Thermal Cracking of Naphtha for the

Production of Light Olefins

SM Vaidya
7th June 2013

Overall Block Diagram Process Units

NAPHTHA CRACKER UNIT
C2 RECYCLE
HYDROGEN
C3 RECYCLE
CH4 OFFGAS

POLYMER PLANTS RECYCLES

NAPHTHA
CRACKER
RECOVERY
SECTION

SRT III FURNACE

ETHYLENE BOG

ETHYLENE
PROPYLENE

TREATED FCC DRY GAS C2's

FUEL OIL
RAW FCC C3's

RAW C4 MIX

NAPHTHA

SRT VI FURNACES

BUTADIENE
EXTRACTION
UNIT

BUTADIENE

(BUTADIENE NOT
OPERATING)

HEAVY CUT

C4
HYDROGENATION
UNIT
C7-C8 CUT

C4 RECYCLE

RAW
PYROLYSIS
GASOLINE

PYGAS
HYDROGENATION
UNIT
STG I AND II

C6-C8 CUT

BENZENE
EXTRACTION
UNIT

BENZENE

C5 RECYCLE
C9+PRODUCT
C6 RECYCLE

OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM

Feeds & Products

Design Case

Base Case

Case 1

Case 2

Feeds

Naphtha
Hydrogenated C4/C5/C6
recycle

Naphtha
Hydrogenated C4/C5/C6
recycle
LLDPE recycle
PP recycles
Ethylene BOG

Naphtha
Hydrogenated C4/C5/C6
recycle
LLDPE recycle
PP plant recycles
Ethylene BOG
FCC feeds

Ethylene
Capacity, TPA

800,000

830,632

857,408

Propylene
Capacity, TPA

504,834

584,352

666,544

Total operating hours = 8000 Hours per year

Byproducts

t
t
t
t
t
t
t

Hydrogen
Methane off gas
Butadiene
Benzene
Hydrogenated C7-C8 cut
Partially hydrogenated C9+ cut
Pyrolysis fuel oil (combined PGO + PFO)

Overall Material Balance Contd

Products, kg/h

Case 1

Case 2

Hydrogen

506

584

Methane Off gas

50,220

51,083

Polymer Grade Ethylene

103,829

107,176

Polymer Grade Propylene

73,044

83,318

Butadiene

17,020

17,163

Benzene *

14,491

14,589

C7-C8 cut *

29,422

29,456

C9+ cut

7,627

7,591

Pyrolysis Fuel Oil

10,432

10,629

Water from Methanator

123

124

Acid Gases

424

428

Waste HC Stream from Butadiene

Unit

122

127

Total

307,260

322,268

Products from Benzene Extraction Unit are adjusted based on final feed rate and
composition of treated C6-C8 stream from PGHU

Process Reactions

Steam Cracking

Thermal decomposition of large HC molecules

Reaction products are much smaller molecules
Effluent is a mix of all products, good and bad
Conditions affect product yields
High temperature, low press
HC mixed with dilution steam
Very short reaction times

Reaction is endothermic
Requires great amount of heat

Reaction occurs in Cracking Heaters (Furnace)

Process Reactions (ISBL) Contd

Additional Reactions
Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Impurities
C2 Acetylene, C2H2
C3 Acetylene & Diolefin C3H4 ( MAPD )
Highly exothermic ( Releases heat )

Acid Gas Removal

H2S & CO2

Methanation
Catalytic conversion of CO to H2O in H2.

Product Recovery Steps Overview

Caustic
Wash

Feed

H2

CH4 Comp

Fuel

ATU
Drier
CGC

Heaters

Cold
Train

C2R

deC1

C2H2

Ethylene
Product

C3R

Quench

C2Frac
deC2
MAPD

GasFrac
Recycle

Propylene
Product
C4 Hydro

DPG2

C3Frac
deC3

deC5
C6-C8

Recycle

DPG
Stab/Tail
C9

DPG1
deC4

Recycle

Product Recovery Steps

Thermal Cracking ( Fired Heaters )
Hot End Heat Removal
Remove heat that was added to thermally crack
Heavy Ends Fractionation
Condensation & Separation of Fuel Oil (PFO) from
heater effluent
Compression
High pressure required to fractionate light gases
from heater effluent
Product Recovery
Conventional distillation

