LATIN IV

GRAMMAR NOTES

Above: A letter inviting a friend to a birthday party. From http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/exhibition/docs-1.shtml

Below: The Roman Empire in 117 A.D. From http://www.utexas.edu/courses/ancientfilmCC304/lecture21/images/3.jpg

Order of Contents:
noun declension chart
examples of nouns in each declension
what is each case used for?
adjectives
comparison of adjectives
comparison of adverbs
hic and ille
the relative pronoun
personal pronouns
how Latin verbs work
forming Latin verbs
verb forms: indicative active
verb forms: indicative passive
verb forms: subjunctive active
verb forms: subjunctive passive
independent uses of the subjunctive
dependent uses of the subjunctive
infinitives
indirect statement
imperatives
participles
ablative absolute
gerunds
gerundives
gerundive of obligation
irregular verbs: indicative forms
irregular verbs: subjunctive forms
miscellaneous grammar notes

NOUN DECLENSION CHART

Sing.

CASES
NOMINATIVE

1st
Fem.

2nd
Masc.

Neut.

3rd
Masc./Fem.

4th
Neut.

Masc.

Neut.

5th
Fem.

The boy walks. Marcus is a boy.

GENITIVE
The boys dog is old. (of)

DATIVE
I give the boy a gift. (tell, show)

ACCUSATIVE
Pirates kidnap the boy.

ABLATIVE
He sits in the kitchen.

Plural

NOMINATIVE
The boys walk. They are boys.

GENITIVE
The boys dog is old. (of)

DATIVE
I give the boys a gift. (tell, show)

ACCUSATIVE
Pirates kidnap the boys.

ABLATIVE
He has lived in many cities.

What is each case for?

Nom. Subject
Gen. - Possession
Dat. - Indirect Object
Acc. - Direct Object
Abl. - Prepositions
(Some people inherit dead pigs.)

Masculine Words:
Agricola
Poeta
Pirata
Incola
Auriga
Nauta

*NEUTER RULE:
Neuter Nom. & Acc. are always
alike, and in the plural they end
in a.

M & F i-stems
have ium in
Genitive Pl.

Neuter i-stems
have in Abl. S.
ia in Nom.&Acc. Pl.
ium in Gen. Pl.
*NEUTER RULE

Some Fem.:
domus
manus
anus

*NEUTER
RULE

Masculine Words:
dis
meridis

EXAMPLES OF NOUNS IN EACH DECLENSION AND GENDER GROUP

1st
Fem.

2nd
Masc.

Neut.

3rd
Masc./Fem.

4th
Neut.

Masc.

Neut.

5th
Fem.

WHAT IS EACH CASE USED FOR?

JOB
*Subject
NOMINATIVE

*Complement

*Possession
GENITIVE

*Indirect Object
DATIVE

*Direct Object
ACCUSATIVE

*Object of some prepositions: ad,

trans, in (into), per, prope, circum

*Object of SIDSPACE prepositions:

sub, in, de, sine, pro, ab/, cum, ex/

ABLATIVE

EXAMPLE

ADJECTIVES
Noun-Adjective pairs must agree in case, number (singular or plural), and gender (m, f, or n).
There are two kinds of adjectives: 1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives and 3rd Declension Adjectives.
Some examples are:
magnus, laetus, fessus, obesus, ebrius, iratus

omnis, fortis, tristis, immobilis, difficilis

1st & 2nd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES

SING.

masc.

fem.

neut.

nom.

magnus

magna

magnum

gen.

magn

magnae

dat.

magn

acc.
abl.

3rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES

SING.

masc.

fem.

neut.

nom.

omnis

omnis

omne

magn

gen.

omnis

omnis

omnis

magnae

magn

dat.

omn

omn

omn

magnum

magnam

magnum

acc.

omnem

omnem

omne

magn

magn

magn

abl.

omn

omn

omn

masc.

fem.

neut.

masc.

fem.

neut.

nom.

magn

magnae

magna

nom.

omns

omns

omnia

gen.

magnrum

magnrum

magnrum

gen.

omnium

omnium

omnium

dat.

magns

magns

magns

dat.

omnibus

omnibus

omnibus

acc.

magns

magns

magn

acc.

omns

omns

omnia

abl.

magns

magns

magns

abl.

omnibus

omnibus

omnibus

PLURAL

PLURAL

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
REGULAR FORMS:
POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

longus, a, um (long)

longior (m./f.), longius (n.) (longer)

longissimus, a, um (longest, very long)

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

(beautiful)

pulchrior (m./f.), pulchrius (n.)

pulcherrimus, a, um

fortis, is, e (brave)

fortior (m./f.), fortius (n.)

fortissimus, a, um

prudens, prudentis (wise)

prudentior (m./f.), prudentius (n.)

prudentissimus, a, um

facilis, is, e (easy)

facilior (m./f.), facilius (n.)

