Earthquakes in Japan

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Japan has had a long history of earthquakes and seismic activity. It is an area of high seismicity because it is located
near major tectonic plate boundaries and is situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Contents
[hide]

1 Geological background
2 History
o 2.1 Significant earthquakes
3 Response
4 Earthquake measurement
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links

Geological background[edit]

The islands comprising the Japanese Archipelago were separated from mainland Asia by back-arc spreading

The islands of Japan are primarily the result of several large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions
of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the
continental Amurian Plateand Okinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk
Plate to the north.
Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates, being deeper
than the Eurasian plate, pulled Japan eastward, opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago.[1] The Strait of
Tartary and theKorea Strait opened much later. Today the Japanese archipelago is considered a mature island arc
and is the result of several generations of subducting plates. Approximately 15,000 km of oceanic floor has passed
under the Japanese area in the last 450 million years, with most being fully subducted. [1]
Japan is situated in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire.[1] Frequent low intensity earth tremors and occasional
volcanic activity are felt throughout the islands. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several
times a century.

History[edit]
Although there is mention of an earthquake in Yamato in what is now Nara Prefecture on August 23, 416, the first to
be reliably documented took place in Nara prefecture on May 28, 599 during the reign of Empress Suiko, destroying
buildings throughout Yamato province.[2][3][4] While many historical records of Japanese earthquakes exist, and
the Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee was created in 1892 to conduct a systematic collation of the
available historical data, published in 1899 as the Catalogue of Historical Data on Japanese Earthquakes.[4] Following
the 1923 Great Kant earthquake, the Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee was superseded by
the Earthquake Research Institute in 1925.[3] In modern times, the catalogues compiled by Tatsuo Usami are
considered to provide the most authoritative source of information on historic earthquakes, with the 2003 edition
detailing 486 that took place between 416 and 1888.[3]

Significant earthquakes[edit]
The deadliest earthquake has been the 1923 Great Kant earthquake, with 105,385 deaths, while the strongest and
costliest earthquake on record is the 2011 Thoku earthquake (9.0 (Mw), $235 billion (2011)); this latter is also the
costliest natural disaster to date globally.
The 1703 Genroku earthquake shook Edo and killed an estimated 2,300 people. The earthquake is thought to have
been an interplate earthquake whose focal region extended from Sagami Bay to the tip of the Bs Peninsula as well
as the area along the Sagami Trough in the open sea southeast of the Boso Peninsula. This earthquake then
resulted in a tsunami which hit the coastal areas of the Boso Peninsula and Sagami Bay. This caused more than
6,500 deaths, particularly on the Boso Peninsula. The Habu Pond on Izu shima collapsed and it rushed into the
sea. The tsunami was reported to have caused more than 10,000 fatalities.[5]
On December 24, 1854, an earthquake of 8.4 M on the Richter scale, the Ansei Tkai Quake hit Suruga Bay. Over
10,000 people from the Tkai region down to Kyushu were killed.[6] The epicenter ranged from Suruga Bay to the
deep ocean, and struck primarily in the Tkai region, but destroyed houses as far away as in Edo. The
accompanyingtsunami caused damage along the entire coast from the Bs Peninsula in modern-day Chiba
prefecture to Tosa province (modern-day Kchi prefecture).[6] 120 earthquakes and tremors in total were felt in Edo in
185455.[6] Later, on November 11, 1855 an earthquake measuring 6.9 M struck near the mouth of the Arakawa
River. The great earthquake struck after 10 o'clock in the evening; roughly 30 aftershocks continued until dawn.
Records from the time indicate 6,641 deaths inside the city, and 2,759 injuries; much of the city was destroyed by fire,

leading many people to stay in rural inns. Aftershocks continued for twenty days. [6] This quake was a particularly
destructive deep thrust quake caused by a giant slab of rock stuck between the Philippine Sea Plate and Pacific
Plates.
On April 9, 1858, the Hietsu Earthquake occurred on the Atotsugawa Fault, which connects Mount Tate in Toyama
Prefecture and the Am Pass in Gifu Prefecture on the island ofHonsh in Japan. Its name includes
one kanji from Hida ( ) and one from Etch ( ), the names of the provinces that were in use at the time.
The earthquake is estimated to have killed 200300 people. It also caused the Mount Tonbi Landslide and blocked
the upper reaches of the Jganji River.[7]
?