Cracking Heaters

Six SRT VI and one SRT III type cracking heaters are
provided. Five SRT VI heaters are normally in service
cracking liquid feed stock (naphtha/C4/C5/C6).
Ethylene production capacity set by heater feed rates
Propylene production set by:
Feed slate
Degree of cracking (severity)

Other byproducts depend on selectivity of cracking

reaction
Cracking causes coke formation in radiant coil
Removed by decoking

Cracking Heaters Contd

Induced Draft Fan

Stack

Convection Coils
Feed Preheat & Vaporization
Mixed Preheat (Inc. D/S)
BFW & SHP Coils

Heater Feed
Dil. Stm
BFW
SHP

Convection
Section
Radiation
Section
(Firebox)

Bridgewall or Arch

Heater Outlet
to TLEs
COT

Crossover (External Piping)

Venturis
Radiant Coils
Thermal Cracking

Hearth or Floor

Burners (Hearth & Wall)

Primary Transfer Line Exchangers (TLEs)

Function
Stop Cracking Reaction
Recover Heat from Heater Effluent
Generate SHP Steam

Design

Bath Tub Type Exchangers (Thermosyphon)

Close coupled to Radiant Coil Outlet
Low pressure drop and residence time
One steam drum per heater provides holdup of BFW

Considerations
Susceptible to fouling

Hot End Separation

Process Overview

Gasoline Fractionation

Function

Separate heaviest components from Gasoline

Removes heat from effluent (Charge Gas)
Condense Quench Oil and provide inventory for circulation
Pyrolysis fuel oil (PFO) is separated as a bottoms product
Pyrolysis gas oil (PGO) is withdrawn from the Fractionator as a
a side stream product
Gasoline and lighter materials are taken as an overhead vapor
The tower is refluxed with gasoline condensed in the Quench
Tower

Design
Packed tower in the top
Baffle trays in the bottom
Quench Oil inventory

Quench Tower

Function

Cool Charge Gas before compression

Provide reflux for Gasoline Fractionator
Condense Dilution steam for recovery
Provide reservoir for Quench Water (QW) & recovers
waste heat

Design
Multiple packed bed tower for heat transfer
Direct counter current contact with circulating QW

Quench Water System

Quench Water (QW) Circulation

Function
Remove heat from Quench Tower

Design
Large circulation requires large centrifugal pumps
Water circulation through process users for heat
exchange
Cooling water exchangers for final heat rejection

Considerations
Maximizing Heat removed by process users
minimizes cooling water requirements
pH control required to prevent emulsions

Charge Gas Compression

Charge Gas Compressor

Function
Compress cracked gas in order to separate hydrogen and
methane

Design
5 stage centrifugal compressor
Intercoolers and drums to remove heat of compression and
condensed liquids
Wash oil / BFW injection to reduce fouling / cool

Considerations
Controls heater cracking pressure

Charge Gas Compression - Stages 1 to 3

LP Off gas
From PGHU

MP STEAM

S/T

PC

Charge
Gas from
QT

SHP
Steam

0.47
kg/cm2G

TC Tower

QW

FC

Min
Flow

45C

4.25
kg/cm2G

1.72
kg/cm2G

9.41
kg/cm2G

40C

40C

38C

Caustic

PC
Flare

HP Off gas
From PGHU

C4 Hydro
Vent Gas

Acid Gas
Absorber
9.25
kg/cm2G

40C

LC
LC

LC

LC

LC

0.77
kg/cm2G

To
Quench
Tower

Quench Tower

Gasoline
From QT

54C

FC
TC

Gasoline
Stripper
LC

Desuperheated
LP Steam

FC

Debutanizer
Bottoms Cooler

FC

120C

FC
Wash Gasoline

Acid Gas Removal

Amine Treating System

Function
Remove bulk of H2S and CO2 using 5% monoethylene/amine (MEA)
in Acid Gas Absorber.

