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Taufeeq malik
Lovely Professional University
Abstract
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is
a channel access method used by various radio
communication
technologies.
CDMA
is
the
digital cellular
technology
that
uses spread
spectrum techniques. Unlike competing systems, such
as GSM, that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign a
specific frequency to each user. Instead, every channel
uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations
are encoded with a pseudo-randomised digital sequence.
CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice
and data communications than other commercial mobile
technologies, allowing more subscribers to connect at any
given time, and it is the common platform on which 3G
technologies are built.
Introduction
CDMA
is a channel access method used by the
various radio communication technologies.
CDMA is an example of multiple access, which is where
several transmitters can send information simultaneously
over a single communication channel. This allows several
users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). To
permit this without undue interference between the users,
CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a
special coding scheme (where each is assigned a code).
CDMA is utilized as one of access methods in
many mobile
phone
utilization
standards such
as cdmaOne, CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution
of
cdmaOne), and WCDMA (the 3G standard used
by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as
simply CDMA.
History
CDMA is a military technology first used during World
War II by English allies to foil German attempts at
jamming transmissions. The allies decided to transmit
over several frequencies, instead of one, making it
difficult for the Germans to pick up the complete signal.
Commercial Development
The founders of QUALCOMM realized that CDMA
technology could be used in commercial cellular
communications to make even better use of the radio
spectrum than other technologies. The first CDMA
networks were commercially launched in 1995, and
provided roughly 10 times more capacity than analog
networks - far more than TDMA or GSM. Since then,
CDMA has become the fastest-growing of all wireless
technologies, with over 100 million subscribers
worldwide. In addition to supporting more traffic, CDMA
brings many other benefits to carriers and consumers,
including better voice quality, broader coverage and
stronger security.
Three
Types
Communications
of
Spread
Spectrum
Frequency hopping.
The signal is rapidly switched between different
frequencies within the hopping bandwidth pseudorandomly, and the receiver knows before hand where to
find the signal at any given time.
Time hopping.
The signal is transmitted in short bursts pseudorandomly, and the receiver knows beforehand when to
expect the burst.
Direct sequence.
The digital data is directly coded at a much higher
frequency. The code is generated pseudo-randomly, the
receiver knows how to generate the same code, and
correlates the received signal with that code to extract the
data.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Rx: Rx 869-894MHz
Tx: 824-849MHz
Transmitting Data
Bibliography
1.As the number of users increases, the overall [1] Lee JS and Miller LM, CDMA System Engineering
Handbook, Arttech Publishing House, 1998
quality of service decreases
2.Self-jamming
3.Near- Far- problem arises
CDMA Applications
One of the early applications for code division
multiplexing is in GPS. This predates and is distinct from
its use in mobile phones.
1. The Qualcomm standard IS-95, marketed as
cdmaOne.
2. The Qualcomm standard IS-2000, known as
CDMA2000. This standard is used by several
mobile phone companies, including the
Globalstar satellite phone network.
3. The UMTS 3G mobile phone standard, which
uses W-CDMA.
4. CDMA has been used in the OmniTRACS
satellite system for transportation logistics.
5. Navigation Purpose
6. Real time stock of different exchanges
Conclusion
The basic problem of cellular traffic is removed by the
use of CDMA. It provides about 10 times more capacity
then analog networks- far more then TDMA & GSM
systems. CDMA is a "spread spectrum" technology,
allowing many users to occupy the same time and
frequency allocations in a given band/space. CDMA
consistently provides better capacity for voice and data
communications.