The 1891 Mino-Owari earthquake

On October 28, 1891, the Mino-Owari earthquake struck the former provinces of Mino and Owari in the Nbi
Plain area during theMeiji period in Japan. It is also referred to as the Nbi Earthquake ( Nbi Jishin) or the
Great Nbi Earthquake (Nbi Daijishin).
On June 20, 1894, an earthquake measuring, Meiji Tokyo Earthquake hit Tokyo Bay. It affected downtown Tokyo and
neighboringKanagawa prefecture, especially the cities of Kawasaki and Yokohama.[8] The depth of the 1894
earthquake has not been determined, but it is thought to have occurred within the subducting Pacific Plate under
the Kant region.[9] The death toll was 31 killed and 157 injured.
The Sanriku coast of Japan has experienced significant seismic activity. On June 15, 1896, an earthquake measuring
8.5 M, the1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake occurred off the coast of Sanriku in Iwate Prefecture, causing a tsunami of
25 metres (82 ft) 35 minutes after the quake which destroyed hundreds of houses and killed over 27,000 people.
Tsunami were also observed in Hawaii and in California.[10][11] The area would be struck again many times throughout
its history.
On September 1, 1923, an earthquake measuring 7.9 M, the 1923 Great Kant earthquake struck the Kant plain on
the Japanese main island of Honsh at 11:58 on the morning of September 1, 1923. Varied accounts hold that the
duration of the earthquake was between 4 and 10 minutes. The quake had an epicenter deep beneath Izu
shima Island in Sagami Bay. It devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, surrounding prefectures
of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kant region.[12] The power and
intensity of the earthquake is easy to underestimate, but the 1923 earthquake managed to move the 93-ton Great
Buddha statue at Kamakura. The statue slid forward almost two feet. Casualty estimates range from about 100,000 to
142,000 deaths, the latter figure including approximately 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead.
On March 27, 1927, an earthquake measuring 7.6 M, the 1927 Kita Tango earthquake affected the Tango
Peninsula in Kyoto Prefecture killing 3,020 people. Almost all houses in Mineyama (now part of Kytango were
destroyed, and the quake was felt as far away as Tokyo and Kagoshima.[13]
On March 2, 1933, the 1933 Sanriku earthquake measuring 7.6 M on the Richter scale struck 294 kilometres east of
the city of Kamaishi, Iwate. The resultant tsunami caused widespread damage to towns on the Sanriku coast of
the Thoku region of Honsh, Japan in 1933.
On September 10, 1943, the 1943 Tottori earthquake, measuring 7.2 M struck offshore from Ketaka District in
the Tottori prefecture, killing 1,083. Although the earthquake occurred during World War II, information about the
disaster was surprisingly uncensored, and relief volunteers and supplies came from many parts of the Japanese
empire, including Manchukuo. The Tottori earthquake had its epicenter offshore from Ketaka District, now part

of Tottori city with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter Scale. The magnitude of the earthquake was 6.0 in Tottori city,
and 5.0 as far away as Okayama on the Inland Sea.[14]
On January 13, 1945 at 03:38 AM, the Mikawa earthquake struck Mikawa Bay off the Mie and Aichi prefectures,
killing 2306 with 1180 confirmed dead and 1126 missing. As the earthquake occurred during World War II,
information about the disaster was censored, and efforts at keeping the disaster secret hampered relief efforts and
contributed to a high death toll.[15] The Mikawa earthquake had its epicenter offshore in Mikawa
Bay (3442.1N 1376.8E at a depth of eleven kilometers). The city of Tsu recorded a magnitude of 6 on the Richter
Scale; however areas in southern Aichi prefecture were closer to the epicenter, and suffered significant damage.