Design
Acid Gas Absorber

Two packed beds for Absorption

3 bubble cap trays in water wash section at top
Demister pad
Located between 3rd compression stage of CGC & Caustic Tower

Gasoline wash in gasoline amine contactor to remove polymer

forming hydrocarbons
Amine solution is regenerated in amine regenerator

Acid Gas Absorber

Considerations:
H2S poisons downstream hydrogenation catalyst
CO2 contaminates ethylene product
Amine temperature 10 F hotter than inlet charge gas to
avoid cooling of gas in tower
Rise in temperature of Rich Amine leaving the Tower
(Absorption reactions are is Exothermic)
Expected Leakage from Absorber in Treated Gas:
Case 1: 2.1 ppm mol H2S and 113 ppm mol CO2
Case 2: 2.1 ppm mol H2S and 119 ppm mol CO2

Charge Gas Compression Stages 4 - 5

Flare

Charge
Gas From
Caustic
Wash
Tower

Flare

5
PC

PC

FC

18.40
kg/cm2G

Min
Flow

CW

43.7C

CW

8.80
kg/cm2G

36.68
kg/cm2G

Bottom
DeC2 Feed
LC

LC

35.5C
C3R

LC

LC

TC 15.5C

37.81
kg/cm2G

CW 31.2C

LC

LC

LC

C3R

LC

(15.6C) (12.0C)

Charge
Gas
Dryer

QT

PC

26.8C
9.46
kg/cm2G
TC

Condensate
Stripper
LC

Desuperheated
LP Steam

FC

To FC on stripper
Bottoms to DeC3

74C
CW
Polymerization AE
C 2H 4
Inhibitor
C 2H 6

Cold
Train

3rd Stage
Suction
NNF Drum
H2O to 3rd Stage Suction

Filter

Coalescer

FC

AE

Dryer

Depropanizer

Product Recovery

Charge Gas Drying

Function
Remove all moisture from Charge Gas before chilling

Design
Molecular sieve dryers fixed bed vessel (1+1 spare)
Moisture analyzer monitors water content on-line
Guard bed below 1st moisture probe for additional buffer
time
Regenerate online when saturated

Considerations
Water breakthrough freezes in chilling train and reduces
capacity

Charge Gas Dryer - Schematic

Regen Gas
Outlet

Wet Charge Gas

TI

AE
H2O

PSHH

Depressurizing line to
1st Stage Suction drum

NC

AE

H2O
Dry Gas to
Chilling Train

Regen Gas
Inlet

Charge Gas Chilling Train

Function
Provide liquid feeds for Demethanizer
Cryogenic separation of methane product and crude
hydrogen
Interchange heat with cold process streams &
Ethylene/Propylene refrigerant
Recover refrigeration from cold product streams before
sending to battery limits
Recuperate cold for refrigerant streams

Chilling Train :
Charge Gas Temperature Profile

Charge
Gas
Dryer
-48.8C
15.5 C

-1.8 C

DeC2
Lower
Feed

C2
Frac
S/R

-20 C

-33.4 C

-40C
C3Ref

-38.7C

-65.2 C
TIC

Ethane
Recycle

Charge
Gas

-60C

C2 R

DeC1
BTM
Reb

DeC1 Side
Reboiler
DeC1
Tower

Chilling Train :
Charge Gas Temperature Profile
OFF Gas
LP Methane
HP Methane
H2
TIC

TIC

C1R
PIC

Charge
Gas

E
-98
411
C

-72
C

-65.2 C

C2 R

-131
C

-143
C

TIC

-165
C

C2R
-136
C
FF
C

-113 C

2-Stage Joule
Thompson
Expansion

-100 C

Demethanizer
-76 C

Charge Gas Chilling Train Contd

Design
Plate fin (Core) exchangers used for close temperature
approaches of process streams and refrigerant subcooling
C3R and C2R refrigerant exchangers used for trim chilling
when no process streams are available
Separation drums for vapor liquid disengaging
Coldest core exchangers and drums located in Coldbox
Methane compressor for condensing Demethanizer
overheads for reflux.
Joule Thompson expansions used for hydrogen
purification
Permanent strainer on streams to cold box

Charge Gas Chilling Train Contd

Considerations
Core exchangers have small clearances
Finest filters in unit < 1mm
Plug from construction debris or hydrates and
freezing water
Debris may require shop repair or exchanger
replacement
Highly heat integrated with process
Temperature profile of charge gas through chilling train
very important for proper separations
Piping and vessels in Coldbox are aluminum and can be
attacked by liquid mercury if present
NOx if present can react with diolefins and condense in
Coldbox equipment forming explosive gums