facillimus, a, um

IRREGULAR FORMS:
POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

bonus, a, um (good)

melior, melius (better)

optimus, a, um (best, very good)

malus, a, um (bad)

peior, peius (worse)

pessimus, a, um (worst, very bad)

magnus, a, um (big)

maior, maius (bigger)

maximus, a, um (biggest, very big)

parvus, a, um (small)

minor, minus (smaller)

minimus, a, um (smallest, very small)

multus, a, um (much)

plus (more)

plurimus, a, um (most, very much)

multi, ae, a (many)

plurs (more)

plurim, ae, a (most, very many)

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
REGULAR FORMS:
POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

laete (happily)

laetius (more happily)

laetissim (very happily)

pulchre (beautifully)

pulchrius (more beautifully)

pulcherrim (very beautifully)

feliciter (luckily)

felicius (more luckily)

felicissim (very luckily)

celeriter (quickly)

celerius (more quickly)

celerrim (very quickly)

prudenter (wisely)

prudenter (wisely)

prudentissim (very wisely)

IRREGULAR FORMS:
POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

bene (well)

melius (better)

optim (best, very well)

male (badly)

peius (worse)

pessim (worst, very badly)

magnopere (greatly)

magis (more)

maxim (most, very greatly)

paulum (little)

minus (less)

minim (least, very little)

multum (much)

plus (more)

plurimum (most, very much)

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

this, these

SING.

hic, haec, hoc

that, those

masc.

fem.

neut.

nom.

hic

haec

hoc

gen.

huius

huius

dat.

huic

acc.

SING.

ille, illa, illud

masc.

fem.

neut.

nom.

ille

illa

illud

huius

gen.

illus

illus

illus

huic

huic

dat.

ill

ill

ill

hunc

hanc

hoc

acc.

illum

illam

illud

abl.

hc

hc

hc

abl.

ill

ill

ill

PLURAL

masc.

fem.

neut.

PLURAL

masc.

fem.

nom.

hae

haec

nom.

ill

illae

illa

gen.

hrum

hrum

hrum

gen.

illrum

illrum

illrum

dat.

hs

hs

hs

dat.

ills

ills

ills

acc.

hs

hs

haec

acc.

ills

ills

illa

abl.

hs

hs

hs

abl.

ills

ills

ills

neut.

RELATIVE PRONOUN
The relative pronoun gives more information about an earlier noun in the sentence, called its antecedent.
The relative pronoun uses the same gender and number as its antecedent
but gets its case from its use in the relative clause.
SING.
masc.
who/which

nom.

qu
whose/of which

gen.

to whom/to which

whom/which

qurum
to whom/to which

quibus
whom/which

acc.

qus
whom/which

abl.

quibus

cui
which

quod
which

qu

fem.
who/which

whose/of which

to which

qu

masc.
qu

cuius

quam

qu

nom.

of which

cui

whom/which

who/which

dat.

to whom/to which

whom/which

whom/which

quod

cuius

quem

abl.

gen.

whose/of which

cui

acc.

neut.
which

quae

cuius

dat.

PLURAL

fem.
who/which

neut.
which

quae
whose/of which

quae
of which

qurum
to whom/to which

qurum
to which

quibus
whom/which

quibus
which

qus
whom/which

quibus

quae
which

quibus

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A pronoun stands in the place of a noun.
I ego

You tu

He, she, it is, ea, id

Singular

Singular
I

Singular
you

nom.

ego
of me

gen.

of you

to/for me

his/its

to/for you

me

me

abl.

to/for him, it

eius
to/for her, it

eum

e
it

eam
her/it

eius
to/for it

her/it

him/it

id
its

t
you

ea

eius

him/it

it

her/its

tibi
you

acc.

neut.

is

tu

mihi

fem.
she/it

me

dat.

masc.
he/it

id
it

Plural
Plural
we

nom.

ns
of us

gen.

nostr/nostrum

dat.
us

ns

erum
es

es

es
them

es
them

es

erum
to/for them

them

them

ea
their

to/for them

es

vs
vbs

eae

erum
to/for them

neut.
they

their

them

you all

nbs

their

vbs
you all

us

vestr/vestrum
to/for you all

fem.
they

vs

nbs

acc.

masc.
they

of you all

to/for us

abl.

Plural
you all

ea
them

es

es

HOW LATIN VERBS WORK

There are several families of Latin verbs. These families are called conjugations. Verbs in the same conjugation behave a
certain way (i.e., follow certain rules), so knowing which conjugation a verb belongs to can help you to figure out the correct
way to form the verb.
You can determine to which family a verb belongs by looking it up in the dictionary. Here are the patterns you should learn:
1st Conjugation: port, portre Look for: a
2nd Conjugation: habe, habre Look for: e, re
3rd Conjugation: mitt, mittere Look for: , ere
3rd ios:

iaci, iacere Look for: i, ere

4th Conjugation: dormi, dormre Look for: i, re

EXAMPLES OF VERBS IN EACH CONJUGATION:
1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

3rd io

4th Conjugation

FORMING LATIN VERBS

When you look up a Latin verb in a dictionary, you will see its ____________________ _______________ as well as its
______________________. Each principal part serves a different purpose.
Using the verb port, portre, portv, porttus, answer the following questions.