Damage caused by the Great Hanshin Earthquake

On December 20, 1946, an earthquake measuring 8.1 M, the 1946 Nankaid earthquake killed 1,362 in Nankaid.
The earthquake was felt from Northern Honsh to Kysh.[16]
On June 28, 1948, an earthquake measuring 7.1 M, the 1948 Fukui earthquake struck near Maruoka, Fukui in Fukui
Prefecturekilling 3,769. The strongest shaking occurred in the city of Fukui, where it was recorded as 6 (equivalent to
the current 7) on theJapan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale.[17]
The Sanriku coast was affected again with the 1994 Sanriku-Haruka-Oki earthquake.[18] On January 17, 1995, an
earthquake measuring 6.8 M, known informally as the Kobe earthquake, formally as the Great Hanshin
Earthquake struck the northern end ofAwaji Island in the southern part of Hygo Prefecture killing 4034.[19] and Mj7.3
on the revised (7.2 on the old) JMA magnitude scale.[20] The tremors lasted for approximately 20 seconds. The focus
of the earthquake was located 16 km beneath itsepicenter,[20] on the northern end of Awaji Island, 20 km (12 mi) away
from the city of Kobe.
In 2003, the Sanriku coast was affected again with a series of earthquakes including the 7.0 Miyagi-Oki quake on
May 20, injuring 171 and causing $97.3 million in damages[21] and a quake on July 26 with 676 injured persons, and
11,341 buildings were damaged with $195.4 million in damages.[22]
On October 23, 2004, the 2004 Chetsu earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale struck in Ojiya, Niigata. It
occurred at 5:56 p.m.(local time) on a Saturday. The initial earthquake caused noticeable shaking across almost half
of Honsh, including parts of the Tohoku, Hokuriku, Chbu, and Kant regions.

Damage caused by the 2005 Fukuoka Earthquake

On March 20, 2005, the 2005 Fukuoka earthquake measuring 7.0 M struck in the Fukuoka Prefecture in the Genkai
Sea about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) northwest of Genkai Island at the mouth of Fukuoka Harbor. It lasted for
approximately 50 seconds. The quake occurred along a previously unknown fault in the Genkai Sea, north
of Fukuoka city, and the residents of Genkai Island were forced to evacuate as houses collapsed and landslides
occurred in places. Investigations subsequent to the earthquake determined that the new fault was most likely an
extension of the known Kego fault that runs through the center of the city.
On August 16, 2005 the 2005 Miyagi earthquake measuring 7.2 M struck about 55 kilometres (34 mi) due east of
the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi Prefecture, eastern Honsh. It caused many casualties, building collapses and power
outages. The earthquake affected most of Japan's northeastern coast. It triggered a tsunami warning, and buildings
shook 200 miles away in the capital, Tokyo. It was initially estimated to have a rating of 6.8., and the U.S. Geological
Survey later registered it as a 7.2.[23]
The 2005 Sanriku Japan Earthquake occurred at 6:39am Japan Standard Time (UTC+9) on November 15, 2005. The
earthquake was centered in the Pacific Ocean about 330 miles east-northeast of Tokyo about 24 miles below the
surface. There were no immediate reports of casualties. It was originally recorded by the United States Geological
Survey as a 7.2-magnitude earthquake on the Moment magnitude scale, but the Japan Meteorological Agency called
it a magnitude 6.9 earthquake. Almost immediately after the quake, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a
tsunami warning.[24] Earthquake-associated waves of between 1 and 2 feet were reported at Ofunato on the east
coast of Japan.[25] Warnings were also issued for the northwest coast of the United States

