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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
IJARET
IAEME
Ayotamuno, M. J.
ABSTRACT
In this research work, a mathematical model was simulated for Continuous Stirred Tank
Reactor (CSTR) as an extension of the work of Abowei et al., (2013) exploiting the
transesterification kinetic of Olatunji et. al., (2012) at an isothermal condition. The Kinetic model of
Olatunji et. al., (2012) was obtained through laboratory experiment on which ester was produced
using alcohol to oil molar ratios of 6:1, 9:1 and 12:1 at isothermal reaction temperature of 50oC. The
simulated model equations was able show reactor dimensions as a function of Olatunji et. al., (2012)
kinetic parameters. The model equations were further analyzed with MATLAB programming
technique, and results obtained for reactor dimensions can be used to predict the volume to be
produced at different time intervals and reaction rate which demonstrated high dependency
functionality of Olatunji et. al., (2012) proposed kinetic model parameters.
Keywords: Model Simulation, Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR), Thevetia peruviana,
Transesterification, Biodiesel Production.
INTRODUCTION
In the process of searching for an alternative energy sources, a special attention is focused on
the Chemical Kinetics of Milk bush (Thevetia peruviana) oil transesterification process in the
production of biodiesel (Olatunji et. al.,2013). From the work of Olatunji et. al., (2012) the reaction
kinetics of esters was proposed as follows:
103
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
Where,
CTG
CA
CDG
K
But,
K1CA
=
=
=
=
Concentration of Triglyceride
Concentration of Alcohol
Concentration of Diglyceride
Rate Constant.
K1
1
2
Where,
K1
CE
=
=
In order to find a solution to equation (6) there is need to express CD and CE as a function of
time. At the initial period when the reaction start to the final period (ie. time ti to tf, ti = 0 and tf =
tDG1). The diglyceride concentration was increased and then decreased.
Applying the equation proposed by Fogler (Fogler, 1999).
The suggested formula for this type of change in concentration is composed of two
exponential terms.
3
Where,
1 , 2 and 3 are constants
t=
time
!
"# # $
4
Where,
CDGO = Initial concentration of Diglyceride
After the final period, ie. tf = tdg1, diglyceride concentration went below its initial value,
hence, equation (8) cannot be used to predict the final concentration of Diglyceride at this period.
Therefore equation 8 may be written as equation 9.
!
104
5
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
Also,
!
* + +
* *
6
Substituting equation (9) and (10) into equation 6, taking the Laplace of the new equation
developed; also by applying the partial fraction technique, and taking the inverse Laplace of the final
equation.
CTG, CDG, and CMG final equations were developed.
- ./0 .10
6 7
-
&
3
( '
3
-
' 5
6 7 7
6
4 5
6 7
&
3
( '
- .10
3
2
5
-
6 7 "
:
$
::
8
8
3A
@6 7 2
3A
@6 7 2
8< 8
8< 8
8
B6 7 28 8 3C
<
4 ( 5
4 :5
6 89
6 ;
8
;
6 28 8 3 "; ; $
$
: :
<
<
: 5
4
4 =:5
6 ;<
6 8
;
8
;
8
;
6 2
6 2
3"
$
3"
$
8< 8 ;< ; =:5
8< 8 ;< ; =:5
4
4
6 8<
;<
6 8
;<
8
;
8>
;
3"
3"
6 2
$
6 2
$
8< 8 ;< ; =:5
8? 89 ;< ; '=:5
4
4
6 8<
;<
6 89
;
8>
;
8>
;
3"
3"
6 2
6 2
$
$
8? 89 ;< ; (=:5
8? 89 ;< ; '=:5
4
4
6 8?
;<
6 89
;<
8>
;
3"
6 2
$
8? 89 ;< ; (=:5
6 8?
;
6 89
6 7 " :
- .10
6 89
;
B6 7 "; ; $C
<
8
B6 7 28 > 8 3C
?
9
6 8?
;
B6 7 "; ; $C
<
6 ;
6 ;<
8
;
8
;
B6 28 8 3 "; ; $C B6 28 8 3 "; ; $C
<
<
<
<
6 8
;
6 8<
;<
8
;
8
;
3"
3"
B6 2
$C B6 2
$C
8< 8 ;< ;
8< 8 ;< ;
6 8
;
6 8<
;
8>
;
8>
;
3"
3"
B6 2
$C B6 2
$C
8? 89 ;< ;
8? 89 ;< ;
6 89
;
6 8?
;<
8
;
8
;
B6 28 > 8 3 "; ; $C B6 28 > 8 3 "; ; $C
?
9
<
?
9
<
7
8
8
6 9
;<
6 ?
;
105
4 -5
(7)
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
Where,
K=
rate constants
The final concentration of Diglyceride, Monoglyceride, Ester (Biodiesel) and Glycerol were
derived in the same manner.
Where,i , i, i, are constants derived from Foglers equation to calculate the change in
concentration of Tri, Di, Mono glycerides, Ester and glycerol.
These constants are determined using initial guess values. From Linear Regression method
using MATLAB programming which was written to validate the model.