Demethanizer

Function
Remove methane from process feeds
Provide Deethanizer feed as bottoms product

Design

Multi-packed bed tower

4 feeds from Feed Separators
Operated at a Low Pressure
Overhead condensed with open loop Methane Refrigeration System
Proper operation depends on chilling train temperature profile
Heat input is integrated with chilling train
Charge gas as heating medium for bottom and side reboilers

Considerations
Methane in the bottoms
Ethylene in the vapor from the Reflux Drum
Ethylene in High Pressure Methane

Methane Refrigeration
Function
Temperature required to condense Demethanizer overhead at tower
pressure is well below -101C (coldest Ethylene Refrigeration)
Demethanizer overhead cannot be condensed by conventional Ethylene
Refrigeration alone
Overhead must be compressed to higher pressure to enable condensation
Demthanizer overhead is condensed by Open Loop Methane Refrigeration
System

Design
2 Stage Centrifugal Compressor
Interstage and Discharge Coolers using Cooling Water
Anti-surge recycle loop
Electric Motor Drive

Demethanizer & Methane Refrigeration

HP
Methane

Liquid fromH2 / CH4

Separator no.1

TC

36 C
-132 C
41 C

Fd No. 4
FC

Fd No. 3

PC

Fd No. 2

C2R
Min Flow
Override

Fd No. 1
TC

-107

C2 Frac Vent

Charge
Gas

C
LC

PC

FC

C2R

Charge Gas

CW
CW

LC

- 51 C
500 ppm
Methane

FC

Methane Refrigeration Comp

Charge
Gas

FFC

Deethanizer

Methanation and Hydrogen Purification

Function
Remove CO from H2
Dry H2 used in hydrogenation
Produce H2 for export to OSBL

Design
Methanator used to convert CO to CH4 and H2O
Molecular sieve used for drying

Considerations
Ethylene in methanator feed can cause runaway
CO in H2 poisons hydrogenation catalyst

Deethanizer
Function
Fractionates ethane and ethylene from C3s and heavier

Design
Valve Trayed tower with split feeds
QW reboilers
Spare reboiler using LP steam is provided to ensure
continuity of operation
-27.0C C3R for condenser

Considerations
C2 in bottoms sets propylene purity
Controls C3 in ethane recycle

Deethanizer - Schematic
Flare
Treated FCC Dry
Gas C2s

FC
C3R

22.44
kg/cm2g

PC

PC
LC

C3H 6
C 3H 8
Acetylene
Converters

-19.6C

- 18.5C
LC
Off Spec
Propylene

H2
C 2H 4
CO
C 2H 2

FC
FEED 1

CW

A
Polymerization
Inhibitor

FEED 2
TC

C2- Wash
from C2
Frac

HS
-28.1C

Reset
LC

FC
LP
Stm

FC
FC

Ethylene Drier

Low Level
LC
Override
C2 Green Oil
KO Drum

QW
C 2H 4
C 2H 6
Treated
FCC C3s

65.3C

A
Polymerization
Inhibitor

FC

Depropanizer
Feed

C2s to
C2 Frac

Acetylene Converters

Function
Hydrogenates acetylene to ethylene & ethane

Design
Two Stage, fixed bed, vapor phase reactor ( 1+ 1 Spare )
Selective hydrogenation to ethylene and ethane in a two bed
acetylene converter with intercooling.
Intercooling with cooling water -- Temperature Control
bypass
Feed effluent heat exchanger
Feed preheat exchanger using LP steam
Hydrogen injection to each bed under ratio control
On-line analyzers monitor H2; C2H2; C2H6 ;CO.

Acetylene Converters Contd

Considerations
Highly exothermic reaction
Lower inlet temperature gives better selectivity to ethylene
Higher temperatures result in more activity but selectivity to
ethylene decreases
Goal is uniform temperature rise across bed
When Converters are off-spec effluent should be
immediately diverted from C2 Fractionator to flare
Acetylene contamination of C2 Fractionator takes a long time
to clear

Acetylene Converters Contd

C2 Green Oil Removal
Function
Remove Green oil formed in Actylene Converter

Design
Inline mixer mixes cooled converter effluent with liquid
ethylene from Ethylene Fractionator
Knock out drum separates liquid containing green oil
Liquid is pumped to deethanizer to purge green oil