1. The first principal part, _______________, means ______________________.

2. The second principal part, _____________, means _____________________. It is the _______________________.

It is used for forming _______________, ____________________, and _______________ tenses.

3. The third principal part, _______________, means __________________________.

It is used for forming _______________, ________________, and _______________ tenses in active voice.

4. The fourth principal part, ______________, means _________________________________________________.

It is used for forming _______________, ________________, and _______________ tenses in passive voice.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO MEMORIZE A VERBS PRINCIPAL PARTS! Knowing a verbs principal parts helps you not only to form the
verb, but also to recognize it when you see it in different tenses!

FORMING LATIN VERBS, CONTINUED

*Endings appear in this order:

st
nd
rd
2 S.
3 S.
1 S.
I
you
he, she, it

st

st

1 Pl.
we

nd

2 Pl.
you all

rd

3 Pl.
they

nd

Person means 1 , 2 , or 3rd

Number means Singular or Plural.
Tense means when the action happens.

Formulae for Tense Formation

Active

Passive

Present

Present Stem + o, s, t, mus, tis, nt

Present Stem + r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur

Imperfect

Present Stem + ba + o, s, t, mus, tis, nt

Present Stem + ba + r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur

Future

1 & 2 Conjugations:
Present Stem + bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt

st

nd

rd

th

Present Stem + bor, beris, bitur, bimur, bimini, buntur

3 & 4 Conjugations:
Present Stem + am, es, et, emus, etis, ent

Present Stem + ar, eris, etur, emur, emini, entur

Perfect

Perfect Stem + i, isti, it, imus, istis, erunt

*4th principal part + sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt

Pluperfect

Perfect Stem + eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant

*4th principal part + eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant

Future Perfect

Perfect Stem + ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint

*4th principal part + ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

th

*The ending on the 4 principal part must agree in case, number, and gender with the verbs subject

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Use these verbs in the charts on the following pages:

1st conjugation: laud, laudre, laudv, laudtus, to praise
2nd conjugation: mone, monre, monu, monitus, to warn
3rd conjugation: mitt, mittere, ms, missus, to send
3rd io: capi, capere, cp, captus, to capture
4th conjugation: puni, punre, punv, puntus, to punish

Indicative Active Forms

PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE = I praise, I am praising, I do praise

1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

laud

1s

mone

1s

mitt

1s

capi

1s

puni

2s

lauds

2s

mons

2s

mittis

2s

capis

2s

puns

3s

laudat

3s

monet

3s

mittit

3s

capit

3s

punit

1p

laudmus

1p

monmus

1p

mittimus

1p

capimus

1p

punmus

2p

laudtis

2p

montis

2p

mittitis

2p

capitis

2p

puntis

3p

laudant

3p

monent

3p

mittunt

3p

capiunt

3p

puniunt

IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE = I was praising, I kept praising, I began to praise, I used to praise
1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

laudbam

1s

monbam

1s

mittbam

1s

capibam

1s

punibam

2s

laudbs

2s

monbs

2s

mittbs

2s

capibs

2s

punibs

3s

laudbat

3s

monbat

3s

mittbat

3s

capibat

3s

punibat

1p

laudbmus

1p

monbmus

1p

mittbmus

1p

capibmus

1p

punibmus

2p

laudbtis

2p

monbtis

2p

mittbtis

2p

capibtis

2p

punibtis

3p

laudbant

3p

monbant

3p

mittbant

3p

capibant

3p

punibant

FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE

1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

laudb

1s

monb

1s

mittam

1s

capiam

1s

puniam

2s

laudbis

2s

monbis

2s

mitts

2s

capis

2s

punis

3s

laudbit

3s

monbit

3s

mittet

3s

capiet

3s

puniet

1p

laudbimus

1p

monbimus

1p

mittmus

1p

capimus

1p

punimus

2p

laudbitis

2p

monbitis

2p

mitttis

2p

capitis

2p

punitis

3p

laudbunt

3p

monbunt

3p

mittent

3p

capient

3p

punient

Indicative Active Forms

PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE = I praised, I have praised, I did praise

1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

laudv

1s

monu

1s

ms

1s

cp

1s

punv

2s

laudvist

2s

monuist

2s

msist

2s

cpist

2s

punvist

3s

laudvit

3s

monuit

3s

msit

3s

cpit

3s

punvit

1p

laudvimus

1p

monuimus

1p

msimus

1p

cpimus

1p

punvimus

2p

laudvistis

2p

monuistis

2p

msistis

2p

cpistis

2p

punvistis

3p

laudvrunt

3p

monurunt

3p

msrunt

3p

cprunt

3p

punvrunt

PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE = I had praised

1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

laudveram

1s

monueram

1s

mseram

1s

cperam

1s

punveram

2s

laudvers

2s

monuers

2s

msers

2s

cpers

2s

punvers

3s

laudverat

3s

monuerat

3s

mserat

3s

cperat

3s

punverat

1p

laudvermus

1p

monuermus

1p

msermus

1p

cpermus

1p

punvermus

2p

laudvertis

2p

monuertis

2p

msertis

2p

cpertis

2p

punvertis

3p

laudverant

3p

monuerant

3p

mserant

3p

cperant

3p

punverant

FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

laudver

1s

monuer

1s

mser

1s

cper

1s

punver

2s

laudveris

2s

monueris

2s

mseris

2s

cperis

2s

punveris

3s

laudverit

3s

monuerit

3s

mserit

3s

cperit

3s

punverit

1p

laudverimus

1p

monuerimus

1p

mserimus

1p

cperimus

1p

punverimus

2p

laudveritis

2p

monueritis

2p

mseritis

2p

cperitis

2p

punveritis

3p

laudverint

3p

monuerint

3p

mserint

3p

cperint

3p

punverint

Indicative Passive Forms

PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE

1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

laudor

1s

moneor

1s

mittor

1s

capior

1s

punior

2s

laudris

2s

monris

2s

mitteris

2s

capieris

2s

punris

3s

laudtur

3s

montur

3s

mittitur

3s

capitur

3s

puntur

1p

laudmur

1p

monmur

1p

mittimur

1p

capimur

1p

punmur

2p

laudmin

2p

monmin

2p

mittimin

2p

capimin

2p

punmin

3p

laudantur

3p

monentur

3p

mittuntur

3p

capiuntur

3p

puniuntur

IMPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE

1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

laudbar

1s

monbar

1s

mittbar

1s

capibar

1s

punibar

2s

laudbris

2s

monbris

2s

mittbris

2s

capibris

2s

punibris

3s

laudbtur

3s

monbtur

3s

mittbtur

3s

capibtur

3s

punibtur

1p

laudbmur

1p

monbmur

1p

mittbmur

1p

capibmur

1p

punibmur

2p

laudbmini

2p

monbmini

2p

mittbmin

2p

capibmin

2p

punibmin

3p

laudbantur

3p

monbantur

3p

mittbantur

3p

capibantur

3p

punibantur

FUTURE PASSIVE INDICATIVE

1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

laudbor

1s

monbor

1s

mittar

1s

capiar

1s

puniar

2s

laudberis

2s

monberis

2s

mittris

2s

capiris

2s

puniris

3s

laudbitur

3s

monbitur

3s

mitttur

3s

capitur

3s

punitur

1p

laudbimur

1p

monbimur

1p

mittmur

1p

capimur

1p

punimur

2p

laudbimin

2p

monbimin

2p

mittmin

2p

capimin

2p

punimin

3p

laudbuntur

3p

monbuntur

3p

mittentur

3p

capientur

3p

punientur

Indicative Passive Forms

PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE

1s

1st conj.
laudtus,a,um sum

1s

2nd conj.
monitus,a,um sum

1s

3rd conj.
missus,a,um sum

1s

3rd io conj.
captus,a,um sum

1s

4th conj.
punitus,a,um sum

2s

es

2s

es

2s

es

2s

es

2s

es

3s

est

3s

est

3s

est

3s

est

3s

est

sumus

1p

sumus

1p

1p

laudt,ae,a sumus

1p

monit,ae,a sumus

1p

miss,ae,a

capt,ae,a

punit,ae,a

sumus

2p

estis

2p

estis

2p

estis

2p

estis

2p

estis

3p

sunt

3p

sunt

3p

sunt

3p

sunt

3p

sunt

PLUPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE

1s

1st conj.
laudtus,a,um eram

1s

2nd conj.
monitus,a,um eram

2s
3s

1s

3rd conj.
missus,a,um eram

ers

2s

erat

3s

ers

2s

erat

3s
miss,ae,a

1s

3rd io conj.
captus,a,um eram

1s

4th conj.
punitus,a,um eram

ers

2s

ers

2s

ers

erat

3s

erat

3s

erat

ermus

1p

1p

laudt,ae,a ermus

1p

monit,ae,a ermus

1p

2p

ertis

2p

ertis

2p

ertis

3p

erant

3p

erant

3p

erant

capt,ae,a

ermus

1p

punit,ae,a

ermus

2p

ertis

2p

ertis

3p

erant

3p

erant

1s

3rd conj.
missus,a,um er

1s

3rd io conj.
captus,a,um
er

1s

4th conj.
punitus,a,um er

FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE

1s

1st conj.
laudtus,a,um er

1s

2s

eris

2s

eris

2s

eris

2s

eris

2s

eris

3s

erit

3s

erit

3s

erit

3s

erit

3s

erit

erimus

1p

erimus

1p

erimus

1p

1p

laudt,ae,a erimus

1p

2nd conj.
monitus,a,um er

monit,ae,a

miss,ae,a

capt,ae,a

punit,ae,a

erimus

2p

eritis

2p

eritis

2p

eritis

2p

eritis

2p

eritis

3p

erunt

3p

erunt

3p

erunt

3p

erunt

3p

erunt

Subjunctive Active Forms

PRESENT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

st

nd

1 conj.

rd

conj.