The March 25, 2007 Noto Peninsula Earthquake

On November 15, 2006, an earthquake measuring 7.9 M, the 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake struck about 160
kilometres (99 mi) due east of the southern tip of Simushir in the Kuril Islands. It caused a tsunami to hit the
Japanese northern coast.
On March 25, 2007, the Noto Peninsula Earthquake measuring 6.9 M struck about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) due west of
the southern end of the town of Wajima in the Hokuriku region of Japan, near the Noto Peninsula. The earthquake
shook the city of Nanao and the town of Anamizu with a seismic intensity of 6+ on Japan's shindo scale. One death,
in the city of Wajima, and at least 214 injuries were reported. A tsunami advisory was immediately made for
the Kaga coast and Noto coast, and a 1020 cm wave hit shore about 30 minutes later.[26]
On July 16, 2007, an earthquake measuring 6.6 M, the Chetsu Offshore Earthquake hit about 29 kilometres (18 mi)
west of Niigata in the northwest Niigata region of Japan.[27]) was a powerful magnitude 6.6 earthquake[28][29] The
earthquake shook Niigata and neighbouring prefectures. The city of Kashiwazaki and the villages
of Iizuna and Kariwa registered the highest seismic intensity of a strength 6 on Japan's shindo scale, but the quake
was felt as far away as Tokyo.[28] Eleven deaths and at least 1000 injuries have been reported, and 342 buildings
were completely destroyed, mostly older wooden structures. [28][30][31]
On June 14, 2008 an earthquake measuring 6.9 M, the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake struck about 1
kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Narusawa Onsen in northwest Iwate Prefecture in the mid Thoku region, of
northeastern Honsh.[32]

On August 9, 2009 an earthquake measuring 6.97.1 M hit the Izu Islands. Effects were felt in Tokyo and trains
halted briefly.[33][34]and just two days later on August 11, an earthquake measuring 6.56.6 M hit the Tkai region[35]
On 11 March 2011, Japan suffered the strongest earthquake in its history (and one of the strongest in world history),
which was also its costliest earthquake, and indeed the costliest natural disaster in history. The 2011 Thoku
earthquake measured 9.0 on the moment magnitude scale and produced a tsunami approximately 10 meters (33
feet) high. Despite the warning systems, thousands were killed by the quake and tsunami. Over 100,000 buildings
were damaged with several towns essentially completely destroyed. Hundreds of aftershocks, including some over 7
MW, continued after the first earthquake. As a result of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents that followed the tsunami,
attention has been drawn attention to ongoing concerns over Japanese nuclear seismic design standards.

Response[edit]
Over the years, the Japanese government has enforced measures to make buildings more resistant to earthquakes
in known disaster zones. Households in Japan have been ordered to keep a survival kit consisting of water and food
to last a few days, a flashlight, a radio and a first aid kit; and are advised not to position heavy objects where they
could easily fall during an earthquake and hamper their response or cause harm.[36]
Many organizations and centres of research have been established to study seismological activity in Japan, and in
1969 the Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction(CCEP) was founded to coordinate research. Among the
research organisations are the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (IISEE) and the
Institute of Seismology and Volcanology at Kyushu University.[37][38]

Earthquake measurement[edit]
In Japan the shindo scale is commonly used to measure earthquakes by seismic intensity instead of magnitude. This
is similar to the Modified Mercalli scale used in the United States or the Liedu scale used in China, meaning that the
scale measures the intensity of an earthquake at a given location instead of measuring the energy an earthquake
releases at its epicenter (its magnitude) as the Richter scale does.[36]
Unlike other seismic intensity scales, which normally have twelve levels of intensity, shindo ( , seismic intensity,
literally "degree of shaking") as used by the Japan Meteorological Agency is a unit with ten levels, ranging
from shindo zero, a very light tremor, to shindo seven, a severe earthquake.[36] Intermediate levels for earthquakes
withshindo five and six are "weak" or "strong", according to the degree of destruction they cause. Earthquakes
measured at shindo four and lower are considered to be weak to mild, while those measured at five and above can
cause heavy damage to furniture, wall tiles, wooden houses, reinforced concrete buildings, roads, gas and water
pipes.[36]
?

See also[edit]

Nuclear power in Japan seismicity

List of earthquakes in Japan
Seismicity of the Sanriku coast
Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction
Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale
Category: Japanese seismologists

References[edit]
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2.
3.

4.

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Further reading[edit]

Japan: large-scale floods and earthquakes. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (International government publication).
2009. ISBN 978-92-64-05639-8.

Alex K. Tang, PE and Anshel J. Schiff (2010). Kashiwazaki, Japan, Earthquake

of July 16, 2007. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (American Society of Civil Engineers). ISBN 978-07-84-41062-2.

Earthquakes in Japan Since 1900 | Tableau Public

One Week of Japanese Earthquakes | Tableau Public

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