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High cycle fatigue group, Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech
Republic
2
Testing laboratory, PSV, OHL GROUP, Uhersk Ostroh, Czech Republic
3
Brno University of Technology, Institute of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Republic
Abstract
Concretes used in civil structures are usually made on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) base. Alkali activated concretes (AAC)
are considered as a perspective building materials. They show high strength, good durability, and good resistance to aggressive
agents etc. This paper introduces the values of the basic fatigue parameters of both types of concrete; the alkali-activated
concrete is prepared as a new material for the potential production of concrete elements developed by ZPSV, a.s. company. The
concrete mixtures have a similar utilization and therefore the fatigue parameters can be compared. The specimens were prepared
and tested under static (compressive strength) and cyclic loading (fatigue parameters Whler curve). The experimentally obtained
results (mechanical and fatigue) of both types of concrete are compared and the suitability of these types of composites for their
application is discussed.
Keywords: Fatigue, Whler curve, Fracture mechanics, Alkali-Activated Concrete, concrete C45/55
--------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------1. INTRODUCTION
Alkali activated concretes (AAC) are considered to be an
alternative to Portland cement concrete. They represent
promising building material. Their properties were
demonstrated not only in many academic papers; see e.g. [1,
2] but also in service in many different applications in
Belgium, Finland, former USSR, China, and Australia
[2]. They show high strength, good durability, and good
resistance to aggressive agents etc. But their fatigue
behaviour has hardly been studied even though railway
sleepers were experimentally produced from AAC in Russia
and Spain [3, 4].
Some AACs for practical use were developed at ZPSV, a.s.
company formerly and some experimental elements were
produced from these concretes [5, 6]. As a higher strength of
AAC is reached due to reduction of the water to binder ratio,
also fatigue parameters start to get more and more
important.
In the case of OPC concretes, the sustainable development
of concrete structures is oriented to subtle constructions
where the fatigue behaviour plays a crucial role. Similar
trends can be expected in the case of AAC.
The knowledge about fracture parameters of various kinds
of concrete is one of indispensable fact nowadays, see e.g.
[7] for fracture parameters of self compacted concrete, [8]
for fracture parameters of fibre concrete with waste
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203
2. EXPERIMENT
2.1 Materials
The ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) used was
produced in the Czech Republic and it is ground at the
Kotouc Stramberk company to specific surface 380 m2/kg.
For the chemical composition of GBFS see Table 1.
Ordinary Portland Cement CEM I coming from the Mokra
cement plant has specific surface 384 m2/kg. Commercially
produced sodium water glass with silicate modulus 2.0 was
used for AAC preparation as well as 50 % solution of
potassium hydroxide. Superplasticizers on polysulphonated
napthalenes basis and on polycarboxylates basis (Chryso
company) were used to enhance the workability. Concretes
were prepared using drinking water, natural sand 0/4 mm
and two narrow fractions of crushed aggregates 4/8 and 8/16
mm respectively.
Table 1: Chemical composition [%] of ground granulated
blast furnace slag (GBFS)
CaO
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O MgO SO3
3
GBFS
41.5
37.7
6.5
0.4
10.1
0.8
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204
21.0
K2
20.1
K3
21.1
K4
39.6
K5
40.2
K6
41.1
K7
46.0
K8
50.7
K9
50.4
K10
59.5
K11
63.7
K12
66.0
K13
79.7
K14
76.6
K15
79.2
K16
91.1
K17
88.5
K18
73.4
1.4
1.2
1
Experimental data
0.8
Alkali-Activated - 1
0.6
Alkali-Activated - 2
0.4
Alkali-Activated - 3
Alkali-Activated - 7
0.2
Alkali-Activated - 28
0
0
20
28
90
40
60
80
100
Days [1]
20.7
40.3
49.0
63.1
AlkaliActivated
AlkaliActivated
AlkaliActivated
AlkaliActivated
AlkaliActivated
1
2
3
7
28
C45/55
R2
0.3821
0.2721
0.7905
0.5009
0.1871
0.8802
0.5603
0.1556
0.8582
0.6558
0.1138
0.7510
0.8250
0.0576
0.1931
0.7173
0.0983
0.8548
84.3
a Nb .
(1)
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205
7
-0.0345
y = 5.9227x
6
R = 0.7289
5
[MPa]
4
3
Broken - C45/55
Unbroken - C45/55
-0.0337
y = 5.3725x
R = 0.8435
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
-0.0345
y = 5.9227x
6
R = 0.7289
[MPa].
4
3
(4)
2
Broken - C45/55
Broken - AAC
y = 3.3822x-0.0194
Unbroken - C45/55
Unbroken - AAC
R = 0.7425
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
(5)
100000
1000000 10000000
y = 3.3822x-0.0194
3.5
log N [1]
R2 = 0.7425
3
[MPa].
2.5
2
-0.0193
y = 2.9555x
1.5
(2)
(3)
R = 0.7571
Broken - AAC
Unbroken - AAC
Broken correction on 28 days
Unbroken correction on 28 days
1
0.5
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
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206
4. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
mmmm
-0.0193
y = 0.9801x
[4]
[5]
R = 0.7571
0.8
0.6
[6]
0.4
-0.0337
Broken - AAC
Unbroken - AAC
Broken C45/55
Unbroken C45/55
0.2
y = 1.0453x
R2 = 0.8435
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
[7]
log N [1]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[12]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
[14]
[11]
[13]
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207
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
BIOGRAPHIES
Ing. Stanislav Seitl, Ph.D. is a researcher
of High Cycle Fatigue Group at Institute
of Physics of Materials, Academy of
Sciences of the Czech Republic. His
scientific interest: Fatigue of materials
and lifetime estimation, Two-parameter
fracture mechanics, Numerical modeling
and calculations of fracture-mechanics parameters.
www.ipm.cz
Ing. Vlastimil Blek, Ph.D. is a research
worker at ZPSV a.s. company. His topics
of interest include durability of concrete,
concrete with mineral admixtures, alkali
activated concrete and application of
these concretes in practice.
www.zpsv.cz
Prof. Ing. Zbynk Kerner, CSc. is a
researcher/lecturer at Brno University of
Technology,
Faculty
of
Civil
Engineering, Institute of Structural
Mechanics. His main research activities
are focused to the field of application of
fracture mechanics to quasi-brittle cement
based composites.
www.vutbr.cz
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