3rd io conj.

3 conj.

4th conj.

1s

1s

1s

1s

1s

2s

2s

2s

2s

2s

3s

3s

3s

3s

3s

1p
2p

1p
2p

1p
2p

1p
2p

1p
2p

3p

3p

3p

3p

3p

PERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

1s

1s

1s

1s

2s

2s

2s

2s

2s

3s
1p
2p

3s
1p
2p

3s
1p
2p

3s
1p
2p

3s
1p
2p

3p

3p

3p

3p

3p

IMPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

1st conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

laudrem
laudres
laudret
laudremus
laudretis
laudrent

2nd conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

monrem
monres
monret
monremus
monretis
monrent

3rd conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

mitterem
mitteres
mitteret
mitteremus
mitteretis
mitterent

3rd io conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

caperem
caperes
caperet
caperemus
caperetis
caperent

4th conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

punrem
punres
punret
punremus
punretis
punrent

PLUPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

1st conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

laudvissem
laudvisss
laudvisset
laudvissmus
laudvisstis
laudvissent

2nd conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

monuissem
monuisss
monuisset
monuissmus
monuisstis
monuissent

3rd conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

msissem
msisss
msisset
msissmus
msisstis
msissent

3rd io conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

cpissem
cpisss
cpisset
cpissmus
cpisstis
cpissent

4th conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

punvissem
punvisss
punvisset
punvissmus
punvisstis
punvissent

Subjunctive Passive Forms

PRESENT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

st

nd

1 conj.

rd

conj.

3rd io conj.

3 conj.

4th conj.

1s

1s

1s

1s

1s

2s

2s

2s

2s

2s

3s

3s

3s

3s

3s

1p
2p

1p
2p

1p
2p

1p
2p

1p
2p

3p

3p

3p

3p

3p

PERFECT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

4th conj.

1s

1s

1s

1s

1s

2s

2s

2s

2s

2s

3s
1p
2p

3s
1p
2p

3s
1p
2p

3s
1p
2p

3s
1p
2p

3p

3p

3p

3p

3p

IMPERFECT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

1st conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

laudrer
laudreris
laudretur
laudremur
laudremin
laudrentur

2nd conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

monrer
monreris
monretur
monremur
monremin
monrentur

3rd conj.

3p

mitterer
mittereris
mitteretur
mitteremur
mitteremin
mitterentur

1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

3rd conj.
missus,a,um essem
esss
esset
miss,ae,a essmus
esstis
essent

1s
2s
3s
1p
2p

3rd io conj.

3p

caperer
capereris
caperetur
caperemur
caperemin
caperentur

1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

3rd io conj.
captus,a,um essem
esss
esset
capt,ae,a essmus
esstis
essent

1s
2s
3s
1p
2p

4th conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

punrer
punreris
punretur
punremur
punremin
punrentur

PLUPERFECT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

1st conj.
1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

laudtus,a,um essem

esss
esset
laudt,ae,a essmus

esstis
essent

1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

2nd conj.
monitus,a,um essem
esss
esset
monit,ae,a essmus

esstis
essent

1s
2s
3s
1p
2p
3p

4th conj.
punitus,a,um essem
esss
esset
punit,ae,a

essmus

esstis
essent

DEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

You will see:

EXAMPLE

____ introduces positive.

Purpose Clause

____ introduces negative.

______ introduces positive.

______ introduces negative.

Result Clause

Look for:
ita
tam
sic

adeo
tantus

____ introduces positive.

____ introduces negative.

Indirect Command

Look for words like:

moneo
impero

hortor
rogo

Look for ________.

Cum Clause

It can be translated as:

__________,
__________, or
_______________.
Look for question words:

Embedded Question
(also called Indirect
Question)

quid

quando

quis

quot

cur

quomodo

ubi

DEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE, CONTINUED

Fear Clauses

____ = fear that something will

happen
____ = fear that something
wont happen
Look for a form of:

Relative Clause of
Characteristic

_____, _______, ______

followed by the subjunctive.
Look for:

Proviso Clauses

A Subordinate Clause
in Indirect Statement

INDEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

Jussive Subjunctive

Look for:
_____ Person (usually)
____________ Subjunctive
For the negative, use ____.

Hortatory
Subjunctive

Look for:
______ Person Plural,
____________ Subjunctive.
For the negative, use ____.

Optative Subjunctive

Positive: ______________
or _____
Negative: _____________
or _________

_____ = Negative

Potential Subjunctive

Deliberative
Subjunctive

INFINITIVES
PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE

PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE

Form: the _______ principal part of the verb.

Form for 1st, 2nd, & 4th Conjugations: Drop ____ from the ____ principal part,
then add ____.

Translation: _____________________
Ex: Sextus audre vult.