Considerations
Proper operation of acetylene converter minimizes green
oil formation
Recycle to dethanizer acts as reflux

Ethylene Fractionation

Function
Fractionate ethylene from ethane
Strips light gases ( methane & H2 ) from ethylene
Bottoms is ethane recycle feed to cracking heaters

Design

Valve Trayed tower

Pasteurization section for stripping light ends at top of tower
Multiple heat integrated reboilers
Ethylene product is drawn as side stream

Considerations
Large system slow to react
Heat integration of reboilers requires good fractionation
Methanol injection is done in case of icing problem

Polymer Grade Ethylene Product

Component

Specification

Unit

Test Method

Ethylene

99.95

mol% min.

ASTM D2505

Methane + Ethane

500

mol ppm max.

ASTM D2505

Ethane

300

mol ppm max.

ASTM D2505

Acetylene

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2505

Propylene

10

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2505

Hydrogen

mol ppm max.

ASTM D2504

Carbon Monoxide

0.03

mol ppm max.

ASTM D2504

Oxygen

mol ppm max.

O2 meter

Carbon Dioxide

5*

mol ppm max.

ASTM D2505

Water

Mol ppm max.

Dew Point Meter

Ammonia

mol ppm max.

Colorimetric Method

Phosphine

0.03

mol ppm max.

O2 meter

Sulfur as H2S

mol ppm max.

GC

Oxygenated solvents**

wt. ppm max.

GC

*Expected CO2 in ethylene product is 3 mol ppm

** Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Acetone, Acetaldehyde

Depropanizer
Function
Sharp Separation of C3s and lighter from C4+ feed components from
Deethanizer bottom and Condensate Stripper bottom.
Bottoms feeds Debutanizer

Design

Trayed, Single Tower System Low Pressure Design

Low Pressure to minimize fouling problem
The tower overhead is condensed against -6.0C propylene refrigerant.
Polymerization inhibitor injection is done to reduce fouling.
The tower is reboiled by low pressure steam

Considerations
Controls C4 content of propane recycle
Controls C3- in Mixed C4 Product
MAPD can concentrate in towers, Never operate on total reflux

Depropanizer Schematic
2.4oC
5.37 kg/cm2G
LC

Deethanizer
Bottoms
Condensate
Stripper
Bottoms

A
FC

Inhibitor
Injection

50

MAPD
C 3H 8
C 4s

PC

LC
FC

FC

11.4oC

-6C
C3R

23

LC

PC
Dry Flare

FC

40.6oC
LC

11

TC
FC

To MAPD
Converters

PC

Desuperheated
LP Steam

FC

71oC

LC

LC
FC

Condensate
Inhibitor
Injection
C 3H 4
C 3H 6
C 3H 8

FC

To Debutanizer

C3 Green Oil
From Recycle KO

MAPD Hydrogenation

Function
Hydrogenate MAPD to form propylene and propane
Decrease MAPD content in Depropanizer overhead stream to
below 200 mol ppm.

Design
Hydrogenation is performed in a single step, liquid phase
reaction in contact with a palladium-based catalyst.
Fixed bed ,Single Stage Reactor (1 +1 Spare )
Partial vaporization of liquid controls reactor temperature
Flash drum disengages effluent and vaporizes net C3s

Considerations

Proper operation produces a propylene gain

Recycle controls MAPD concentration in reactor feed
Normally no recycle

MAPD can concentrate in C3 Fractionator and decompose

spontaneously and violently.

Propylene Fractionator

Function

Fractionate propylene from propane

Strip light gases (H2 & CH4) from propylene
Produce Propylene Product as sidestream
Bottoms is propane recycle, feed to cracking heaters

Design

2 Towers -MD trayed - super fractionator (80 + 180 =260 trays)

Vent condenser on overhead minimizes C3- recycle to demethanizer
Reboiler heat to the towers is supplied by circulating quench water
Condensation of propylene fractionator No. 2 overhead is against
cooling water.
Vent condenser with 15.6C propylene refrigerant is used to minimize
propylene carryover.

Considerations
Large system slow to react
Never operate on total reflux.

