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Find the type of modifier and example of additive of each modifier that being used to modify
bitumen.
INTRODUCTION
Bitumen is a black or dark brown non-crystalline solid or viscous material, composed
principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, having adhesive properties, derived from
petroleum either by natural or refinery processes and substantially soluble in carbon disulphide.
Refer to Ali Akhber Yousefi (2002), bitumen in pure form is not suitable for modern roads and
present traffic, therefore forced engineers to modify bitumen to improve its performance during
service life.
The modified binder are more stable under heavy loads, braking and accelerating forces
and shows increased resistance to permanent deformation in hot weather. It resists fatigue loads
and having better adhesion between aggregates and binders.
ASSIGNMENT 1 MKA1103
ADVANCED PAVEMENT MATERIAL
Table 1: The type of physical modifier and additive used in the material
TYPE OF MODIFIER
(1) Thermoplastic Elastomers
TYPE OF ADDITIVE
Styrene butadiene styrene (SBS)
Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)
Styrene isoprene styrene (SIS)
Styrene ethylene butadiene styrene (SEBS)
Ethylene propylene diene
terpolymer (EPDM)
Isobutene isoprene copolymer
(IIR)
Natural rubber
Crumb tyre rubber
Polybutadine (PBD)
Polyisoprene
Epoxy Resin
Polyurethane Resin
Acrylic Resin
Phenolic resin
ASSIGNMENT 1 MKA1103
ADVANCED PAVEMENT MATERIAL
TYPE OF ADDITIVE
Organo-metallic compounds
Sulphur
Lignin
TYPE OF ADDITIVE
Cellulose
Alumino-magnesium silicate
ASSIGNMENT 1 MKA1103
ADVANCED PAVEMENT MATERIAL
Glass fiber
Asbestos
Polyester
Polypropylene
Adhesion improvers
Organic amines
Antioxidants
Amides
Amines
Phenols
Organo-zinc/organo-lead compounds
Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA)
Gilsonite
Rock asphalt
Carbon black
Hydrated lime
Lime
Fly ash
Sulphur
Natural asphalts
Fillers
Extender
Sources: Technical Guideline (2007)
CONCLUSION
As conclusion, each modifier has their own additives as modifier agent. There are many
modifier materials that can be used to mix with bitumen to improve their performance as paving
material. Rubbers are preferred as bitumen modifier due to their lower prices and the availability.
Nevertheless, the selection of modifier is depending on the user or company.
REFERRENCES
[1] Ali Akhber Yousefi (2002) Rubber Modified Bitumens. Iranian Polymer Journal, 11 (5).
ASSIGNMENT 1 MKA1103
ADVANCED PAVEMENT MATERIAL
[2] Read, J and Whiteoak, D (2003). Shell Bitumen Handbook. 5th. Ed. London.
[3] Asphalt Academy (2007) Technical Guideline: The Use of Modified Binders in Road
Construction. Pretoria. Asphalt Academy.