Unit 2: Voltage and Current Sources

Electric Power
- is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
The SI unit of power is the watt .
When electric current flows in a circuit with resistance, it does work.
Devices convert this work into many useful forms, such as heat (electric
heaters), light (light bulbs), motion (electric motors) and sound (loudspeaker).
Electricity can be produced by generation or from storage such as batteries.

P = VI

but

P = I 2 R and

V
I=
R
V2
P=
R

Two Types of Power

Page 13

i
+
v
_

1. Power Absorbed
- the current arrow is directed into the + marked terminal of
an element.
2. Power Generated
-the current arrow is directed out of the + terminal of an
element.

Page 14

Example 1

Compute the power absorbed by each part of the circuit networks given below.

-5A

3A
+

2V

- 2V

4V

-3A

Page 15

Example 2
a. Find the power being absorbed by the circuit element (a).
b. Find the power generated by the circuit element (b).
c. Find the power delivered to the circuit element (c) at t=5ms.
(b)

(a)

(c)
+

+
-3.8V

220mV
4.6A
-

-1.75A

8e-100t V

3.2A

Pages 15, 16

Voltage and Current Sources

i
vs

i
V

DC Voltage Source Equivalent

vs

AC Voltage Source

Circuit Symbols of the Independent Voltage Source

is

DC Current Source Equivalent

is

AC Current Source

Circuit Symbols of the Independent Current Source

Page 17

Dependent Sources

Kix

Current-Controlled Current Source

Kvx

Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source

gvx

Voltage-Controlled Current Source

rix

Current-Controlled Voltage Source

Page 17

Example 3
In the circuit below, if v2 is known to be 3V, find vL.

+
v2
-

+
5v2

vL
-

Example 4
Find the power absorbed by each element in the circuit shown below.

Node is a point which two or more elements have a common

connection.

Page 30

Path is the set of nodes and elements that are passed through once.
Loop is a path created if the node started ends at the same node.
Branch is a single path in a network composed of one simple element
and the node at each of that element.

Example 5:
How many nodes and branches can be found in the given circuits below?

Example 6
In the given circuit below, determine the following:
a. The number of nodes
b. The number of branches
c. If we move from A to B to E to D to C to B, have we formed a path?
A loop?

Page 32

Example 7
In the given circuit below, determine the following:
a. The number of nodes
b. The number of branches
5 13A

18V

RA

vx

6
ix

Kirchhoffs Laws
These laws are used to solve complex circuits.
Complex circuits are those in which there is more than one EMF in the
circuit or the resistors are connected in a complex manner.
So simplification cannot be done by series and parallel circuit rules
and Ohms law cannot be applied.

Two Kirchhoffs laws

1. Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
2. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
1. Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
It states that, the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a
junction in an electrical circuit is zero.
This law is also known as the Junction Rule.
A junction is that point in an electrical circuit where three or more
circuit elements meet.

I3
I4

I1
I2
I5

Problems on KCL
Example 8
Using KCL find the currents I1, I2, I3, I4, I5 in the given electric circuit below.

Page 31

Example 9

For the circuit below, compute the current through resistor R3 if it is

known that the voltage source supplies a current of 3A.
R1
i

2A
10V

R2

R3

5A

Example 10

Page 32

In the given circuit below, determine the following:

a. The number of nodes
b. The number of branches
c. If ix=3A and the 18-V source delivers 8A of current, what is the value of RA?
5 13A

18V

RA

vx

6
ix

2. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

It states that, in any closed electrical circuit or mesh, the algebraic sum of
all the electromotive forces (EMFs) and voltage drops in resistors is equal
to zero.This law is also known as mesh rule or loop rule.
R1

R2

R3

RN

+V1-

+V2-

+V3-

+VN-

VT

Sign Convention
Proper signs are to be assigned to EMFs and voltage drops across
resistances in the closed circuit.
A rise in potential is considered positive and fall in potential is considered
negative.

Example 11
Page 33

In the circuit below, find vx and ix.

7V

+
5V

ix

100

vx
_

Example 12

Page 34

In the circuit below, find vx and ix.

1V

+
3V

ix

10

vx
_

Example 13

Page 35

In the circuit below, find vx .

5A

60V

4
8
10

vx

ix

Example 14

Page 36

In the circuit below, find vx .

2A

30V

2
8
10

vx

ix

Example 15
Find all the branch currents and the voltage drops across various
resistors in the circuit shown below using Kirchhoffs Laws.

3
35V

40V

Example 16
Find all the branch currents and the voltage drops across various
resistors in the circuit shown below using Kirchhoffs Laws.

10

10

25

10V

5V

15

20V

Single Loop Circuit

Page 37

- is a circuit network with only one loop.

Example 17
Compute the power absorbed by each element.
15
30V
120V

30

Page 37

Example 18

Compute the power absorbed in each element for the circuit shown below.

30
120V

2vA

15

vA
+

Example 19
Find the power absorbed by each of the five elements in the circuit below.

Page 48

Example 20
Find the voltage v.
10
+
3A

v
_

2
4

4A
2

10

Page 47

Example 21

Calculate the power and voltage of the dependent source.

i3
6A

15

9 0.9i3

4A
6

Page 18

Practice Question 1

Find the power absorbed by each element in the circuit shown below.
5A

7A

+
8V
-

+
8V
2A

- -vX +
- 12V +

0.25vX

20V

20V
-

8A

Practice Question 2
Find the power absorbed by each of the five elements in the circuit below.
12V
8
+
30

vx
_

4vx

Practice Question 3
Find the power absorbed by each element in the circuit shown below.