Increase in draught due to list / heel

Learning Objectives
Explains angle of heel due to turning and the effect on

stability
Calculates angle of heel due to turning
Explains increase in draught due to list / heel
Calculates increase in draught due to list / heel

Jul 2006

Definitions
Advance
This is the distance
travelled by the ship's
centre of gravity in a
direction parallel to the
ship's initial course.
It is usually quoted for a
90 change of heading.

Definitions
Transfer
This is the distance
travelled by the ship's
centre of gravity in a
direction perpendicular
to the ship's initial
course.
It is usually quoted for
a 90 change of
heading..

Definitions
Tactical diameter
This is the distance
travelled by the ship's
centre of gravity in a
direction perpendicular
to the ship's initial
course when the ship
has altered its course by
180 and is on a
reciprocal heading.

Definitions
Steady turning circle

radius
This is the steady radius

of the turning circle

when a steady rate of
turn is achieved.
This state is usually
achieved by the time
the ship has altered
course between 90 and
180 however this will
vary from ship to ship..

Definitions
Yaw
This is the angle
between the ship's fore
and aft line and the
direction of travel of
the ship's centre of
gravity at any instant
during the turn.

FORCES THAT CAUSE THE SHIP TO

HEEL DURING TURNING
Consider a ship turning to starboard. When the rudder

is put over the thrust on the starboard face of the

rudder has an athwartships component F which acts at
the centre of pressure P of the rudder
An equal and opposite force, F1 arises, resisting the
athwartships motion set up by the force on the rudder.

FORCES THAT CAUSE THE SHIP TO

HEEL DURING TURNING
This reaction acts on the port side at the centre of

lateral resistance (CLR) and is located at the geometric

centre of the underwater longitudinal area and is
invariably higher than P.
The two forces, F at P, and F1 at the CLR set up an
inward heeling couple for which the moment is given
by: F x PQ

FORCES THAT CAUSE THE SHIP TO

HEEL DURING TURNING
Once the ship has achieved a steady rate of turn, the

inward heel is overcome by the effect of the centrifugal

force acting outwards through the ship's centre of
gravity (G).
This causes the characteristic outward heel to develop
in the turn.
The centrifugal force is given by:
'W' is the ship's displacement in tonnes;
'V' is the speed of the ship in metres per
second;
g' is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 rn/s"),
and;
'R' is the radius of the turning circle in metres.

FORCES THAT CAUSE THE SHIP TO

HEEL DURING TURNING
The centrifugal force is opposed by the equal and

opposite centripetal force acting through the CLR,

where the CLR (for purpose of formula derivation) is
assumed to be at the same height above the keel as the
centre of buoyancy, B.

FORCES THAT CAUSE THE SHIP TO

HEEL DURING TURNING
The initial inward heeling moment is overcome by the

outward heeling moment created by both the

centrifugal and centripetal forces.
If the initial inward heeling moment is ignored, the
ship will heel outwards to an angle of steady heel ()
when the outward heeling moment balances the
normal righting moment for the angle of heel
developed.

FORCES THAT CAUSE THE SHIP TO

HEEL DURING TURNING

Example
Calculate the angle of heel developed when a ship

doing 20 knots achieves a steady rate of turn to

starboard and the radius of the turning circle is 300 m
given that: KM = 8.00 m, KG = 6.00 m & KB = 2.5 m

Example
20 Knot = 20 * 1852 metres per hour /(60*60) =10.289

meter / second
GM=KM-KG = 8.00- 6.00 = 2.00 m
BG = KG - KBBG = 6.00 - 2.50 = 3.50 m

Tan = (10.2892 x 3.50) / 9.81 x 300 x 2.00 = 0.06295

angle of heel = 3.6 to Port

Example 2
Calculate the maximum speed on a turning circle of

diameter 620 m in order that the heel developed does

not exceed 6 given that: KM = 15.88 m KG = 14.26 m
KB = 8.05 m
maximum speed = 17.75 knots

INCREASE IN DRAUGHT DUE TO

List / HEEL

Example
A ship heels 50 as it makes a turn. If the draught when

upright is 7.60 m calculate the draught when heeled given

that the breadth is 18 m.

Example

Draught when heeled = (0.5 x 18 x Sin 5) + (7.60 x Cos 5)

Draught when heeled = 8.355 m

Jul 2006