Form for 3rd Conjugation: Drop ____ from the ____ principal part,
then add ____.
Translation: _________________________
Ex: Sextus audr vult.

PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE

PERFECT PASSIVE INFINITIVE

Form: Take the ____ principal part, drop ____, and add _______.
Translation: __________________________________________

Form: _____ principal part + esse as a separate word.

*The ending on the 4th principal part must with the subject!
It uses 1st & 2nd declension adjective endings. See page ____.

Ex: Sextus Corneliam vexvisse dicitur.

Translation: ____________________________________________
Ex: Cornelia Sext vexta esse dicitur.

FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE

Form: _____________ Participle + esse as a separate word.
*The ending on the 4th principal part must with the subject!
It uses 1st & 2nd declension adjective endings. See page ____.
Translation: ___________________________________________
Ex: Sextus Corneliam vextrus esse dicitur.

INDIRECT STATEMENT
Here is a direct statement: Quintus librum portat. Quintus carries a book.
If we want to say in Latin, Caecilius knows that Quintus carries a book, its a little more complicated.
There is no Latin word for ________ in this sense as there is in English. Therefore, for the sentence above, Latin uses a special
construction where Marcus goes in the _________________ case, and carries will be written as an ___________________.
This is called _______________ ________________.
Caecilius scit Quintum librum portre. Caecilius knows that Quintus carries a book.
*Think of it this way:
Caecilius
scit
Quintum
Caecilius knows Quintus

or
librum portre.
to carry a book.

Credo
eum
I believe him

esse
to be

bonum virum.
a good man.

Indirect Statements are introduced by neck-up verbs, like:

dico
scio
audio
spero
intellego

_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________

loquor
nescio
sentio
credo

_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________

nego
puto
narro
disco

_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________

In Indirect Statement, the tense of the infinitive tells you when the action occurs in relation to the main verb.
If the infinitive is Present Tense, the indirect statement action is going on ______________________ the main verb.
Ex: Scio Corneliam in Itali habitre.
Sciv Corneliam in Itali habitre.

I know that Cornelia lives in Italy.

I knew that Cornelia was living in Italy. (at the same time that I knew it)

If the infinitive is Perfect Tense, the indirect statement action went on _________________________ the main verb.
Ex: Scio Corneliam in Itali habitvisse. I know that Cornelia lived (or used to live) in Italy. (I know right now, but she lived there earlier).
Sciv Corneliam in Itali habitvisse. I knew that Cornelia had lived in Italy. (She lived there before I knew that she did).

If the infinitive is Future Tense, the indirect statement action will go on ________________________ the main verb.
Ex: Scio Corneliam in Itali habituram esse. I know that Cornelia will live in Italy.
Sciv Corneliam in Itali habituram esse. I knew that Cornelia would live in Italy.

IMPERATIVES
The Imperative is used for commands. Also remember, when addressing someone, you will use the Vocative Case:
Quintus will be called Quinte, and Caecilius will be called Caecil.
A Positive Imperative tells someone to do something:
Singular Positive Imperative: Drop re from the infinitive.
Plural Positive Imperative:

Drop re from the infinitive. In 3rd declension, e changes to i. Add te.

Examples:
Infinitive (starting point)

portre

sedre

mittere

iacere

audre

Singular Positive Imperative

Port!

Sed!

Mitte!

Iace!

Aud!

Portte!

Sedte!

Mittite!

Iacite!

Audte!

Plural Positive Imperative

***There are four verbs that do not follow the rules for the singular imperative because they do not end in the letter e. Their plurals are regular.
Dic! / Dicite!
(Speak!)

Duc! / Ducite!
(Lead!)

Fac! / Facite!
(Make!, Do!)

Fer! / Ferte!
(Bring, Carry!)

Remember these with the rhyme:

Dic, duc, fac, and fer should have an e, but its not there!

A Negative Imperative tells someone not to do something:

Singular Negative Imperative: Nol + infinitive of the action verb

*Nol/Nolte literatlly means, Be unwilling.

Plural Negative Imperative:

Nolte + infinitive of the action verb

Examples:
Infinitive (starting point)

portre

sedre

Nol portre!

Nol sedre!

Nol mittere! Nol iacere!

Nol audre!

Nolte portre!

Nolte sedre!

Nolte mittere! Nolte iacere!

Nolte audre!

Singular Negative Imperative

Plural Negative Imperative

mittere

iacere

audre

PARTICIPLES: Participles are adjectives that are made from verbs.

