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[J]
ma = Air mass
vw = Wind velocity
[kg]
[m/s]
ma = a A vw
[kg/s]
(1)
A = Area
[m2]
a = Air density = 1,23 at 10 C, 1 bar [kg/m3]
Air density in relation to air temperature and pressure;
(3)
[ C]
[mBar]
t = Air temperature
pa = Air pressure
Connection between air pressure and height over the sea (Approximal formula);
[mBar]
[m]
(4)
vhub / vo = ( hhub / ho )
(5)
= 0,12
= 0,15
= 0,20
= 0,14
(0)
(2)
(4)
(1)
[m/s]
[m/s]
[m]
[m]
vw,m = 0,90 As
[m/s]
(6)
[p.u.]
(7)
k3 1,9
Tip speed ratio;
= vtip / vo
(8)
Aerodynamics;
Pressure;
p = F / A = a vw2
[kg/ms2]
[Pa]
(9)
Bernoullis equation;
(10)
g = Gravitational acceleration
[m/s2]
p = p2 p1
[Pa]
Pressure difference;
(11)
Cp = Pr / Pw
(12)
(13)
Momentary windpower;
[W]
(14)
[W]
(15)
[W]
(16)
[W]
(17)
(18)
(19)
Pr = 0,5 a A vw3 Cp
Annual mean windturbine rotorpower, I;
Pr,m = Q
Annual mean electric generator power;
Pel = 3 U I cos
[W]
Pn
[W]
(20)
turb = Cp / Cp,max
(21)
(22)
(23)
ho = 8 760 h hs
[h]
hs = Hours of stop
[h]
(24)
hn = Cf ho = Eel,year / Pn
[h]
(25)
[J]
(26)
Energy / Work;
E=P t=Fx
[Ws] [Nm]
Cf = Eel,year / ( ho Pn ) = Pel,m / Pn
(29)
(30)
[/(year-kWh)]
(31)
Av = ( ho hs ) / ho
[%]
(32)
Ca = a Ci
[/year]
(33)
EA = Eel,year / A
Cost efficiency;
Ceff = Ci / Eel,year
Availability;
Economics;
Annual cost of investment;
a = (( r / 100 ) qn ) / ( qn -1 )
(34)
q = 1 + ( r / 100 )
r = Interest rate ( in percent )
n = Years of offwriting
Method of Now-value;
Nv = capf Ca
[]
(35)
Capialization factor;
capf = ( qn 1 ) / (( r / 100 ) qn )
(36)