This deer can be recognized by its characteristic size, smaller than all other white-tailed deer.

Adult males (known as bucks) usually weigh 2534 kg (5575 lb) and stand about 76 cm (30 in)
tall at the shoulder. Adult females (does) usually weigh between 20 and 29 kg (44 and 64 lb) and
have an average height of 66 cm (26 in) at the shoulders. The deer is a reddish-brown to greybrown in color. Antlers are grown by males and shed between February and March and regrown
by June. When the antlers are growing, they have a white velvet coating. The species otherwise
generally resembles other white-tailed deer in appearance.
Key deer easily swim between islands.
Living close to humans, the Key deer has little of the natural fear of man shown by most of their
larger mainland relatives. The deer are often found in residents' yards and along roadsides where
tasty plants and flowers grow. This often results in car-to-deer collisions, as the deer are more
active (and harder to avoid) at night. It is not unusual to see them at dusk and dawn, especially
on lightly inhabited No Name Key, and in the less-populated northern areas of Big Pine Key.
Breeding occurs all year, but peaks in October and December. Territorial activity is limited to
defending a receptive doe from other bucks. Longevity records are 9 years for males and 7 years
for females. Adult females form loose matriarchal groups with one or two generations of offspring,
while bucks feed and bed together only during the nonbreeding season.[1]
Range, habitat, and diet[edit]
The range of the Key deer originally encompassed all of the lower Florida Keys (where standing
water pools exist), but is now limited to a stretch of the Florida Keys from about Sugarloaf Key to
Bahia Honda Key. Key deer use all islands during the wet season when drinking water is more
generally available, retreating to islands with a perennial supply of fresh water in dry months.
Key deer inhabit nearly all habitats within their range, including pine rocklands, hardwood
hammocks, mangroves, and freshwater wetlands. The species feed on over 150 types of plants,
but mangroves (red, white, and black) and thatch palm berries make up the most important part
of their diets. Pine rockland habitat is important, as well, because it is often the only reliable
source of fresh drinking water (Key deer can tolerate drinking only mildly brackish water). Habitat
destruction due to human encroachment cause many deer to feed on non-native ornamental
plants.
The Key deer is believed to be a subspecies of white-tailed deer which migrated to the Florida
Keys from the mainland over a land bridge during the Wisconsin glaciation. The earliest known
written reference to Key deer comes from the writings of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a
Spanish sailor shipwrecked in the Florida Keys and captured by Native Americans in the 1550s.
A female Key deer on Big Pine Key
A juvenile Key deer is called a fawn.
Due to proximity, most Key deer have lost their fear of humans. This, besides habitat loss, is the
main reason why they are becoming extinct.
Endangered status[edit]
Key deer were hunted as a food supply by native tribes, passing sailors, and early settlers.
Hunting them was banned in 1939, but widespread poaching and habitat destruction caused the
subspecies to plummet to near-extinction by the 1950s. The National Key Deer Refuge, a
federally administered National Wildlife Refuge operated by the Wildlife Service, was established
in 1967.

Recent population estimates put the population between 700 to 800, putting it on the list of
endangered species. Road kills from drivers on US 1, which traverses the deer's small range, are
also a major threat, averaging between 30 and 40 kills per year, 70% of the annual mortality.
However, the population has made an encouraging rise since 1955, when population estimates
ranged as low as 25, and appears to have stabilized in recent years. Still, recent human
encroachment into the fragile habitat and the deer's relatively low rate of reproduction point to an
uncertain future for the species.
Conservation efforts[edit]
Conservation efforts include the establishment of the National Key Deer Refuge, which consists
of about 8,500 acres (34 km2) on Big Pine, No Name Key, and several smaller uninhabited
islands. Not all of the refuge lands are protected as public lands; despite extensive efforts of the
refuge to purchase these private habitat lands for protection in the refuge, about 5,000 acres (20
km2) currently remain in private ownership and can potentially be developed. About 1,000 acres
(4.0 km2) of this privately developable land is on Big Pine Key and No Name Key, which are the
central population areas for the deer.
In 2006, a Habitat Conservation Plan was enacted by Monroe County and the US Fish and
Wildlife Service which will limit development in primary habitat and provide for additional habitat
purchases over the next 15 years. At the end of this period, however, most of the 1,000 acres (4.0
km2) of privately owned habitat land on Big Pine and No Name Keys will still be open for further
development. Thus, while the short term promises some cushion from extinction, the long-term
prospects for the deer remain in doubt.
The refuge also provides rules for the control of feral dogs, which often attack the deer, and for
the prohibition of feeding of the deer, which lowers their resistance to natural cycles; however,
historically, due to local political pressures, these rules have been poorly enforced. A portion of
US Route 1 was also elevated in 2003 to allow the deer to pass safely beneath the roadway, in
an attempt to lessen the chance of road kills. However, no decrease in total traffic deaths has
been seen. Biologists have recently begun relocating some Key deer from Big Pine Key to other
islands, since Big Pine Key's population has reached its sustainable limit.