionsexist.
unslructured (infornal) interview An informal interview thal acquaints a knowledge engineer wilh an
e:{porr'sproblern-solving
donain.
onrlructuredproblm Secunshucturcddccisions.
uftuperrised learning A melhod ot lraining artificial
neural nelworksin which only inpul stimuli are shown
lo the nelwork.whichis sell-oryanizirg.
wer commitment The exlent lo which a uscl buys into
an MSS.A crilical success
faclor in dcvclopingMSS.
fter-dcvelopedDSS A DSS dcvclopcd by one user or
by a lc* uscrsin onc dcpa ncnt.
l'ser intcrface (or human-nochlnc tntcrfrcc) The componcn( oi a conpulcr systcmthat allowsbidirectional
. in. 1ur t r . , r iir l' r rq !J n l h J J s tc m { n J i ts u s e r
user iDlerflcc m.nrgnent ,ystem (UIMS) Sre dialog
!!fl errlr'n: nnnascnrcntsysLcm.
uter ioterf!(e objeds ln a windows or orher obiect-ori{nled en!ironmcnt.nrcnus,hot keys.buttons.and otber
rconsuscdbt lhc userinteriace.
oser resist{nco Thc bchalhral aspectsof the refusalof
uscrsto usc ncw lcchnologyoroftheif artemptsro sabvalidrtion Dclcrnlinalion of whether the right system
w{s built.
vllue cheln Thc rctual stepsan item follows asil moves
alongthe supplychain.Scsvaluechainmodel.
valuc chrtn modcl A rnodel developed by Michacl
Porter that describeshow valueis addedwhon a product move! along the sutply chain.There are primary
activiticsthat add value direclly (e.g.,manufacturing.
tcsting.storagc)and secondaryactivitiesthat support
personnel.engilhc pdmsry activitics(e.9..acounting,
nccrmg).
valrc iystcln In a firm's value chain.the supplie and
other businesspartnersand their supplychains.
vcriflcsrlon Confirmation that a syslem vas built to
(correctly).
specifications
virtual connunily
Sc?electronic communities
iirlual corporstior An organizationin which people
work wherever and whenever it is appropriate.Also
c lled |irtual entelpi\e.
vi(ual lesming Sr? distancelearning.
vlturl organizrlion (purplry conpanies) A partnership of several organizationscrealed for a specilic
accomplishment(usually short-term). Each parher
stayswith a permanentorganizationand communicates
and collaborateselectronically.

vi ull rcalily (VR) A thrcc-dinensional interaclive

lcchnolo8ythat givesthe user a scnseof being physi
caliyprcsentin a realsorld.
viitud re,lily markup langulge (VRML) An Interner
languageior the Web thal enablcs coding of three
dimensioralgraphics"
yi ual workipace (vir.ual workplac) Ttre placc
whefe vntual meelingsoccur.
visualinteiaclivemodeling(VIM) Graplical animalx,.
in which systemsand proccsscsare presenteddlnam,
cally to the decision-maker.
It cnablesvisualizaron(,r
the resultsof ditferenl polcnlial actions.
thurl lnleroctive simulrtion (VlS) A special case(,1
VIM in vhich a simulalionApproachh usedin thc deo.
sron"makmgFoccss.
iitual recognition The addition oI sone Iorm ot con
p'rte' intelligcncc and decision-ftaking lo digilizec
visual infornalion. rcccived from a machine scnsor
vhual 3imuhtion Jc visualintractiveeimulation.
qrlk-througft tor irlk.rhough) In knoslcdge enpin((l
ing, a proccsswherebythe expert w6lks (or talks) rh.
knowlcdgcengineerthroughlbc solutionto a problem
Web Abbrcvialion lbr World Wide Wcb.
Webcolting Cuslomized broadcasling ovcr lho Wel.
wherc ftc intbrmation.asir becomesavailablo.rpp! rr!
on thc uscls scrcenin a ticker-tapeIormal (pusht0ch.
norogyr.
Wb lnalyttcs The applicaljon ol businessanalytic.
activiiiesto Web-basedproccssc\cspcciallyelecrronic

"20
2

D
Di

E.t

No

Sim

Web intclllgcnc The applicalion ()1businessintelli.

gcnccacliviliestoWeb-basedproccsscs,
cspcciallyelec,
Web-minire Data mining on the Inlernct via intclligenr
agenb. It involves information discovery,cxlraclion.
summarization,
and generalizadon.
weightc values assignedto eachconncctionat the inpur
to a neuron. Analogous 10 a synap3cin the brain
Weightscontroltheinflor 1othc proccssing
elementsin
whst-if amlyris Asking a compuler whlt thc ctYcctoI
changingsomeof lhe input data or paramctcrswourd
wizu&

PTT

Sdr
Mal

Cus

DcsI
AI Lch

Sotlwareagentsthrt conducl routinc tasksfor

World Widc Wcb A set oi standard protocols lbi orga,

nizing, storing, and rerrieving information on the
lDlcrnct.Also calledlll? Wc}.

ior I
Mccl

r0,N

Vol. 3