Propylene Fractionator - Schematic

Hydrogenated
C3s from MAPD
Converter

50.0oC

20.6 kg/cm2g
19.6 kg/cm2g
50.3oC

C3 Recycle
From PP

PC
Flare

PC

18.6 kg/cm2g
46.7oC

15.6C C3R

180

80

CW

171

FFC
FC

170

A
H2
CH4
C2H4
MAPD
C3H8

21

C3H6
A

20

FC

LC

Demethanizer
43oC

LC

FC

58.9oC

C3H6
MAPD

50.3oC

FC

FC
QW

QW

Propylene
38.0C Product to
OSBL

-27.0C C3R
FFC

To C3 Green oil
FCV
Propane to
Propane Recycle Drum

-40.3C C3R

CW

-63.0C C2R

FC

- 45.0C

Low Pressure
Propylene to LP
storage

Polymer Grade Propylene Product

Component

Specification

Unit

Test Method

Propylene

99.5

wt% min.

100-impurities

Propane

0.4

wt% max.

ASTM D2163

Methyl acetylene

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2712

Propadiene

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2712

Methane

200

vol ppm max.

ASTM D2712

Ethane

300

vol ppm max.

ASTM D2712

Ethylene

10

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2712

Acetylene

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2712

1,3-Butadiene*

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2712

Total C4s

10

wt. ppm max.

ASMT D2712

C5 s & heavier

10

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2712

Hydrogen

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2504

Carbon monoxide

0.03

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2504

Oxygen

wt. ppm max.

O2

COS

20

wt. ppb max.

GC

Carbon dioxide

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2505

Water

wt. ppm max.

Dew Point Meter

Ammonia

0.2

wt. ppm max.

Colorimetric Method

Total sulfur as H2S

0.5

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D3246

Arsine

20

wt. ppb max.

UOP 834/UOP 387

Phosphine

0.03

wt. ppm max.

ASTM D2505

Methanol

wt. ppm max.

GC

Oxygenated solvents**

10

wt. ppm max.

GC

meter

* 1,3 Butadiene expected to be nil

** Methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone, acetaldehyde

Refrigeration

Propylene Refrigeration
Function
Provide cooling and condensing of process streams

Design

4 Stages, Closed system

3rd stage suction is used as 2nd stage discharge
Condensing medium Cooling water
Provides refrigeration at four levels:
15.3C 8.15 kg/cm2g
-6.5C 3.86 kg/cm2g
-27.8C 1.32 kg/cm2g
-40.6C 0.33 kg/cm2g

Refrigerant
Pure Propylene

Ethylene Refrigeration

Function
Supplies refrigeration requirements below -40C.

Design
3 stages of compression, Closed System
Condensing medium Propylene refrigerant at 27.8C
Provides three levels of refrigeration :
-101C
0.15 kg/cm2g
-75C
3.24 kg/cm2g
-63C
5.82 kg/cm2g

Refrigerant
Pure Ethylene

Flare System

Flare System

The flare system consists of the following:

The Wet Flare (WF) and the associated K.O. Drum
The Dry Flare (DF) and the associated K.O. Drum
The Liquid Drain System
The hydrocarbon flare stack with a seal

The design basis for the Flare System for the 800,000 TPA
Ethylene Plant includes the NCU, C4 Hydrogenation,
PGHU,BEU & BDEU.
Largest sources of flare relief loads are in the NCU.
To reduce the resulting flare load, highly reliable Safety
Instrumented Systems (SIS) are specified that take action during
a global overpressure event to reduce the number of pressure
relief devices discharging concurrently.

Flare System Contd

The flare systems are designed considering the following

events:

Total Cooling Water Failure

Total Power Failure
Quench Water Failure
Propylene Refrigerant Compressor Trip
Ethylene Refrigerant Compressor Trip
Charge Gas Compressor Trip
Startup/Normal Off-Spec Product Flaring

Two flare headers are provided in the NCU:

a) Wet flare header
b) Dry flare header

Smokeless Flaring

Flare System Contd

The final mitigated combined flare load for the two controlling global
failure (Cooling Water and Power Failure) cases are approximately 961
T/h and 951 T/h respectively
For these mitigated loads, heater mitigation was considered as part of
the flare reduction strategy
Without heater mitigation, the loads for the Cooling Water and the
Power Failure cases increase to approximately 1210 T/h and 1151 T/h
respectively

t Thank

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