Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Construction
Dr. Lakshmy Parameswaran
Chief Scientist
Bridges & Structures Division,
CSIR-CRRI, New Delhi-110 025
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Contents
Bridges Definition
History of Bridge Construction
Type of Bridges
Criteria for selection of bridge type
Bridge Components
Design and Construction Aspects
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Bridge-Definition
Any structure to cross-over an obstruction
like river, canal, railway line and another road
It carries a roadway or a rail across
natural/artificial obstacles
Essential for free flow of transport
Vital Link in Transportation system
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Highest Cost
Bridges are expensive in comparison to
approach roads.
As a bridge is the key element in a
transportation system, balance must be
achieved between handling future traffic
volume and loads and the cost of heavier and
wider bridge structure
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Suspension Bridge,
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1920 AD
Classification of Bridges
Material Timber, Stone, Concrete, Steel,
Composite, FRP
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Through Bridge
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Underslung Bridge
Bridge Design & Construction
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Classification Of Bridge
Structural Form
Supports
Plan Geometry
Arch Bridges
Slab Bridges
Slab Girder Bridges
Box Girder Bridges
Plate girder/truss
Cable Stayed Bridges
Suspension Bridges
Simply supported
Continuous
Balanced Cantilever
Integral
Straight
Curved
Skew
Structural
Actions Differ and
Understanding Important
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Bridge Design & Construction
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>6m <10m
>10m <20m
>20m<25m
>25m<30m
>30m<35m
>35m<40m
>40m<55m
>55m<120m
>120m<1000m
>800m <2000m
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Type of Construction
Culverts
Cable stayed
Suspension
Bridge
Bridge Design
& Construction
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Between 6 and 30
m
Continuous Bridge
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Balanced Cantilever
Bridge -Ganga Bridge, Varanasi
Bridge Design & Construction
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SKEWED BRIDGES
Edge Beam
Water Flow
Skew Angle
Skew Bridges
Behaviour Depends on Span, Roadway Width &
< 200 , Behaviour same as for Straight Bridge
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Functional Requirements
Bridge should be able to carry present and future
traffic
Bridge over river should function even during
flood
Number of lanes, provision of footpath
Bridge should not constrict the flow of
water/debris
Provision for future widening - Preference of
multiple girder over concrete segmental bridge
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Regulatory Issues
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Economics
Initial cost + Maintenance cost to be
considered
Bridge with minimum no. of spans, fewest
expansion joints and widest spacing of girder
will be economical
Concrete bridge maintenance cost < steel
bridge
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Components of a Bridge
Superstructure
Substructure
Foundation
Bridge Appurtenances
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Superstructure
COMPRISES OF ALL COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE ABOVE THE SUPPORTS.
BASIC SUPERSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS ARE
DECK
Physical extension of the roadway across the obstruction to be
bridged.
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SUBSTRUCTURE
CONSISTS OF ALL ELEMENTS REQUIRED TO SUPPORT THE SUPERSTRUCTURE. BASIC
SUBSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS ARE
ABUTMENT
PIER
BEARINGS
PEDESTALS-Short column on an abutment or pier which directly
supports a superstructure main girder.
BACKWALL-Primary Component of abutment acting as a retaining
structure at each approach.
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Abutment
Earth retaining structures which support the
superstructure and roadway at the beginning and
end of a bridge.
Types
Spill Through
Slope Protected
Solid Abutment
Reinforced Earth
Materials Used
RCC, PCC, Brick Masonry, Stone Masonry
Reinforced Earth
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Pier
Structures which support superstructure at the intermediate
point between the abutment.
* Based on Material
Masonry
PCC
RCC
Steel
* Based on Geometry
Wall type pier
Single Circular
Solid pier with Hammer Head
Hollow pier rectangular/circular
Trestle Pier
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Solid Pier
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Cellular R.C.C/PC.C.
Concrete Pier
BEARINGS
The Part of the Bridge Structure which bears
directly all the forces from the structure
above and transmits the same to the
supporting structure.
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Functions of Bearings
(i) Transfer force from various parts of the
superstructure components or from superstructure to
substructure.
(ii) Permit longitudinal or transverse movements or
rotation of one part with respect to other .
(iii) Allowing free movements in some directions but
restraining movements in some other directions.
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Selection of Bearing
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Reactions
Longitudinal Forces
Transverse Force
Uplift Force
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Type of Bearings
Stone, Non-metallic Materials, Concrete, Metallic
Plate & Elastomeric Pad &Strip
Steel Bearings
Elastomeric Bearings
Composite Bearings
Spherical Knuckle Bearings
Pot Bearing
Hinge Bearing for Cantilver Spans
Bearings For Seismic Protection
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Sliding Bearing
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Elastomeric Bearing
An elasomeric bearing can consists of unreinforced
elastomeric pad or reinforced elastomeric bearing.
Reinforced elastomeric bearing-bonding of alternate
laminates of rubber and steel.
Under the load, elastomeric material will tend to deform or
bulge which is restricted with steel plates
No moving parts.
For Spans 7.5 to 15m Plain elastomeric pads could be used.
Reinforced/laminated bearing Useful in 15m to 35m span
range. However to be avoided in seismic Prone areas or use
with seismic attachment.
Elastomeric Bearings Preferred in Submersible Bearing.
