Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
EX
Erik van de Kuilen
Agenda
Fundamentals
Ignition Source Control
Standards & Practices
Area Classification: the Concept
Area Classification: a Multistep Process
Cases
Hot Surfaces
Management of Change Gasgroup & Temperature class
Negligible Extent
Abnormal Operating Conditions - Temporary Zone 1
Management of Change Release dispersion
Heat Exchanger Leakage
Ventilation
Q&A
or Not (?)
Hot
Surface
Loss of
Containment
Ignition Sources
(EN 1127)
Hot surfaces
No smoking areas
Mechanical sparks
Electrical apparatus
Stray currents
Static electricity
Lightning
Radio waves
High Frequency EM
waves
10
Ionizing radiation
11
Ultrasonics
12
Adiabatic compression
13
Exothermic reactions
2.Manage
LFL
UFL
LFL
Hydrocarbon
Auto Ignition
Temperature
(AIT)
Equipment
(example)
Zone
(ventilated)
Zone
(confined/
nonventilated)
Continuous (>1000
Inside tank
0
0
b: Zone extension (dimensions of flammable atmosphere):
hr/yr)
Primary (10 - 1000
hr/yr)
Sample
connection, pits
1/0
Secondary (< 10
hr/yr)
Flange, pump
seal
10
11
Gas
group
Alkanes
II A
Ethylene, EO, CO
II B
Hydrogen
II C
Released
fluid
Ignition
Energy
(mIE)
Gasgroup
Auto Ignition
Temperature
(AIT) (deg C)
T
class
Methane
0.28
I /II A
525
T1
Ethane
0.24
II A
510
T1
Propane
0.25
II A
460
T1
Hexane
0.24
II A
230
T3
Ethylene
0.07
II B
425
T2
Hydrogen
0.01
II C
560
T1
T
class
Temperature
(deg C)
450
300
200
135
Benzene
0.2
II A
498
T1
100
0.06
II B
429
T2
85
Ethylene
Oxide
12
* Also apparatus group or explosion group; a parameter related to the sensitivity for ignition
13
///// Zone 2
14
equipment nameplates
hot surfaces
roads & vehicles
NAME PLATE:
Universal Supplies Ltd,
CE 0999
Trans type 100
II G
EEX ib IIC T4
40 C < Ta < 70 C
ACB 00 ATEX 9999
Apparatus parameters
Serial No. 991234
7: Document !
(Area Classification Design Basis,
Explosion Protection Document)
Copyright of Shell Projects & Technology
RESTRICTED
October 2012
16
RESTRICTED
October 2012
17
Hot Surfaces
Hot equipment surfaces can be an ignition source, if the surface
temperature exceeds the Auto Ignition Temperature (AIT) of the
released fluid:
Operating temperature > Gasoline AIT
RESTRICTED
October 2012
18
Hot Surfaces
Risk Considerations (Ignition Hazard Analysis):
What is the actual Heating Medium line surface temperature? Is the line
insulated or could it be ? Is the insulation gas tight? Are there any flanges?
Will the Gasoline indeed reach the Heating Medium line and heat up to AIT?
Could any Gasoline leak points perhaps be eliminated or relocated?
Could the Heating Medium line be rerouted/shielded off?
API RP 2216-03:
Ignition Risk of Hydrocarbon Liquids and Vapors by Hot Surfaces in Open Air:
ignition of hydrocarbons by a hot surface should not be assumed unless the
surface temperature is approximately 360 F (182C) above the accepted
minimum ignition temperature of the hydrocarbon involved.
October 2012
19
Hot Surfaces
A new insulated Steam line (Operating Temperature > 300 C) into
an existing pipe track (conservatively) classified as Zone 1 with
New steam line
fluids AITs < 250 C:
Existing pipe track
Zone 1
RESTRICTED
October 2012
20
T2 equipment
in T3 zone
IIA equipment in
IIC zone
Normal outside
conditions
IP 15 Point Source
CW tower fire
CW Return Line
Ventilation (Winterizing)
During winter, some plants are sheltered to prevent freezing
problems. This could impact the natural ventilation and the Zoning.
Ventilation (Winterizing)
Design and locate the screens such that (natural) ventilation is still
adequate:
50% LEL for secondary grade release
25% LEL for continuous & primary grade release
Winterizing screens
Open area
for
ventilation
Zone 2 facility
Q&A