The aspect of modelling reactor functional parameters for large scale production of ester using the
proposed Chemical Kinetic expression need to be proposed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The reaction mechanism demonstrated Isothermal Characteristics and the resulting design
equation for a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) is described as:
DE
FG H
I
8
O
FG H
I
FG H
L! 1 H M H
9
10
O
, = Rate Constants
11
FG H
PI
. L! 1 H M H
12
Similarly, in order to establish the performance levels of the reactor, space time and space velocity
are vital ingredients and developed as thus,
U
Q UV
13
106
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
Where,
Q = Space time (sec)
From equation 13
Q
DG PI L! 1
FG H
H M H
Q X
U
14
15
Hence,
U
Q " UV $
X
Therefore,
Q
16
17
` bE FG H
18
^\W [\
To determine the heat generation per unit volume of CSTR Reactor , both sides of equation
18 above is divided by DE
`
bE FG H
DE
DE
19
Therefore,
c.dEe ^\W[\
fV ^\W [\
h
Og .ZX [\ ][\
20
21
107
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
Catalyst
concentration
(wt. %)
Temperat
ure
(oC)
Alcohol to
oil molar
ratio
Conversion,
mol %
1 min
5 min
10 min
0.5
50
6:1
16.5
44.5
53.6
0.5
50
6:1
27.5
61.8
66.0
0.5
50
6:1
34.6
66.6
71.6
1.0
50
6:1
61.5
76.8
84.3
1.0
50
6:1
72.5
81.9
83.6
1.0
50
6:1
75.4
82.2
84.1
1.5
50
6:1
81.7
86.8
90.1
1.5
50
6:1
78.9
87.3
90.1
1.5
50
6:1
81.5
90.4
99.9
10
1.0
50
9:1
35.8
65.4
78.0
11
1.0
50
9:1
42.4
78.0
86.1
12
1.0
50
9:1
55.3
83.7
89.5
13
1.0
50
12:1
21.0
48.2
70.2
14
1.0
50
12:1
45.2
73.6
83.7
15
1.0
50
12:1
52.5
52.5
92.7
108
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
Table 1: Values of Vr, Sv, St and Vo obtained from the Numerical Simulation
S/n
Volume, Vr
Space velocity, S
Space tim, ST
Volumetric
3
-1
(m )
(sec. )
(Sec.)
flowrate, Vo,
(m3/s)
1
0.1000
0.0014
720.0000
0.0111e-03
2
0.3500
5.5555e-04
1800.0000
0.0389e-03
0.7000
2.7778e-04
3600.0000
0.0778e-03
1.2000
1.1111e-04
9000.0000
0.1333e-03
1.4500
9.2593e-05
10800.0000
0.1611e-03
Table 2: Values of Vr, -Ra, 1/Ra, Fao and Conversion Rate obtained from the Numerical Simulation
S/n Volume, Vr
Reaction
1/-Ra
Fao/-Ra
%
(m3)
rate,
Conversion,
-Ra
X
1
0.1000
4.3826
0.2282
0.7758
0
2
0.3500
1.2522
0.7986
2.7152
0.2
0.7000
0.6261
1.5972
5.4304
0.4
1.2000
0.3652
2.7381
9.3100
0.6
1.4500
0.3022
3.3085
11.2504
0.8
S/N
1
0.3500
0.4040
0.6025
0.5809
0.7000
0.5580
0.7366
0.9503
1.2000
0.6780
0.8309
1.4441
1.4500
0.6880
0.9751
1.4871
Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 = 3.8m3
Radius of the total volume = 0.9643m, Area =2.9212m2 and Length of tube =1.3m
The results above was obtained from Numerical Simulation of model equation using MATLAB
2013a, from series of iterations using initial guess values with boundary conditions.
109
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
1/-Ra versus X
Reaction rate vs % Conversion
3
2.5
1/-Ra
2
1.5
1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
X, Conversion
0.6
0.7
0.8
Fig. 1: The reciprocal of reaction rate versus percentage conversion of the biodiesel
Vr vs. X
1.4
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
X, % Conversion
0.6
0.7
0.8
Fao/-Ra versus X
10
Fao/-Ra (cubic meters)
Vr (cubic meter)
1.2
8
6
4
2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
X, % Conversion
0.6
0.7
0.8
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
-5
x 10
Volumetric flowrate (cubic m/s)
16
14
y = 0.00011*x + 8e-09
12
10
8
6
4
2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Volume of CSTR (cubic meter)
1.4
Vr vs. St
Volume of CSTR versus space time
1.4
Vr (cubic meter)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
2000
4000
6000
St (sec.)
8000
10000
Vr (cubic meter)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Vr vs. St
0.4
0.2
2000
4000
6000
St (sec.)
8000
10000
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
The Fig. 7 above show the equation for the prediction of Space time at different sizing of the
volume of CSTR using a Smoothing spline: f(x) = piecewise polynomial computed from p,
Smoothing parameter: p = 8.9306127e-10, Goodness of fit: SSE: 0.001847, R-square: 0.9986.
Vr vs. St, Sv
Vr (cubic m)
1.5
1
0.5
14
12
-4
10
x 10
2000
Sv (1/sec.)
4000
6000
8000
10000
St (sec.)
1/-Ra
2.5
2
1.5
1
1/-Ra versus St
0.5
2000
4000
6000
St (sec.)
8000
10000
-Ra
3
2
1
2000
4000
6000
St (sec.)
8000
10000
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
data1
linear
y = 0.44*x + 0.25
0.55
0.5
Radius (m)
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Volume (cubic meter)
0.7
0.8
0.9
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 103-115 IAEME
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