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Pier cap
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Characteristics of Bearing
Bearing Type
Sliding Plate
Steel Roller (Single)
Steel Roller (Multiple)
cum Rocker
Steel Rocker
Steel Cylindrical Knuckle
Steel Spherical Knuckle
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Range (kN)
1000
3000
10 000
10 000
10 000
10 000
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Characteristics of Bearings
Bearing Type
Range (kN)
Steel Pot with Confined
25 000
Elastomer
Stainless Steel-PTFE Sliding
25 000
Guide Bearing (For Horizontal Force)
1 000
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Expansion Joints
To cater for expansion and contraction of Bridge
super structure
Joint should be leak proof so that the
superstructure, bearings and piers do not get
damaged due to leakage of rainwater
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Buried Joint
Buried Joint shall consist of continuously laid bituminous surfacing
over the joint gap bridged by a steel plate resting freely over the
top surface of the deck of concrete.
The width of gap shall be kept as 20mm
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Expansion Joints
Designed to accommodate long. Movement/rotation
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Criteria
Buried
10years
Filler Joint
10years
Asphaltic
Plug Joint
10years
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Criteria
Service
Life
Special Consideration
Compression
seal
Simply Support of
continuous Spans right or
skew (up to 30deg)
moderately curved with
maximum horizontal
movement < 40mm
10years
10years
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Suitability Criteria
N
o
Type
Criteria
Service Life
Special Consideration
Modular
strip/box
seal
25years
Special
Joints for
special
condition
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Appurtenances
Embankment-
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Approach Slab
Approach Slab for entire formation width for length of
3.5m behind abutment between returns.
APROACH SLAB
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Foundation
Open Foundation
Well Foundation
Pile Foundation
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Shallow Foundation
Open Foundation( Isolated footing) is adopted :
For Bridge/Fly over foundation where ground is not liable to scour
Depth of Foundation not exceeding 5m
Overburden soil layer is up to 4m thick
Ratio of Embedment depth to Foundation width <0.5
Advantage- Simple, low cost (50 to 65% cost of deep foundation)
Raft Foundation is adopted for
Small and Minor bridges
Small stream and river bridges
Submersible bridge
Raft is Not Recommended for
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Well Foundation
Well foundations are Provided
To transmit large vertical and horizontal loads to deeper and
stronger strata because of low bearing capacity of the
overlying soils.
To protect the foundation against scour, where it is
necessary.
Where open excavation becomes costly and uneconomical
as heavy timbering has to be provided.
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Well Foundation
(Also called Caisson, Pier or Monolith)
Bridge Pier
River Water
River bed level
Well cap
Well Steining
( RCC/ Masonary)
Overburden Soil
Sand Filling
Bottom Plug
Cutting Edge
Rock
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Well Construction
Casting of well kerb (cutting edge )
Extending the height of steining
Soil excavation within the well pockets
(mostly underwater with a grab)
Well Sinking (self weight, anchors,water jetting,
compressed air jetting at kerb)
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Pile Foundation
When the soil strata below the ground surface is highly
compressible and too weak to support the load transmitted
by the superstructure.
When the plan of the structure is irregular relative to its
outline and load distribution. In such cases, pile foundation
is required to reduce the differential settlement.
To withstand the horizontal forces by bending, while still
supporting the vertical load transmitted by the
superstructure. This type of situation is generally
encountered in bridges likely to be subjected to high wind
and/or earthquake forces.
If Expansive and collapsible soils encountered at the site of
a proposed Bridge, Pile Foundations may be used in which
piles are extended into stable soil layers beyond the zone of
possible moist change.
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Bridge Design & induced
Construction
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Soil susceptible to seismically
liquefaction
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Quality Control
Guidelines on Quality Systems for Road
Bridges : IRC SP-47 1998
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Specifications
Guidelines for the Design of Small Bridges
and Culverts - IRC: SP: 13(2004)
Rural Roads Manual- IRC:SP:20
Specifications for Rural Roads- Ministry of
Rural Development, Published by IRC
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Planning of Bridges
Traffic Survey
Topographical Survey
Hydrological Survey
Geotechnical Investigation
Environmental Considerations
Functional Requirement
Span Arrangement & Bridge Type Selection
Economic Feasibility
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Permanent
Dead load
Load induced due to creep and Shrinkage
Transient
Traffic
Environmental
Construction Loads
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(A)
Design
curves
Finite
Difference
Stiffness Approach
Folded
Plate
FEM
Finite
Strip
Grillage
Space
Frame
Type of Deck
Solid Slab
Pseudo Slab
Slab & beam
Cellular
Composite
( B)
Plan Geometry
Right
Skew > 20 o
Curved
Arbitrary
C Support Conditions
Simply Supported
Continuous
Arbitrary
Source :
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Methodology
The superstructure of bridges is built
from one or more piers by means of
formwork carriers with the cantilevering
method.
Structure advances from a short stub on
top of a pier symmetrically in segments
of about 3 m to 5 m length
Application
Suitable for medium and long
span concrete bridges
Balanced Cantilever
Bridge Construction
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Methodology
The sections are cast continuously, one
after another, and are then stressed
together.
The superstructure, growing section by
section is launched over temporary
sliding bearings on the piers until the
bridge is completed.
15 m to 30 m long sections of the bridge
superstructure in a stationary formwork
is cast behind an abutment to push a
completed section forward with jacks
along the bridge axis
Application
Suitable for the construction of
continuous post-tensioned multi-span
bridges
Limitations
Methodology
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