Present Participles are formed by dropping ______ from the _______________ and then adding the letters _____ for the nominative singular or
______ for all other cases. Present participles use the ______ declension adjective endings. These participles are translated as verbing.
Perfect Passive Participles are the ___________ Principal Part of a verb. Perfect passive participles use the ________ declension adjective endings.
These participles are translated as having been verbed.
Future Active Participles are formed by inserting the letters ______ before the us in the _______ principal part of a verb. Future Active Participles
use _________ declension adjective endings. These participles are translated as about to verb.
FORM the participles for these verbs:

am, amre, to love

mone, monre, to warn

capi, capere, to seize

Present Active

Perfect Passive

Future Active

N.B. There are some verbs, known as deponent verbs, which can only be translated actively (no be or been). Therefore, the Perfect Passive
Participle form of these verbs will be translated as: _____________________ ______________________.
Examples in Stage 22:

ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
The Ablative Absolute is a special construction Latin uses to convey additional information outside of a sentences main
clause. In our textbooks, it is often set off by commas.
Examples:
1. Galli vict, Caesar ad urbem rediit. Literal Translation:
2. Quint dormiente, Grumio vinum bibebat. Literal Translation:
3. Caesare duce, Rmn laet erant. Literal Translation:
*The Ablative Absolute can also be translated more elegantly by using words such as: after, when, since, or although.
Rules:
*An Ablative Absolute must consist of at least ________ words, and they must be in the _________________ case.
*There are three varieties of the Ablative Absolute:
________________ + __________________________________________ (as in example 1 above)
Formula for translating = with noun having been verbed,
________________ + __________________________________________ (as in example 2 above)
Formula for translating = with noun verbing,
________________ + ________________ (as in example 3 above)
Formula for translating = with noun as (other) noun,
*The noun in the Ablative Absolute may NOT be the noun that is the subject of the sentences main clause. For example, you
cannot have: With the city having been taken, the city was destroyed.

GERUNDS
Gerunds are _________________________________.
Gerunds are formed by taking the Present Stem, adding _____, and then adding the singular 2nd declension neuter endings.
1st conj.

2nd conj.

3rd conj.

3rd io conj.

nom.
gen.
dat.
acc.
abl.

Uses of Gerunds:
Genitive:

1. caus or grati + genitive gerund = ____________________________________________

Ex: Ad ludum v discend grati. I went to school for the sake of learning.
Leo erat cupidus pugnand. The lion was desirous of fighting.
2. dependent on a noun or adjective = ___________________________________________
Ex: Timorem voland habeo. I have a fear of flying.

Dative:

1. dependent on a noun or adjective = ___________________________________________

Ex: Arma sunt idonea vincend. The weapons are suitable for conquering.
Multum temporis legend dabat. She was giving much time to reading.

Accusative:

1. ad + accusative gerund = __________________________________________________

Ex: Iulius Caesar ad vincendum appropinquavit. Julius Caesar approached for the purpose of conquering.

Ablative:

1. ablative of means = _______________________________________________________

Ex: Iulius Caesar vincend famam augbit. Julius Caesar will increase his fame by conquering.
2. with a preposition = _______________________________________________________
Ex: Iulius Caesar de vincend putat. Julius Caesar thinks about conquering.

4th conj.

See page ______ for the

1st & 2nd Declension
adjective endings!

GERUNDIVES
Gerundives are __________________ _____________________.

Gerundives are formed:

by taking the Present Stem, adding ________, and then adding the 1st & 2nd declension adjective endings.
Ex:

laudandus, a , um = needing to be praised, worthy of being praised

monendus, a, um = needing to be warned, worthy of being warned
mittendus, a, um = needing to be sent, worthy of being sent
capiendus, a, um = needing to be captured, worthy of being captured
puniendus, a, um = needing to be punished, worthy of being punished

Gerundives can be used in the following ways:

1. As an adjective
Roman duce timend defendebantur.

The Romans were defended by a general *worthy of being feared.*

2. *Verbing* the Noun: When there is a direct object of the *verbing*, Latin most often uses a gerundive rather than a gerund.
Genitive

Roman ad Forum vnrunt orationis audiendae caus.

The Romans went to the Forum *for the sake of a speech needing to be heard*.
The Romans went to the Forum *for the sake of hearing a speech*.

Dative

Locus est idoneus scribends epistuls.

The place is suitable *for letters needing to be written.*
The place is suitable *for writing letters.*

Accusative

Roman ad Forum vnrunt ad orationem audiendam.

The Romans went to the Forum *for the purpose of a speech needing to be heard*.
The Romans went to the Forum *for the purpose of hearing a speech*.

Ablative

Perseus Andromedam servvit monstr necand.

Perseus saved Andromeda *by means of the monster needing to be killed.*
Perseus saved Andromeda *by klling the monster.*

GERUNDIVE OF OBLIGATION, A.K.A. PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC

When the gerundive appears with a form of the verb ____________, it indicates that something *___________________________________.*

The gerundive must agree with the subject in case, number, and gender, just like adjectives do.

E.g. - Carthago *delenda est.*

Literal Translation: Carthage *is _____________________________________________________.*

Better English:

- Epistulae *scribendae sunt.*

Carthage *________________________________________________________.*

Literal Translation: Letters *are ______________________________________________________.*

Better English:

Letters *______________________________________________________.*

When you need to explain *by whom* something must be done, you will use the ___________________________________________________.
This construction does not use /ab.
E.g. - Carthago *nobs* delenda est.

