Chapter 2-Water

33 terms Water
Hydrogen Bond
Electrostatic attraction between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of
another.

Bond Dissociation Energy

Energy required to break a bond.

Water
Polar solvent that readily dissolves most biomolecules (which are generally charged or polar
compounds).

Polar Compounds
Compounds that dissolve easily in water.

Hydrophobic
Water-fearing

Hydrophilic
Water-loving

Nonpolar Molecules
Compounds that do not dissolve easily in water.

Dielectric Constant
A physical property that reflects the number of dipoles in a solvent.

F
Force (of ionic interactions)

Q
Magnitude of charges

r
The distance between the charged groups

Dielectric Constant

Hydrophobic Interactions
The forces that hold the nonpolar regions of the molecules together.

van der Waals Interactions (London Forces)

Two dipoles weekly attract each other.

van der Waals Radius

A measure of how close that atom will allow another to approach.

Equilibrium Constant (Keq)

[C][D] / [A][B]

Ionization of Water
[H+][OH`]
Keq = --------[H2O]

Ion Product of Water (at 298 K)

Kw

pH
pH = -log [H+]

Acidosis
pH below the normal value of 7.4

Alkalosis
pH above the normal value of 7.4

Proton Donors
Acids

Proton Acceptors
Bases

Conjugate Acid-Base Pair

Proton Donor and Proton Acceptor

Acid loses a proton and forms it's conjugate base

HA <=> H+ + A`

Ionization Constants (Acid Dissociation Constants) (Ka)

Ka = [H+][A`] / [HA]

Strength of a weak acid or base (pKa)

pKa = -log Ka

Lower pKa
Strong Acid

Higher pKa
Strong Base

Buffers
Mixtures of weak acids and their conjugate bases

Condensed Reaction
Elements of water are eliminated.

Hydrolysis Reaction
Cleavage accompanied by the addition of the elements of water.

Hydrolases
Enzymes that catalyze Hydrolysis Reactions.

Part 2
hydrophilic
"water-loving", compounds that dissolve easily in water; generally charged or polar compounds

hydrophobic
"water-fearing"; compounds that do not dissolve easily in water; nonpolar molecules such as lipids or
waxes

amphipathic
compounds that contain regions that are polar (or charged) and regions that are nonpolar

hydrogen bond
strong dipole-dipole or charge-dipole interaction between a proton donor and proton acceptor; found
when hydrogen directly bonded to O or N; strongest when bonded molecules inline with each other

ionic interaction
electrostatic interactions between charged molecules; largely affected by distance between molecules

hydrophobic interaction
forces that hold the nonpolar regions of molecules together; due to thermodynamic stability, not
interactions between nonpolar molecules

Van der Waal's interactions

weak attractions caused by random variations in the positions of electrons around one nucleus that
create a transient electric dipole which induces a transient opposite electric dipole in a nearby atom

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa + log([A]/[HA])

clathrate
crystalline compound of nonpolar solutes and water

miscelle
stable structures of amphipathic compounds in water where nonpolar regions of molecules cluster
together while hydrophilic regions of molecules maximize interactions with water

van der Waals radius

a measure of how close an atom will allow another to approach

colligative properties
physical properties of the solvent (water) that are altered by the solute: vapor pressure, boiling point,
melting point, and osmotic pressure

osmolarity
ic, where i = van't Hoff factor (measure of the extent to which a solute dissociates into two or more
ionic species) and c = the solutes molar concentration

osmosis
water movement across a semi-permeable membrane driven by differences in osmotic pressure

isotonic
solutions that are of osmolarity equal to that of a cell's cytosol, where a cell neither gains nor loses
water

hypertonic
solution that is of a higher osmolarity than that of the cytosol, where a cell shrinks as water moves out;
LESS water than solute

hypotonic
solution with a lower osmolarity than the cytosol, where a cell wells are water enters; MORE water
than solute

acidosis
condition where pH of the blood plasma is below the normal value of 7.4

alkalosis
condition where the pH of the blood is higher than 7.4

buffer
an aqueous system that tends to resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added;
contains a weak acid and its conjugate base

buffering region
relatively flat region of titration curve of a weak acid; typically +/- 1 pH unit from where pKa = pH.

pH optimum
characteristic pH where enzymes show maximal catalytic activity

hydrolases
enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions