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INTRODU CTI ON
The launch
3
l i f t - c o e f f i c i e n t v a r i a t i o n with a n g l e of a t t a c k
CLa
D drag, l b
F t h r u s t , lb
g l o c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n of g r a v i t y , f t / s e c 2
gv c e n t r i p e t a l a c c e l e r a t i o n , f t / se c2
h altitude, f t
M Mach number
P ambient p r e s s u r e , l b / s q f t
q dynamic p r e s s u r e , l b / s q f t
r r a d i u s of t h e e a r t h , f t
S t o t a l wing a r e a , sq f t
1.
t time, s e c
4
v velocity, f t / s e c
ir rate of change of v e l o c i t y w i t h t i m e , f t / s e c 2
nv incremental change i n v e l o c i t y , f t / s e c
W v e h i c l e weight, l b
a angle of a t t a c k , deg
H
7 f l i g h t -path a n g l e , deg 2
2
i. r a t e of change of f l i g h t - p a t h a n g l e w i t h t i m e , deg/sec 9
P atmospheric d e n s i t y , s l u g s / c u f t
Subscripts :
0 sea-level condition
bo burnout
vac vacuum
CONFIGURATIONS
Pay1oad
L ~
5
Boosters
A drawing of t h e t y p e A b o o s t e r s w i t h f i n s a t t a c h e d i s shown i n
f i g u r e 2 . These b o o s t e r s were assumed t o be s i n g l e s t a g e and t o have
t h r e e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y f i r i n g r o c k e t engines of 100,000 pounds vacuum
t h r u s t each.
Because of t h e s p e c i f i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of t h e launch a i r p l a n e s
s e l e c t e d , t h e A, B, and C types w o u l d b e most s u i t a b l e f o r t h e subsonic-
launch a i r p l a n e and t h e D t y p e f o r the supersonic-launch a i r p l a n e . It
would b e p o s s i b l e , however, t o d e v i s e a D-type c o n f i g u r a t i o n t h a t could
be used w i t h b o t h launch a i r p l a n e s . This d e s i g n would i n c r e a s e v e r s a -
t i l i t y f o r a s i n g l e - b o o s t e r development, b u t d e c r e a s e t h e performance
'r c a p a b i l i t i e s from t h e subsonic launch.
COMPUTATION METHOD
h = V sin 7
H
2 where
2
9
L =
2
RESULTS
Although n o t as s i g n i f i c a n t as o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y , a v e l o c i t y of
I . 20,000 f e e t p e r second i s a valuable r e s e a r c h g o a l . A v e h i c l e a t t a i n i n g
speeds i n t h i s range can experience the maximum h e a t i n g rates of a
I -
r e e n t e r i n g o r b i t a l v e h i c l e . F i g u r e 8 ( b ) shows t h a t such a v e l o c i t y can
be a t t a i n e d w i t h a s i n g l e - s t a g e 150,000-pound b o o s t e r package, w i t h a
vacuum s p e c i f i c impulse o f l e s s t h a n 340 seconds, launched s u b s o n i c a l l y .
To avoid d u p l i c a t i o n of booster-development e f f o r t , a p r a c t i c a l p l a n
might be t o c o n s t r u c t a type C booster which i n i t i a l l y w i l l a t t a i n
v e l o c i t i e s i n e x c e s s of 20,000 f e e t per second, b u t n o t o r b i t a l speed.
Engine and s t r u c t u r a l improvements or, p o s s i b l y , a switch t o a s u p e r -
s o n i c launch would permit f u t u r e a t t a i n m e n t of o r b i t a l speeds.
The v a r i o u s b o o s t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e compared on t h e b a s i s of
vacuum s p e c i f i c impulse and burnout v e l o c i t y i n f i g u r e 9 ( a ) f o r t h e
subsonic launch and i n f i g u r e g ( b ) for t h e s u p e r s o n i c launch. These
d a t a are combined i n f i g u r e 10, which shows t h e i n c r e m e n t a l v e l o c i t y
r e s u l t i n g from d e v i a t i o n s i n vacuum s p e c i f i c impulse from a value of
320 seconds. A 1 - p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n vacuum s p e c i f i c impulse r e s u l t s
i n about a 1 - p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n burnout v e l o c i t y ; t h e r e f o r e , a
1-second change i n vacuum s p e c i f i c impulse r e s u l t s i n a change of about
70 f e e t p e r second i n burnout v e l o c i t y .
For a subsonic launch, burnout v e l o c i t i e s of v a r i o u s payload
weights w i t h a t y p e C b o o s t e r a r e shown i n f i g u r e 11. The e f f e c t on
burnout v e l o c i t y of v a r i a t i o n s i n the r a t i o of payload weight t o g r o s s
weight was i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n C b o o s t e r b o t h b y varying
t h e payload weight w i t h a c o n s t a n t gross weight and b y varying t h e g r o s s
weight f o r a c o n s t a n t payload weight. The r e s u l t s are compatible, as
shown i n f i g u r e 12. Changing t h e payload weight by 1 p e r c e n t of t h e
launch-package g r o s s weight from the nominal value of 5 p e r c e n t a f f e c t s
t h e m a x i m u m v e l o c i t y i n v e r s e l y by 1,400 f e e t p e r second for t h e type C
b o o s t e r launched s u b s o n i c a l l y .
10
2 . For most of t h e b o o s t e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s s t u d i e d , a d e v i a t i o n of
1 percent i n vacuum s p e c i f i c impulse from a nominal v a l u e of 320 seconds
r e s u l t s i n about a 1-percent v a r i a t i o n i n burnout v e l o c i t y .
F l i g h t Research Center,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Edwards, Calif ., October 9, 1961.
11
REFERENCES
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