- Epistulae *Corneli* scribendae sunt.

Carthage must be destroyed *_________________________________.*

Letters must be written *_____________________________________.*

INDICATIVE

IRREGULAR VERB FORMS

*The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect tenses of these verbs follow regular rules by adding endings to the Perfect Stem.
sum, esse, fu, futurus
to be

possum, posse, potu

to be able

e, re, i/v, iturus

to go

vol, velle, volu

to wish, want

nol, nolle, nolu

to not wish, not want

fer, ferre, tul, ltus

to bring, carry

PRESENT
sum
es
est

possum
potes
potest

e
s
it

mus
tis
eunt

vol
vs
vult

nl
nn vs
nn vult

nlumus
nn vultis
nlunt

fer
fers
fert

sumus
estis
sunt

possumus
potestis
possunt

volumus
vultis
volunt

ferimus
fertis
ferunt

IMPERFECT
eram
ermus
ers
ertis
erat
erant

poteram potermus
poters potertis
poterat poterant

bam
bs
bat

bmus
btis
bant

volbam volbmus
volbs volbtis
volbat volbant

nlbam
nlbs
nlbat

nlbmus ferbam
ferbs
nlbtis
nlbant
ferbat

FUTURE
er
eris
erit

erimus
eritis
erunt

poter
poteris
poterit

poterimus
poteritis
poterunt

b
bis
bit

bimus
bitis
bunt

volam
vols
volet

volmus
voltis
volent

nlam
nls
nlet

nlmus
nltis
nlent

feram
fers
feret

fermus
fertis
ferent

PERFECT
fu
fuimus
fuist
fuistis
fuit
furunt

potu
potuist
potuit

potuimus
potuistis
poturunt

v
vist
vit

vimus
vistis
vrunt

volu
voluist
voluit

voluimus
voluistis
volurunt

nlu
nluist
nluit

nluimus
nluistis
nlurunt

tul
tulist
tulit

tulimus
tulistis
tulrunt

PLUPERFECT
fueram
fuermus
fuers
fuertis
fuerat
fuerant

potueram potuermus veram

potuers potuertis vers
potuerat potuerant verat

vermus
vertis
verant

volueram voluermus
voluers voluertis
voluerat voluerant

FUTURE PERFECT
fuer
fuerimus
fueris
fueritis
fuerit
fuerint

potuer
potueris
potuerit

verimus
veritis
verint

voluer
volueris
voluerit

potuerimus
potueritis
potuerint

ver
veris
verit

nlueram nluermus tuleram

tulers
nluers nluertis
tulerat
nluerat nluerant

voluerimus nluer
volueritis
nlueris
voluerint
nluerit

nluerimus
nlueritis
nluerint

tuler
tuleris
tulerit

ferbmus
ferbtis
ferbant

tulermus
tulertis
tulerant

tulerimus
tuleritis
tulerint

SUBJUNCTIVE

IRREGULAR VERB FORMS

*The Perfect, Imperfect, and Pluperfect forms all follow regular rules.
sum, esse, fu, futurus
to be

possum, posse, potu

to be able

e, re, i/v, iturus

to go

vol, velle, volu

to wish, want

nol, nolle, nolu

to not wish, not want

fer, ferre, tul, ltus

to bring, carry

PRESENT SUBJ.
sim
simus
sis
sitis
sit
sint

possim
possis
possit

eam
eas
eat

eamus
eatis
eant

velim
velis
velit

nolim
nolis
nolit

feram
feras
ferat

feramus
feratis
ferant

PERFECT SUBJ.
fuerim
fuerimus
fueris
fueritis
fuerit
fuerint

potuerim potuerimus
potueris potueritis
potuerit potuerint

verim
veris
verit

verimus
veritis
verint

voluerim voluerimus
volueris volueritis
voluerit voluerint

noluerim noluerimus
nolueris nolueritis
noluerit noluerint

tulerim
tuleris
tulerit

tulerimus
tuleritis
tulerint

IMPERFECT SUBJ.
essem
essemus
esses
essetis
esset
essent

possem
posses
posset

remus
retis
rent

vellem
velles
vellet

nollem
nolles
nollet

ferrem
ferres
ferret

ferremus
ferretis
ferrent

tulissem
tulisses
tulisset

tulissemus
tulissetis
tulissent

PLUPERFECT SUBJ.
fuissem fuissemus
fuisses
fuissetis
fuisset
fuissent

possimus
possitis
possint

possemus rem
res
possetis
ret
possent

potuissem potuissemus
potuisses potuissetis
potuisset potuissent

vissem
visses
visset

vissemus
vissetis
vissent

velimus
velitis
velint

vellemus
velletis
vellent

voluissem voluissemus
voluisses voluissetis
voluisset voluissent

nolimus
nolitis
nolint

nollemus
nolletis
nollent

noluissem noluissemus
noluisses noluissetis
noluisset noluissent

MISCELLANEOUS GRAMMAR NOTES